对双峰织构类型AZ31镁合金板材力学性能各向异性的分析

目的 制备双峰织构类型的AZ31镁合金板,以改善板材微观组织和弱化基面织构,研究微观组织对力学性能各向异性的影响规律,以提高镁合金板材的成形性能。方法 通过弯曲限宽矫直技术对0°、30°和60°轧向切样的板材进行热加工以预制拉伸孪晶,获得双峰织构类型的AZ31镁合金板材,通过EBSD获取板材的微观组织。对RD、45°和TD方向的原始板材进行室温单向拉伸实验,获得板材的工程应力-应变曲线及力学性能参数,并计算r值（塑性应变比）与n值（应变硬化指数）。结果 弯曲限宽矫直技术可诱发大量拉伸孪晶形成ED偏转织构,将偏转织构与基面织构共存的板材称为双峰织构类型AZ31镁合金板材。拉伸孪晶的出现显著细化了晶粒,弱化了基面织构强度,使板材的屈服强度下降,极大提升了材料塑性。其中30°轧向切样的板材ND面塑性力学性能各向异性的改善效果最好,其r值最小、n值最大。结论 双峰织构类型能够弱化AZ31镁合金板材基面的织构强度,提高材料塑性。拉伸孪晶含量越高,板材的强度与塑性越好,力学性能各向异性的改善效果也越显著。     

铸态AZ31镁合金板材等温轧制工艺及组织性能研究

为研究铸态AZ31镁合金轧制工艺及轧制后组织性能,通过试验得到不同道次和变形量对铸态AZ31镁合金板材显微组织和力学性能的影响规律,并采用扫描电子显微镜研究了轧制后板材组织.结果表明,铸态AZ31镁合金板材经等温4道次、等变形量轧制后,板材厚度由20mm变化到4.8 mm,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别达到275 MPa和18...     

预变形及退火处理提高AZ31镁合金的塑性

研究了预变形及退火处理对挤压态AZ31镁合金压缩力学性能的影响,结果表明:沿挤压方向进行应变量为0.086的预压缩变形,随后在300℃下进行0.5小时退火处理,可显著提高镁合金的塑性,其压缩率比一次压缩至破碎的压缩率提高约137%。织构及金相分析结果表明:预变形使(0002)基面发生了近90°的转动,由平行挤压方向变为与挤压方向垂直,且产生了大量孪晶组织。退火处理不改变(0002)基面织构,但消除了孪晶且出现了细小再结晶晶粒,因而提高了镁合金的塑性。     

非对称/对称轧制AZ31镁合金微观组织研究

研究了非对称轧制和对称轧制过程中,AZ31镁合金板材微观组织的变化特征,并结合有限元模拟对其差异进行了分析.结果表明,非对称轧制可明显细化板材的晶粒,可获得平均晶粒度约为8.9μm均匀分布的等轴晶组织,且其(0002)基面晶粒取向明显减弱;而对称轧制板材晶粒分布不均匀且有大量的孪晶存在,平均晶粒度达13.2μm.这主要是因为,与对称轧制相比,非对称轧制沿板材厚向引入了强烈的剪切应变所致.     

AZ31镁合金室温拉伸微观变形机制EBSD原位跟踪研究

利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术,原位跟踪AZ31镁合金轧制板材室温下沿轧向拉伸时的晶粒取向变化。对变形过程的滑移系和孪晶启动机进行分析。结果表明:变形过程主要由〈a〉基面和柱面滑移系开动而实现,晶粒取向无明显变化,大量〈a〉位错滑移的产生,使得变形后小角度晶界增加明显。晶粒中拉伸孪晶是试样在拉伸变形过程中产生的,而非在试样拉伸后的卸载过程中产生。     

AZ31B镁合金挤压板材力学性能的各向异性

在AZ31B镁合金板材的板面内沿不同方向进行单向拉伸和压缩试验,研究挤压板材的力学性能。结果表明,变形AZ31B镁合金板材具有显著的各向异性和拉压非对称性。在板面内,沿挤压方向拉伸时的屈服应力明显地比沿同方向压缩和沿其他方向拉伸或压缩时的高(约2倍);沿45°斜向拉伸的屈服应力和抗拉强度较低,而延伸率最高;这种非对称性主要表现为屈服非对称和塑性流动非对称,即拉压的屈服应力不相等和拉压应力-应变曲线形状不同,压缩曲线表现出特殊的"S"型。基于晶体塑性理论,讨论了引起变形镁合金的各向异性和拉压非对称性力学性能的变形机理。     

挤轧复合变形制备电磁连铸AZ61板材

通过挤压后再轧制的方法制备AZ61镁合金板材,利用动态再结晶产生局部剪切变形减弱挤压形成的{0002}基面织构,可以有效提高板材的塑性成形能力,对比分析了直接轧制75%变形量与挤轧复合轧制60%变形量的AZ61电磁半连铸镁合金板材.结果表明,两种工艺方法所得到的板材力学性能相近,前者抗拉强度σb=300 MPa,屈服强度σ0.2=230 MPa,延伸率δ=8.0%,后者σb=295 MPa,σ0.2=245 MPa,δ=8.2%.因此,可以通过挤轧复合的工艺方法利用较小的轧制变形量(60%)制备出与较大轧制变形量(75%)性能相近的镁合金板材.     

AZ31镁合金的变形织构和协调变形机理

进行变形速率可控的单向拉伸试验,研究了变形织构与滑移和孪生等协调变形机理对AZ31镁合金综合性能的影响。结果表明:在沿挤压方向拉伸过程中,变形织构使{0002}晶面Schmid因子较低,基面滑移难以开动,屈服强度高。在沿45°拉伸过程中,变形织构使柱面取向晶粒处于发生{0002}滑移的最佳位置,基面取向晶粒的棱柱面滑移也处于最佳位置,屈服强度低而延伸率高。沿横向拉伸的力学性能主要受孪晶影响,由于大量孪晶诱发裂纹,延伸率最低。试样在45°和横向拉伸时产生的大量拉伸孪晶,是出现{0002}双峰织构的诱因。     

AZ31B宽幅镁合金铸轧板材热轧边裂原因分析

宽度150mm的AZ31B镁合金铸轧板材在轧制温度为350℃,轧制速度为0.5m/s,压下率分别为10%,20%,30%的不同工艺条件下进行了数值模拟和热轧实验研究。结果表明:同一温度条件下,随着轧制压下量的增大,镁板内部金属流动具有各向异性,其内部层片状结构的结合力随应变量的增大而减弱;在显微组织中,所产生的机械孪晶会随着轧制压下而压弯,甚至产生较小的次生孪晶,大小不一的孪晶组织会产生局部应力集中,从而产生微裂纹失稳扩展,边部的损伤因子随之增大。因此,减少长条形孪晶和第二相β-(Mg17Al12)的产生是控制边部裂纹的关键因素之一。     

热轧过程中高纯钴微观组织及织构演变

金属钴具有同素异构转变特性。为探究热轧工艺对高纯钴的微观组织及织构演变规律的影响,对纯度为99.99%(质量分数)的高纯钴进行500 ℃(高于同素异构转变温度)下的热轧,并采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对样品进行表征。结果表明:初始态板材由密排六方相(HCP相)和面心立方相(FCC相)构成,且以HCP相为主;HCP相晶粒的晶体取向较为集中,而FCC相晶粒的晶体取向较为分散;HCP相中的相变孪晶和FCC相中的退火孪晶含量较高。经过热轧,不同道次下的水冷板材中仍含有HCP相和FCC相,HCP相和FCC相在不同轧制板材中含量略有不同,但FCC相的相对含量均高于HCP相;HCP相晶粒的细化效果尤为显著。两相的小角度晶界含量较初始态大幅度上升,大角度晶界含量大幅度下降;轧制水冷板材中HCP相形成了特殊的择优取向,{0001}基面法向偏离ND方向朝向RD方向35°,且{10-12}取向较为分散;而FCC相呈现出较为随机的晶体取向特征。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...