新型杯芳烃衍生物的合成及结构表征

以对叔丁基苯酚、甲醛、氢氧化钠、苯酚、浓硫酸、碳酸钠、正溴代烷烃等为原料,经缩聚反应、脱烷基化反应、磺化反应、醚化反应合成了一系列水溶性杯[4]芳烃低聚磺酸钠产品。利用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱对中间体及产物进行了结构表征;证实了合成中间体和目标产物符合设计的分子结构。用滴体积法测定一系列表面活性剂水溶液25℃时的表面张力,结果表明,1-C4,1-C6,1-C8和1-C10表面活性剂分别能将水的表面张力降至32．06,34．96,42．35和45．35mN／m,临界胶束浓度分别为1．26×10^-1,0．32×10^-3,1．78×10^-3和1．2×10^-3mol／L。对所合成的表面活性剂进行界面张力扫描法测定,结果表明,当1-C4,1-C6,1-C8和1-C10表面活性剂的烷烃碳数分别为8,6,8,6时,表面活性剂的界面张力均达最小值。     

低聚阳离子表面活性剂的结构及性能

以甲醛水溶液、碘甲烷以及烷基伯胺为原料合成了疏水基链长不同的3种三聚型阳离子表面活性剂——1,3,5-三(十二(或十四、十六)烷基)-1,3,5-六氢三嗪碘化铵盐,记作B12、B14、B16,同时对其性能进行了研究。实验结果表明:所合成的低聚阳离子表面活性剂B12、B14、B16具有低的临界胶束浓度Ccmc值(分别为3.91×10-4mol/L、5.98×10-4mol/L和5.57×10-4mol/L)和较低的临界表面张力γcmc值(分别为30.63 mN/m、45.79mN/m和50.99 mN/m);而十二烷基三甲基氯化铵的Ccmc值和γcmc值分别为1.2×10-2mol/L和39.0 mN/m。所合成表面活性剂与十二烷基三甲基氯化铵相比具有更高乳化能力。在同系表面活性剂中,随着疏水碳链的增长,其降低表面张力的能力减弱,乳化性能增强,泡沫性能减弱。     

N-烷基葡萄糖酰胺双子表面活性剂的制备与表征

以天冬氨酸为联接基团合成了疏水碳链长度分别为8,12,16的N-烷基葡萄糖酰胺双子表面活性剂。用傅里叶红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对合成产物进行了结构表征,并测试了其表面张力和起泡性能。结果表明,N-烷基葡萄糖酰胺双子表面活性剂在20℃时临界胶束浓度分别为0.79,0.43,2.60mmol/L,表面张力γcmc分别为27.4,26.6,35.9mol/L,其中N-正辛基葡萄糖酰胺和N-十二烷基葡萄糖酰胺双子表面活性剂的起泡和稳泡性能较好。     

十八烷基双子表面活性剂的合成与性能测定

以十八烷基二甲基叔胺为疏水链,以1,2-二溴乙烷为联接基,采用一步法合成了十八烷基阳离子双子表面活性剂。通过红外光谱对其分子结构进行了表征;利用表面张力仪测定了其表面张力,该阳离子双子表面活性剂具有较小的表面张力和较低的临界胶束浓度;测定了该表面活性剂与大庆油田采油三厂原油之间的油/水界面张力,油/水界面张力可低至10-3数量级。十八烷基阳离子双子表面活性剂与普通表面活性剂有很好的协同作用,在提高驱油效率方面具有很好的应用前景。     

一种新型甜菜碱表面活性剂N, N' , N' -十二烷基二乙烯三胺五乙酸钠的合成与性能评价

以二乙烯三胺五乙酸、氢氧化钠和溴代十二烷为原料,通过中和反应和亲核取代反应合成了一种甜菜碱表面活性剂——N,N',N'-十二烷基二乙烯三胺五乙酸钠(DDTP),通过核磁氢谱和红外光谱对化合物的结构进行表征,测定了不同浓度的DDTP水溶液的表面张力,得出表面张力曲线,进而算出其他相关参数。实验结果证明:合成的化合物结构与预期的表面活性剂结构相吻合,在25℃时,临界胶束浓度ccmc=1.1×10-2mmol/L,相应的表面张力γcmc=33.2 m N/m;表面张力降低20 m N/m时所需表面活性剂浓度的负对数p C20=3.22,饱和吸附量Γmax=5.15×10-3mol/cm2,平均每个分子占有的最小面积Amin=3.1 nm2,表明N,N',N'-十二烷基二乙烯三胺五乙酸钠具有较好的表面活性。     

高抗盐羟基磺基甜菜碱型表面活性剂的合成与性能

针对常规表面活性剂在化学驱和压裂中不抗盐的问题,以十四醇、环氧氯丙烷、N,N-二甲基乙醇胺和2-羟基-3-氯丙磺酸钠等为原料,通过两步醚化法和一步季胺化法合成了一种高抗盐性羟基磺基甜菜碱型表面活性剂[N-(6-十四烷氧基-5-羟基)-丙氧基乙基-N-二甲基-N-(2-羟基)丙磺酸钠]氯化铵。用红外光谱仪对化合物的结构进行了表征,研究了表面活性剂水溶液的表面活性。结果表明,所合成的表面活性剂具有优良的表面活性,25℃下的临界胶束浓度(cCMC)为6.4×10~(-4)mol/L、临界胶束浓度下的表面张力(γCMC)为32.2 m N/m、降低表面张力效率(pC20)为3.38、饱和吸附量(Γmax)为2.80×10~(-6)mol/m~2、最小吸附面积(Amin)为0.17 nm~2/分子。该表面活性剂亲水基团受高矿化度的影响较小,抗盐性较好,在NaCl、CaCl_2和MgCl_2质量浓度分别为2.8×10~5、2.0×10~4和2.0×10~4mg/L的溶液中均未出现沉淀。     

阴离子型Gemini表面活性剂的合成与表面活性

以乙二胺、2-氯乙基磺酸钠、癸酸、三氯化磷为原料制备了阴离子型Gemini表面活性剂乙撑-双(N-乙磺酸-十酰胺)钠盐,对目标产物的表面活性进行表征,结果表明,该双子表面活性剂25 ℃时表面张力为32.0 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为5.21×10-4 mol/L,同时也测定了无机盐对其表面活性的影响及其与普通阳离子表面活性剂的复配性能.     

阴离子型Gemini表面活性剂的合成与表征

以乙二胺、癸酸、三氯化磷、2-溴乙基磺酸钠为原料制备了阴离子型Gemini表面活性剂乙撑-双(N-乙磺酸-十酰胺)钠盐,并对产品相关性能进行了表征,结果表明,该双子表面活性剂25 ℃时的表面张力为32.0 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为5.21×10-4 mol/L,表现出较高的表面活性.     

双子表面活性剂(C12-2-12.2Br-1)表面活性与驱油效率研究

用滴体积法测定了几种双子表面活性剂和对应常规单链表面活性剂的表面张力-浓度曲线,确定了各自的临界胶束浓度,筛选出高效驱油用表面活性剂—C12-2-12. 2Br^-1;并在不同条件下对其进行了室内模拟驱油评价实验。表面张力测试表明,双子表面活性剂—C12-2-12. 2Br^-1的临界胶束浓度仅为547mg/L,对应表面张力为30.72mN/m,较对应单链表面活性剂DTAB具有更优的表面活性。驱油实验表明C12-2-12. 2Br^-1的驱油效率与浓度呈同向变化关系,其浓度为500mg/L即可提高采收率6.45%,其效果明显优于常规单链表面活性剂-DTAB;该剂更适合于中、低渗油藏水驱采收率的提高。     

油田用两性孪连表面活性剂的合成及表征

用癸醇、十二醇、十四醇和十六醇分别与1,3,2-二烷磷酰氯低温下反应生成环状磷酸酯的中间产物,再用N,N-二甲基十二胺在亲核溶剂中进行开环反应合成了两性孪连表面活性剂;通过红外光谱、薄层色谱(TLC)分别对中间产物结构及目的产物形成过程进行了监测,精制提纯后得到了4种含N 和磷酸根的两性孪连表面活性剂,其质量收率分别为32%,54%,18%和28%;产物的结构通过1HNMR、IR进行了鉴定。元素组成分析表明,两性离子表面活性剂C,H,O,N的分析值与理论计算值偏差不超过0·3%。4种表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度分别为12·5,9·2,7·8和7·7×10-6mol/L,对应的表面张力分别为23·90,25·61,27·68和35·82mN/m。该两性孪连表面活性剂具有良好的抗盐、高活性性能,是一种油田用新型表面活性剂。     

阿姆河右岸酸性气田井口冲蚀及对策

中亚土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸气田群为高含H_2S和CO_2的碳酸盐岩气藏,单井产量高,井口设备均出现了不同程度的腐蚀。初步分析认为其原因是生产过程中仅考虑酸性介质对气井井口的化学腐蚀,而没有考虑气体流速对井口的冲蚀作用,极大地影响了气田的安全生产。为此,通过对节流阀上下游阀道、法兰面均出现明显坑状腐蚀的进一步分析,明确了化学腐蚀和气体冲蚀的交互作用是井口磨损的主要影响因素,气流冲刷腐蚀坑的化学腐蚀产物会加速冲蚀损害;进而借鉴冲蚀与腐蚀运行环境下的多相管流管道的磨损计算理论,计算了该运行环境下的冲蚀极限速度,得到了不同生产工况下节流阀的抗冲蚀流量;最后,根据气田生产情况,针对性地提出了按气井配产要求来选择采气树类型、节流阀通径及类型冲蚀的技术控制策略。此举为气田安全生产提供了工程技术保障。     

山前地区深井超深井套管防磨与减磨技术研究

针对山前地区深井超深井钻井过程中套管磨损严重的问题,在分析套管磨损机理的基础上,开展了山前地区套管防磨与减磨技术研究,基于技术研究成果及应用实践,得到如下结论:1应用Power V等垂直钻井系统控制井眼轨迹,特别是上部井段的狗腿度和井斜,可明显减小侧向力和磨损量,缩短套管磨损时间;2应综合考虑套管磨损率、磨损系数以及钻杆耐磨带本身的磨损量,优选出效果最优的耐磨带;在狗腿度严重的位置,可考虑采用一定数量的橡胶钻杆卡箍来减轻对套管的磨损;3山前地区钻井液采用CX-300减磨剂能够显著降低磨损速率,减轻套管磨损程度,但在不同钻井液体系使用之前应进行优化分析以确定最佳使用量;4在迪那204井使用高密度钻井液体系,全部采用优选的高密度重晶石粉代替铁矿粉作为加重剂,整个钻进过程中未出现钻具及套管磨损,迪那204井易损件消耗量仅为邻井迪那203井的左右,防磨减磨效果非常显著。     

Biodiesel Projects Helpful to Ease Energy Shortage

Nearly 7,000 hectares of biodiesel forest will take shape in the northern province of Hebei in 2008, part of a national campaign to fuel the fast growing economy in a green way. In no more than five years, the Pistacia chinensis Bunge, whose seeds have an oil content of up to 40 percent, will yield five tons of fruit and contribute about two tons of high-quality biological diesel oil, according to the provincial forestry administration.     

State Energy Base Proposed in Inner Mongolia

Experts recently suggested China set up a state energy base in lnner Mongolia Autonomous Region to ease its energy thirst. The survey was co-conducted by senior researchers from the National Development and Reform Commission, Development Research Center of the State Council, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Finance. To plan and establish strategic energy bases at state level is in line with the principle of ＂giving priority to energy saving and diversifying energy consumption with the utility of coal at the core.＂     

Influence of Shale Oil Boom in North America upon nternational Crude Price Flucturation

正Current stituation of shale oil development in the world The US The country is blessed with abundant shale oil resources and had matersed whole sets of theories and technologies needed for their exploration and development after years of practices.According to an assessment of shale oil resources in major countries and regions of the world issued by the U.S.Energy Information Agency(EIA),the US ranks the second in the world with its 6.8 billion tons of technically recoverable shale oil(shale oil in place is about 136.3 tons).About 8plays had been confirmed to have     

A Sintering-resistant Pd/C Composite Catalyst for Ethylbenzene DehydrogenationDeveloped by CAS Institute of Metals

Carbon deposition is a commonplace phenomenon occurringin the catalytic reaction process, in particular inthe system of direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene,because the reactant - ethylbenzene molecules on thesurface of metal oxide catalysts are prone to quickly formcarbon deposits, leading to deactivation of catalysts. Recently,the associate research fellow Mr. Liu Hongyangand the research fellow Mr. Su Dangsheng of the StateShenyang Material Science （United ） Laboratory of theInstitute of Metal Research, CAS by taking advantageof the carbon deposition process during direct dehydrogenationof ethylbenzene have ingeniously designeda Pd/C composite catalyst. This catalyst in comparisonwith the traditional commercial carbon nanotubesupported Pd catalyst shows a significantly improved performancein terms of its catalytic activity and sinteringresistantability.     

ZPEB Overseas Markets Keep Steady and Efficient Development

In recent years, Zhongyuan Petroleum Exploration Bureau （ZPEB） has made rapid development in overseas petroleum markets through its integrated reorganization. A new international business plattbrm established, aimed at becoming a highly ranked contractor with international petroleum engineering technology. ZPEB has expanded its business scope and scale, regulated the market structure,     

New Era for China-Brazil Relations

China and Brazil celebrated the 40th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries in July this year. Bilateral relations between China and Brazil have entered a new stage, and experts expect the already extensive cooperation between the two countries to deepen and broaden as Chinese President Xi Jinping made a state visit to Brazil in mid-July, which is his first state visit to Brazil since he assumed the office last year. The visit to China＇s largest trade partner in Latin America is at the invitation of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff.     

Large Scale Ethylene Production Package Technology SuccessfullyDeveloped by CNPC

The CNPC Group has successfully developed a largescaleethylene production package technology with independentintellectual property rights, which has beensuccessfully applied in the 1.2 Mt/a ethylene revamp andexpansion project at the Daqing Petrochemical Complex（DPC）.     

Recent Advancements in Petroleum E & P Equipments in China

The role of equipments in oil and gas exploration and development had never been attached with so much importance as that in shale oil and gas boom in the U.S. With the help of massive hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques, the U.S., the world＇s No. 1 oil importer even started to dream about energy self-sufficiency with its proudly high production of shale oil and gas from several major shale plays in the country. However, what behind this remarkable achievement are powerful multi-stage hydraulic fracturing machinery and smart tools for directional drilling.