黑土土壤质量演变初探Ⅲ－－不同地区黑土主要微量元素状况及其评价

以不同地区黑土阳离子微量元素的全量及有效态含量变化为研究内容 ,重点讨论和评价了锌、锰、铜和铁的分布状况、变化规律和丰缺程度。研究结果表明 :公主岭、海伦和北安地区黑土全锌、全锰、全铜和全铁平均含量与1980年第二次土壤普查结果基本一致 ;有效锌、有效锰、有效铜和有效铁的平均含量都高于缺素的临界值 ,说明3个地区黑土中目前不会出现严重的微量元素缺乏的现象。除北安地区有效铜含量低于1980年第二次土壤普查结果外 ,其他地区微量元素有效含量都有所提高 ,一般顺序为 ,公主岭<海伦<北安。黑土中微量元素与其他理化形状之间的相关性在不同地区表现不同 ,但有效锌、有效铜和有效铁含量与黑土中有机质含量之间存在一定的正相关。因此 ,在目前情况下 ,黑土中有机质水平可以基本上反映出微量元素的丰缺程度。     

小嵩草高寒草甸的土壤养分因子及水分含量对牦牛放牧率的响应Ⅱ冬季草场土壤营养因子及水分含量的变化

牦牛放牧试验结果表明:随着放牧率的增加,冬季草场不同土层有机质、有机碳、全氮的含量和C/N值下降,它们的含量与放牧率呈显著的线性回归关系,全磷和速效氮的含量与放牧率呈显著的二次回归关系,各土壤营养因子平均含量与放牧率也有类似的关系;当放牧率分别达到0.81头hm-2和1.00头hm-2,1.03头hm-2和1.03头hm-2,1.36头hm-2和1.30头hm-2时,0~5cm,5~10cm,10~20cm土层全磷和速效氮的含量分别依此达到最大,若放牧率继续增强,它们的含量依此开始减小;而且0~20cm土层全磷和速效氮平均含量达到最大的放牧率分别是1.03头hm-2和1.06头hm-2。放牧率和土壤深度的交互作用对土壤各养分因子含量的影响极显著(P<0.01);放牧率对各土壤层含水量有极显著的影响(P<0.01),不同年度间同一土壤层含水量的差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

施肥结构对砂质潮土中微量营养元素空间变化的影响

本文通过长期定位施肥试验 ,分析了不同施肥结构对砂质潮土交换性钙、镁及有效硫、锌、锰、铜、铁等在 0～ 1 2 0cm土体中空间分布变化的影响 .结果表明 ,磷肥明显提高土壤交换性钙的含量 ,而有机肥与氮肥对土壤钙含量无明显影响 .但有机肥显著增加土壤交换性镁含量 ,各层镁含量与有机肥用量呈显著或极显著正相关 ,磷肥同样对土壤镁有提高作用 ,但氮肥无论是否与有机肥配施均降低了土壤各层交换性镁含量 .土壤 0～ 4 0cm有效锌、锰、铁均随有机肥增加而增加 ,并与有机肥用量呈极显著正相关 .而化肥无论是否与有机肥配施均降低土壤有效锌含量 ,但却增加了有效铁含量 .氮肥单施降低土壤有效锰含量 .在无有机肥情况下 ,施磷提高土壤有效铁含量 ,而在施有机肥条件下磷肥则降低耕层有效铁含量 .磷肥只在单施化肥时增加土壤有效锰含量     

黑龙江北部土壤中主要重金属和微量元素状况及其评价

以黑龙江省北部地区的嫩江市、五大连池市和克山县土壤中重金属和微量元素为研究对象,评价了该地区土壤中全量锌、铜、铅、镉和有效态锌、铜、锰、铁的分布状况、污染程度和丰缺程度。研究结果表明:土壤重金属含量在克山、五大连池和嫩江地区存在一定的差异,表现出一定的地域变化特点。除了全锌含量低于黑龙江省土壤背景值外,其它3种元素(铜、铅和镉)都高于背景值,按当地标准已达轻度污染程度;根据国家标准,这3个地区土壤中有效锌和和有效铜含量均达适中和丰富水平,有效铁和有效锰达到丰富和很丰富水平。但尚需根据该地区的气候、作物和土壤的具体情况制订适合当地的土壤微量元素评价标准。     

黔中地区水稻土的含硒量及其对糙米硒含量的影响

通过贵州开阳县水稻土硒含量特征和该区水稻硒含量之间关系的调查研究表明:开阳县水稻土水溶性硒含量高于一般水稻土水溶性硒的临界值(0.01μgg-1),这与该区的成土母质、地形等因素有关。富硒水稻土使水稻对硒的吸收增加,该县出产的稻米硒含量普遍比贵州省其它地区高,平均含硒量高于粮食硒的正常含量范围(0.04~0.07μgg-1)。水稻地上各部分含硒量存在差异,糠、秸秆中的含硒量高于糙米,糙米含硒量与土壤硒含量的相关性达极显著水平(r=0.7861*,P<0.05)。     

基于高光谱的土壤重金属铜的反演研究

为探讨高光谱遥感反演红壤重金属铜含量的可行性,研究采集了34个红壤性土壤样品,通过对350~2 500 nm波段范围光谱曲线进行测试和分析,建立了不同的土壤光谱变量与重金属铜含量多元回归关系模型,分析了土壤重金属铜与土壤化学组分以及土壤特征光谱的关系。结果表明,土壤重金属铜含量与土壤全铁和镁含量显著相关,而与土壤有机质的相关性不显著,表明红壤性土壤粘土矿物对土壤铜含量影响较大;与重金属铜含量相关性较好的波段在830 nm、1 000 nm和2 250 nm附近,且一阶微分模型精度(79%)高于反射率模型(66.26%)和倒数对数模型(67%)的精度。因此,一阶微分高光谱反演模型具有较好的快速估算土壤中重金属铜含量的潜力。     

云南省主要地质背景区铜、锰、锌、镁、钾在岩石-土壤-饲料系统的分布与迁移规律研究

对云南省6个主要地质背景区的土壤、岩石和饲料样品的铜、锰、锌、镁和钾元素进行测定分析。结果表明:玄武岩和碳酸盐岩红壤区土壤和饲料钾、镁、锌、锰和铜元素含量较丰富;碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩和玄武岩混合型黄红壤区居中;而由碎屑岩和变质岩发育的土壤区土壤和饲料钾、镁、锌、锰和铜元素最低。饲料中钾、镁、锌、锰和铜的含量受地质背景值,特别是土壤中元素的丰度的影响不大。     

应用吸附等温曲线判断水稻土供硅能力Ⅱ吸附等温曲线方程参数与水稻土理化性质的关系

选取低浓度系列平衡液进行等温吸附试验,研究了不同pH水稻土对硅的吸附等温曲线方程参数与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明:土壤吸附硅的缓冲容量(PBCSi)与土壤粘粒含量呈线性正相关关系(r=0.7745**,n=12),与土壤pH呈对数正相关关系(r=0.8660**,n=12);土壤吸附硅的零位浓度(ZACSi)与土壤游离氧化铁含量呈对数正相关关系(r=0.5801*,n=12),与土壤pH呈指数负相关关系(r=0.8661**,n=12);评价土壤供硅能力指标的参数与土壤氧化铁活化度呈指数负相关关系(r=0.6026*,n=12),与氧化铁晶胶比呈幂函数正相关关系(r=0.5950*,n=12)。     

云南昌宁蔗区不同耕层土壤养分的垂直分布

研究了蔗园土壤养分的垂直分布特征。结果表明:(1)不管是在旱地蔗园还是在水田蔗园,0～30cm土层的有机质、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾等主要养分含量明显高于30～60cm的土层,但全氮、全磷、全钾在0～30cm土层与30～60cm土层之间没有明显的变化。(2)旱地蔗园的有效铁、有效锰和有效铜0～30cm土层比30～60cm土层高,有效锌含量在0～30cm的土层与30～60cm的土层之间变化不大。     

Mehlich3方法与常规方法测定土壤养分相关性初步研究

采取Mehlich3(以下简称M3法)方法和常规标准方法测定了41个土壤样品的有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌和有效硼.通过对两种方法测定结果的分析,探讨二者的相关性.土壤有效磷M3方法与常规方法相关系数达到0.9085,为最高,有效铜M3方法与常规方法相关系数为0.1556,为最低.有效铜、有效硼测定结果的相关性很差.M3方法与常规方法测定土壤养分在有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效铁、有效锰、有效锌上达到极显著水平,其数值可以通过回归方程相互转换利用.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。