熔盐法低温合成掺钕ZrSiO4陶瓷的物相演变和化学稳定性

相较于传统固相烧结方法,熔盐在较低的温度下提供了快速的传质和成核过程,可合成用于固化高放废物(HLW)的陶瓷固化体。本工作采用熔盐法(MSS)在不同烧结温度(1100、1200、1300、1400、1500℃)和不同烧结时间(3、6、9、12、15 h)下制备了掺Nd的锆石(ZrSiO₄)陶瓷(Zr_1-xNdxSiO_4-x/2 (0≤x≤0.1)),并采用静态浸出试验(PCT)研究掺Nd的ZrSiO₄陶瓷在模拟地质处置环境下的化学稳定性。在熔盐与氧化物最佳摩尔比为10:1、烧结温度为1200℃、烧结时间为6 h的较温和条件下,利用熔盐法成功合成了Zr1-xNdxSiO4-x/2,可将Nd在ZrSiO₄中的固溶摩尔分数提高到8%,结果显示MSS法能够降低陶瓷合成温度,缩短合成时间,提高固溶量。ZrSiO₄陶瓷对三价锕系核素的固化机理为晶格固化。浸出实验结果显示, Nd的归一化浸出率(LRNd)低至～10^-5 g·m^-2     

氧化硼对硅酸盐玻璃固化体结构及抗浸出性能的影响

以SiO2、Al2O3、B2O3、CaO、Na2O为原料,加入5%CeO2(质量分数)作为模拟核素,利用熔融法制备硼硅酸盐玻璃固化体,对含锕系元素的放射性废物进行固化处置。通过傅里叶红外光谱仪、紫外激光拉曼光谱仪和差热分析仪等对热处理后玻璃固化体进行表征,以电感耦合等离子体质谱测试玻璃固化体抗浸出性能。结果表明:B2O3含量为15.79wt%时固化体玻璃化转变温度Tg最大;玻璃中存在[SiO4]、[BO3]、[BO4]等基团,随着B2O3含量的增大,部分[BO4]转变为[BO3];Ce在产品一致性测试法(PCT)下标准化浸出率NR先减小后增大,B2O3含量达到15.79wt%时玻璃抗浸出效果最好。     

温度对含模拟α-高放核废液的磷酸镁水泥固化体性能的影响

利用磷酸镁水泥(Magnesium potassium phosphate cement,MPC)对模拟α-高放核废液(HLW)进行固化,研究温度对固化体力学性能、物相组成、微观形貌及核素Cs~+浸出率的影响。BET、XRD、SEM及AAS等测试结果表明,室温下MgO、KH2PO4与高放核废液反应形成致密结构;随着温度的升高,固化体脱水,400℃时孔道结构增多,平均孔径增大,抗压强度降低,Cs~+浸出率增加;温度继续升高,磷酸镁水泥烧结陶瓷化,平均孔径逐渐减小,抗压强度增大;900℃时固化体表现出良好的陶瓷结构特征,晶粒完全熔融,晶粒间没有明显界线,Cs~+的28d浸出率为7.21×10~(-6) g/(cm~2·d)。不同温度下高放核废液的磷酸镁水泥固化体核素Cs~+的浸出率均能达到玻璃固化体的性能要求,表明磷酸镁水泥用于固化高放核废液具有明显优势。     

共沉淀法制备Nd3+:Y2O3透明陶瓷

以Y2O3为基质材料,掺杂不同含量的Nd3+添加PEG和(NH4)2SO4为分散剂,采用共沉淀法制备出性能良好的Nd3+:Y2O3纳米粉.对前驱体和不同温度下煅烧后的粉体进行差热热重、X射线衍射、比表面积和透射电镜等分析.结果表明,前驱体产物为Y2(OH)5(NO3)·nH2O时,Nd3+完全固溶于Y2O3的立方晶格中,Nd3+:Y2O3粉体大小均匀,近似球形.随着煅烧温度的升高,颗粒逐渐长大,900℃煅烧2h后颗粒尺寸约为40～60nm;粉体在1700℃和真空度为1×10-3Pa条件下烧结6h得到的Nd3+:Y2O3透明陶瓷的透光率接近78%.     

YIG陶瓷对三价锕系模拟核素的固化行为研究

石榴石具有较大的锕系包容量及化学灵活性, 被认为是潜在的锕系核素固化基材。本工作以Nd³⁺模拟三价锕系核素, 通过高温固相法成功合成了Y_3-xNd_xFe₅O₁₂(0≤x≤2)系列钇铁石榴石(YIG)固化体。研究了Nd在YIG固化体中的固溶极限和Nd掺杂量对固化体的物相和微观结构的影响规律, 以及不同pH条件下Nd掺杂钇铁石榴石固化体的化学耐久性。研究结果表明, 当x≤1.7时, YIG基固化体为纯相YIG; 当x≥1.8时, YIG基固化体中YIG、NdFeO₃和Fe₂O₃三相共存。纯相YIG基固化体对Nd³⁺的固溶极限约为29.5%(质量分数)。随着Nd掺杂量增加, 固化体的密度增大, 体积减小, 孔隙率减小。浸出实验结果显示, 28 d后元素归一化浸出率(LR_i)逐渐趋于平衡, 42 d后, 其元素的LR_i为10^-6~10^-5 g·m^-2·d^-1。LR_Y小于LR_Nd, 且酸性溶液中元素归一化浸出率也略高于中性和碱性溶液。这些结果表明, YIG陶瓷是理想的三价锕系核素候选固化基材。     

真空烧结Nd:YAG透明陶瓷的研究

以高纯Al2O3、Y2O3和Nd2O3粉体为原料,少量MgO和SiO2为添加剂,采用真空烧结方法制备了不同掺杂浓度的NdYAG(Y3Al5O12)透明陶瓷,并且对烧成的NdYAG陶瓷的显微结构和光学性能进行了研究.结果发现,真空烧结有利于气孔的排出,从而达到几乎完全致密化;适量烧结助剂的添加,有利于提高陶瓷的烧结活性和透光性;NdYAG陶瓷能够实现高浓度掺杂,但是透过率随着Nd掺杂量的增加有所降低,光吸收随着掺杂量的增加而增加;掺杂浓度升高,发射谱峰出现展宽,并且出现红移现象,当Nd3+的掺杂浓度大于3.0%(原子分数)时,发射强度急剧降低.     

包覆和凝胶注模成型对氮化硅陶瓷性能的影响

利用含 Al (NO3) 3,Y (NO3) 3和尿素的水溶液中无机盐的沉淀再经煅烧在 Si3N4粉料的表面包覆 Y2 O3- Al2 O3层 ,作为氮化硅烧结的助烧剂。包覆层改变了 Si3N4粉料的电动性和胶态特性 ,从而提高了 Si3N4的分散性。研究表明 ,经包覆和凝胶注模成型的方法所制备的氮化硅烧结体较冷等静压方法所获得的烧结体的抗弯强度和 Weibull模数都大大提高     

加料方式对共沉淀法制备Nd∶YAG透明陶瓷的影响

以Nd2O3、Y2O3、NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O为原料,NH4HCO3为沉淀剂,采用顺序、反序和并流3种不同共沉淀加料方式,在高滴加速率条件下制取了掺钕钇铝石榴石(Nd∶YAG)粉体,比较工艺操作,表征其相组成、显微形貌、粒度分布和烧结后陶瓷的透过率。结果表明,并流共沉淀工艺无需调节pH值,工艺操作最简单;经1 100℃煅烧,反序、并流法制备的粉体均为纯相YAG,顺序制备的粉体含有杂相,其中并流法制备的粉体粒径分布窄,颗粒呈类球形,粉体活性高。采用真空烧结技术于1 715℃下烧结制备了Nd∶YAG陶瓷,顺序、反序和并流样品在1 064 nm处透过率分别为68%,70%和75%。     

微波均相沉淀法制备Nd:YAG纳米粉体及其表征

以Al(NO3)3,Y(NO3)3为母盐,尿素为沉淀剂,添加占母盐质量为8%的(NH4)2SO4,以不同浓度的Nd3+取代Y3+,采用微波均相沉淀法制备了具有良好分散性和可烧结性、平均粒径为71nm的Nd:YAG纳米粉体。利用IR、DTA-TG、XRD、TEM、LD等技术对YAG前驱物及其煅烧粉体进行表征。结果表明:采用微波均相法,前驱体在1100℃下煅烧,可得到分散良好的纯YAG相,无YAP、YAM中间相出现,且YAG的单相程度不随Nd3+掺杂浓度的增加而变化。     

燃烧法合成SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Nd3+长余辉发光材料的研究

利用相应的金属硝酸盐和尿素发生氧化还原的燃烧反应,在600℃的炉温下,制备了发绿光的SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Nd3+长余辉材料,该材料属于单斜晶系.研究结果表明,在制备SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Nd3+时,尿素的加入量与尿素理论的加入量之比为2.0,pH=2时,所制得的发光体的发光强度最大,粒度较小.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from