Receive maximal-ratio combining with outdated arbitrary transmit antenna selection in Nakagami-m fading

The use of transmit antenna selection algorithms in multiple-antenna systems enables significant reduction in implementation cost and complexity while maintaining acceptable performance. An attractive and quite flexible selection algorithm is to allow the receiver to pick any of the transmit antennas that can satisfy a predetermined performance target. Such an algorithm is referred to as the arbitrarily ordered transmit antenna selection algorithm. However, the effectiveness of transmit antenna selection is decreased by several propagation impairments over the feedback channel from the receiver to the transmitter. Of these impairments, the feedback channel time delay may impose a significant impact on the achieved performance. This paper aims to investigate the impact of this time delay on the performance of receive maximal-ratio combining (MRC) diversity employing the arbitrarily ordered transmit antenna selection algorithm. In order to obtain quantitative measures for this impact, new expressions for various performance criteria are obtained by using the new derived formulas for the probability density function (pdf) and the moment generating function (MGF) of the combined signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Numerical and simulation results are presented to illustrate the effect of delayed (i.e. outdated) feedback information on the system performance for various transmit antenna selection scenarios.     

Performance analysis of rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation with combined arbitrary transmit antenna selection and receive maximal ratio combining in nakagami-m fading

The average symbol error probability (SEP) performance of arbitrary rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation in the context of arbitrarily ordered transmit antenna selection and receive maximal ratio combining diversity system is analysed. The channel gains are assumed to follow Nakagami-m fading distribution with in general arbitrary fading parameters. Exact expressions for the average SEP performance are derived for the general case of unequal in-phase and quadrature decision distances as well as distinct in-phase and quadrature modulation orders. The results generalise many previous case studies, and can be used to investigate the impact of various diversity-combining schemes and different modulation and channel parameters on the system average SEP performance.     

Performance of W-CDMA systems with rectangular signalling in OSTBC MIMO generalised nakagami-m fading channels

The performance of combined temporal multipath diversity with statistically independent branches and spatial antenna diversity with arbitrarily correlated branches is investigated. A downlink wide-band code-division multiple access system employing orthogonal space-time block coding multiple-input-multiple-output communications is considered. The performance is quantified in terms of the average symbol error probability (SEP) of coherent arbitrary rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation in Nakagami-m fading with arbitrary statistics. Through the analysis, new expressions for the average SEP are derived under the generalised system model described above. Specifically, the considerations of the combined path and space diversity model, the arbitrary correlation profile among spatial diversity branches, and the arbitrary statistics of Nakagami-m fading processes are the main aspects that make the system model herein generalised as compared to previous ones. Furthermore, for this generalised system model, the consideration of distinct in-phase and quadrature decision distances as well as modulation orders in the rectangular signalling constellation through the analysis provide additional enhancements on some existing results. Numerical and simulation results are presented to demonstrate the enhanced validity of the analytical development.     

Coverage probability analysis of IEEE 802.16 system with smart antenna system over stanford university interim fading channels

The IEEE 802.16 system, a promising wireless communication system, has a maximum transmission range of 50 km according to the IEEE 802.16 standard. In reality, the transmission range and coverage probability of an IEEE 802.16 system vary for different wireless scenarios. Evaluating the transmission range and coverage probability of an IEEE 802.16 system prior to implementation is important. Hence, the Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel model in IEEE 802.16 specifications is suitable for evaluating the performance of IEEE 802.16 systems. To generate an effective method for predicting coverage, this study uses the SUI channel model to analyse the coverage probability of an IEEE 802.16 system. Furthermore, this study utilises a smart antenna system (SAS) to enhance IEEE 802.16 system performance. In terms of different antenna heights of the Base Transceiver Station and Customer Premises Equipment, the performance evaluation results show that the cell radius with the SAS is at least 30% more than that without the SAS.     

Error probability of direct sequence-code division multiple access systems with adaptive antenna minimum mean-square error multiuser receivers in Rayleigh-lognormal fading

In direct sequence-code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) cellular systems spreading codes, fading and positions of the users can be modelled as independent random variables and the corresponding multiuser interference (MUI) experienced by the base station is non-stationary. Here we evaluate in closed form the bit error probability for space-time linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) multiuser receivers for symbol-synchronous DS-CDMA system (bounds are provided for symbol-asynchronous system) by extending the known asymptotic results for random spreading sequences to non-stationary MUI. The analysis is based on the effective interference at the decision variable that is carried out to account for the non-stationary MUI that results from the multiuser beamforming that adapts each spatial filter to the randomness of the angle of arrivals of all the users. Propagation for each user is Rayleigh-lognormal faded channels as it is fairly general to model the imperfect power-control. The numerical validation proves that a simple geometrical model is accurate to evaluate the error probability for any arbitrary system loading.     

Average symbol error probability of arbitrary rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation in generalised shadowed fading channels

A closed-form approximation of average symbol error probability of arbitrary rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation in a gamma-shadowed Nakagami fading radio channel is derived. The final result is obtained on the basis of an exponential approximation of the Gaussian Q-function. It is shown that the derived formula can also be used for error probability estimation in Nakagami-log-normal radio channels for a wide range of shadowing spread values. The numerical aspects of calculation are discussed.     

放大转发协作传输系统的中断概率性能分析

研究了基于放大转发(AF)的协作传输系统的中断概率性能.考虑了源节点到目的节点的直通链路,建立了适用于中继随机分布的非对称和对称信道下协作传输系统的数学模型,给出了协作传输系统节点信道和位置多种状况下接收端的瞬时信噪比的概率密度函数表达式,针对不同的状况给出了系统中断概率的精确表达式,并对于各中继信道具有不同信道状态参数的情形,提出了系统中断概率的一种近似表达式.     

Spectral efficiency evaluation for selection combining diversity (SCD) scheme over slow fading

In this paper we derive closed-form expressions for the single-user capacity of selection combining diversity (SCD) system, taking into account the effect of imperfect channel estimation at the receiver. The channel considered is a slowly varying spatially independent flat Rayleigh fading channel. The complex channel estimate and the actual channel are modelled as jointly Gaussian random variables with a correlation that depends on the estimation quality. Three adaptive transmission schemes are analysed: 1) optimal power and rate adaptation opra; 2) constant power with optimal rate adaptation ora; and 3) channel inversion with fixed rate cifr. Furthermore, we derive in this paper analytical results for capacity statistics including moment generating function (MGF), complementary cumulative distribution function (CDF) and probability density function (PDF). These statistics are valid for arbitrary number of receive antennas. Our numerical results show the effect of Gaussian channel estimation error on the achievable spectral efficiency.     

BER analysis of space-time diversity in CDMA systems over frequency-selective fading channels

The performance of direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) using space-time spreading system, over frequency-selective fading channels, is investigated. The underlying transmit diversity scheme, previously introduced in the literature, is based on two transmit and one receive antenna. It was shown that when employed in flat fast-fading channels, the received signal quality can be improved by utilising the spatial and temporal diversities at the receiver side. We study the problem of multiuser interference in asynchronous CDMA systems that employ transmit/receive diversity using space-time spreading. To overcome the effects of interference, a decorrelator detector is used at the base station. Considering binary phase-shift keying transmission, we analyse the system performance in terms of its probability of bit error. In particular, we derive the probability of error over frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels for both fast and slow-fading channels. For the fast-fading channel, both simulations and analytical results show that the full system diversity is achieved. On the other hand, when considering a slow-fading channel, we show that the scheme reduces to conventional space-time spreading schemes where the diversity order is half of that of fast-fading.     

Cross-entropy optimisation of multiple-input multiple-output capacity by transmit antenna selection

Radio channel capacity can be increased dramatically using a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) scheme, but at the expense of hardware complexity. An efficient approach for complexity reduction is antenna subset selection at the transmitter and/or receiver. A novel transmit antenna selection algorithm is presented using the cross-entropy optimisation method to maximise channel capacity. In contrast with the existing work, the proposed algorithm guarantees a result to within 99% of the true optimum (i.e. the maximal capacity with selected transmit antennas) with substantially low complexity. The simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm is independent of the relationship between the selected transmit array size and receive array size. The proposed scheme has the potential to make practical MIMO systems with high performance simpler to implement.     

Antenna selection technique for MIMO-OFDM systems over frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel

A joint transmit and receive antenna selection technique for MIMO-OFDM is presented. By appropriately ordering and tabulating the minimum channel sub-matrix's sub-stream signal to noise ratio in all subcarriers, an optimal antenna subset can be obtained. This procedure can be simplified further by analysing the inter-subcarrier correlation and by exploiting group selection methods. Complexity analyses on the proposed algorithm are presented, and performance improvements achievable are demonstrated through simulation studies     

Performance study of linear and nonlinear diversity-combining techniques in synchronous FFH/MA communication systems over fading channels

Based on the Fourier-Bessel series and exponential characteristic function approach, the paper presents analytical bit-error-rate expressions for synchronous fast frequency-hopped spread-spectrum multiple-access systems over Rician fading channels with M-ary frequency-shift-keying modulation. Linear-combining, product-combining and clipper receivers are studied. Numerical results show that both the clipper and product-combining receivers perform significantly better than the linear-combining receiver. The clipper receiver with an optimum threshold level slightly outperforms the product-combining receiver. However, the product-combining receiver is the preferred diversity-combining method because it is completely nonparametric. In addition, the optimum diversity levels for various diversity-combining receivers over Rayleigh fading channels are higher than that of the Rician fading channels     

Performance analyses of selection combining diversity receiver over α?μ fading channels in the presence of co-channel interference

An approach to the performance analyses of dual selection combining (SC) diversity receiver over correlated a ?m fading channels with the arbitrary parameters is presented. Fading between the diversity branches and interferers is correlated and distributed with α ? μ distribution. Infinite series expressions are obtained for the output SIR?s probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function (CDF) and an important measure of the system?s performances, the outage probability (OP). An average error probability is efficiently evaluated for coherent and non-coherent modulation schemes such as coherent frequency-shift keying (CFSK), coherent phase-shift keying (CPSK), binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK) and binary differentially phase-shift keying (BDPSK). Numerical results are presented to show the effects of various parameters such as fading severity, input SIR unbalance and the level of correlation between received desired signals and interferences on system?s performances.     

瑞利衰落信道下改进的AMC/SR-ARQ跨层设计方案

针对瑞利衰落信道提出了一种改进的自适应调制编码(AMC)与选择性自动重传请求(SR-ARQ)相结合的无线网络跨层设计方案.通过在计算不同调制方式对应的信噪比区间门限值时使用信道状态信息的二阶统计特性来计算误比特率(BER),使得选取的调制方式因考虑了无线信道的时变特性而更为合理,从而保证了为用户提供有服务质量(QoS)保证的服务.同时,对系统信道状态和系统吞吐进行了建模,并提出了N-成功/N 1-失败系统吞吐模型.在系统模型的基础上,对比分析了改进的方案和现有方案的性能指标.仿真实验证明,改进的AMC/SR-ARQ方案可以真正确保网络的平均误包率约束条件并提高平均频谱效率.     

Analysis of BPSK modulated asynchronous band-limited DS-CDMA systems with diversity receivers over generalised-K fading channels

The authors studied bit-error rate (BER) performance of asynchronous band-limited direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems with various diversity-combining receivers over Generalised-K fading channels. The effects of band-limited pulse shapes, multitone jamming, multiple-access interference as well as both flat and frequency-selective fading are considered. The Generalised-K model is adopted in order to include the effects of shadowing and fading of a wireless channel. The authors consider binary phase-shift keying as the modulation technique. The analytical expressions are valid for any arbitrary value of Generalised-K distribution parameters. Two types of band-limited pulses, namely spectrum raised cosine and Beaulieu-Tan-Damen (BTD) pulses, are incorporated in the analysis. Numerical results show that the system with BTD pulse outperforms the one with SRC pulse for various diversity-combining receivers under various channel conditions. Furthermore, by incorporating a minimum mean-square error stage in the multipath diversity receiver, the BER performance can be further improved.     

FQPSK调制在双波散射功率衰落信道下的性能

研究了深空通信系统的性能计算。系统采用Feher正交相移键控(FQPSK)调制和双波散射功率(TWDP)衰落信道,因为TWDP信道模型的散射传输波中含有两个镜面反射多径分量,可依据不同参数表达不同的衰落,因此适合描述复杂的电磁深空通信环境;FQPSK调制与标准QPSK相比具有频谱主瓣窄和滚降快的优势,因此更适合应用于深空通信系统中。为简化系统性能计算,推导了FQPSK调制在TWDP衰落下的误码率闭式解,并验证了推导的正确性。基于深空通信系统仿真平台,分析了不同种类QPSK调制及各种TWDP衰落参数下的误码率性能。结果表明,FQPSK与QPSK相比,结合卷积编码后可实现性能提升。     

Sum of arbitrarily correlated Gamma variates and performance of wireless communication systems over Nakagami-m fading channels

The probability density function (PDF) and the moment generating function (MGF) of a sum of squares of arbitrarily correlated, non-identically distributed Nakagami-m random variates, with non-identical and non-integer fading orders are derived. The authors proposed a simple method to determine a good truncation of the PDFs infinite sum and the associated truncation error. The derived results can be used to analyse a number of performance measures of diversity combining techniques in wireless communication systems over Nakagami-m fading channels.     

Performance of zero-forcing detectors over MIMO flat-correlated Ricean fading channels

The bit error rate (BER) performance of the zero-forcing (ZF) receiver over transmit-correlated flat Ricean fading channels is investigated. In particular, for a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel with M transmit and N receive antennas, an approximation for the average BER of each substream is derived. Then the system performance in receive-correlated flat Ricean fading channels is addressed. In this case, it is shown that the performance, when N ? M, is the same as that of transmit-correlated flat Ricean fading channels. A closed-form expression for the optimum transmit correlation coefficient, which achieves the maximum capacity (i.e. uncorrelated case), is also derived. As a result, a significant capacity gain is achieved by exploiting the knowledge of the Ricean channel. Extensive simulations are presented to validate and demonstrate the performance gain with different system parameters.     

Error performance of general order selection in correlated nakagami fading channels

A procedure for determining the probability distribution of the rth order statistic, Gr:L, r=1, 2, ==, L, among a set of L correlated Nakagami diversity branch gains G ₁, G ₂, , GL has been described in David and Nagaraja (2003) and Elkashlan et al. (2008). The results are used to evaluate the bit error rate (BER) of general order selection (GOS), a diversity method in which the rth order branch is selected for transmission, over correlated Nakagami fading branches. GOS can be used to improve system throughput and provide various levels of services, both of which are highly desirable in high-speed communication systems. Numerical and simulation results are presented and used to illustrate the effects of fading correlation on the BER associated with the rth order gain branch.     

Performance analysis of dual-diversity receivers over correlated generalised Gamma fading channels

The performance of dual-branch equal-gain combining (EGC) and maximal-ratio combining receivers operating over a composite correlated fading environment, modelled by the generalised Gamma (GG) distribution, is analysed. The moments of the output signal-to-noise ratio are derived in closed form for both types of receivers, and by employing the Pade approximants method, the average bit error probability is studied for a great variety of modulation schemes. Furthermore, based on the statistic of the product of two correlated GG random variables, a tight union upper bound for the outage probability of the EGC is obtained, whereas for the special case of Weibull fading a simpler bound is derived in closed form. The proposed mathematical analysis is complemented by various, numerically evaluated performance results, whereas simulations verify the correctness of the proposed analysis.