黑龙江北部土壤中主要重金属和微量元素状况及其评价

以黑龙江省北部地区的嫩江市、五大连池市和克山县土壤中重金属和微量元素为研究对象,评价了该地区土壤中全量锌、铜、铅、镉和有效态锌、铜、锰、铁的分布状况、污染程度和丰缺程度。研究结果表明:土壤重金属含量在克山、五大连池和嫩江地区存在一定的差异,表现出一定的地域变化特点。除了全锌含量低于黑龙江省土壤背景值外,其它3种元素(铜、铅和镉)都高于背景值,按当地标准已达轻度污染程度;根据国家标准,这3个地区土壤中有效锌和和有效铜含量均达适中和丰富水平,有效铁和有效锰达到丰富和很丰富水平。但尚需根据该地区的气候、作物和土壤的具体情况制订适合当地的土壤微量元素评价标准。     

海伦县土壤重金属含量的空间变异性研究

兼顾土壤类型和相对均匀性的前提下,在黑龙江省海伦县中部地区采集黑土土壤样品60个(0-20cm),在GIS的支持下,采用经典统计学与地统计学相结合的方法研究了土壤铜、铬、铅、镉、汞、砷含量的空间变异性及分异规律。结果表明,就空间相关域而言,铜含量的空间变异性比铬要大;铅、镉、汞、砷含量存在很好的空间结构性,趋势项可用一次趋势面方程分离,一次趋势面方程代表了这四种元素的宏观分布趋势;铜、铬、铅含量的空间分异表现为起伏变化较大,岛状区域分布较多;铅、镉、汞含量以靠近海伦县县城处相对较高,砷含量不同空间位置上变化相对比较平缓。     

集成多传感器的环境监测电子舌的研究

研发了一种基于硅基底的环境监测新型电子舌,用于在线检测锌、镉、铅、铜、铁和铬6种痕量重金属元素.系统由一个电化学微电极阵列和两个光寻址电位传感器组成.其中微电极阵列由8×8个直径为10 μm的金微电极组成,采用方波阳极溶出伏安法实现锌、镉、铅和铜4种元素的快速检测.另外在硅基底的两个2 mm×2 mm的金膜表面,分别沉积铁离子和铬离子选择性薄膜,实现光寻址电位传感器,用来实时检测铁和铬2种元素.实验结果表明,本文方法具有所需样品少、操作方便、检测速度快以及灵敏度高等优点,检出限可达到微克/升级.     

福建三明烟区土壤肥力状况的研究

通过对三明烟区具有代表性的316个土壤样品的分析测定,结果表明:该烟区土壤pH平均为5.0;土壤养分的平均含量为:有机质27.0gkg-1、全氮1.4gkg-1、碱解氮142mgkg-1、全磷0.5gkg-1、速效磷24mgkg-1、全钾19.2gkg-1、缓效钾250mgkg-1、速效钾109mgkg-1、交换性钙726mgkg-1、交换性镁30mgkg-1、有效硫22mgkg-1、有效铁23.8mgkg-1、有效锰9.9mgkg-1、有效铜2.7mgkg-1、有效锌2.0mgkg-1、有效硼0.2mgkg-1、水溶性氯15.0mgkg-1。三明烟区土壤有机质含量普遍较高,pH偏低,全氮、碱解氮水平中等,适宜烤烟生长;部分土壤有效磷含量较高,应合理适量施用磷肥;速效钾普遍缺乏,应重视钾肥施用;土壤镁、硼营养明显不足,应增加镁,硼营养,在施用石灰调节土壤酸度的同时应避免影响烤烟对镁,硼的吸收;慎重施用氯肥。     

云南省主要地质背景区铜、锰、锌、镁、钾在岩石-土壤-饲料系统的分布与迁移规律研究

对云南省6个主要地质背景区的土壤、岩石和饲料样品的铜、锰、锌、镁和钾元素进行测定分析。结果表明:玄武岩和碳酸盐岩红壤区土壤和饲料钾、镁、锌、锰和铜元素含量较丰富;碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩和玄武岩混合型黄红壤区居中;而由碎屑岩和变质岩发育的土壤区土壤和饲料钾、镁、锌、锰和铜元素最低。饲料中钾、镁、锌、锰和铜的含量受地质背景值,特别是土壤中元素的丰度的影响不大。     

用铜离子选择电极测定低温变换催化剂中的铜

合成氨生产过程中所用低温变换催化剂的组成为铜—锌—铬或铜—锌—铝。在制备过程中需要测定铜—锌混合液及成品中铜含量。通常用EDTA络合滴定铜—锌含量,再取一样掩蔽铜滴定锌,以差减法求铜含量,铜的结果受两次滴定误差的影响,滴定中又要消耗乙醇。本文用铜离子选择电极租标准加入法直接测定铜。锌不干扰测定。铬的干扰以过氧化氢还原铬至三价,然后以柠檬酸掩蔽。铝的干扰可加入氟化钠掩蔽。     

微量元素的ROC曲线和T检验对肺癌的诊断价值

为了探讨微量元素对肺癌的诊断价值,对46例肺癌患者和50例健康人血液中锌(Zn)、铁(Fe)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)7种微量元素含量进行测定并计算铜/锌比值。利用统计学方法 ROC曲线来分析7种微量元素及铜/锌比值对于肺癌诊断的灵敏性和特异性以及对肺癌的诊断价值,期望找到微量元素肺癌标志物,为今后肺癌诊断提供新的方法和途径。通过ROC曲线分析,能够看出镁元素的ROC曲线较其它元素曲线而言,更靠近左上角,离对角线的距离也相对较远。同时利用独立样本T检验方法进行分析,结果显示镁和铅元素存在显著性差异,而且镁的显著性差异更为明显。综上,镁元素的含量可能为肺癌诊断提供线索,但是一种微量元素的含量可能与其它微量元素之间存在相互关系,还需要作深入的研究。     

葫芦岛锌厂周围土壤镉污染现状研究

本文对葫芦岛锌厂周围土壤中重金属镉含量进行了分析检测,并用三种评价标准(当地土壤背景值、土壤污染起始值和土壤环境质量标准)分别对土壤镉的污染程度进行了评价,结果表明:锌厂周围土壤受镉污染严重。三种评价方法均表明锌厂南部和西部5km、北部10km范围内的表层土壤(0～20cm)达到了重度污染、北部15km处为中度-重度污染、北部20km处受到轻度污染。锌厂南部土壤镉的含量最高,其次是北部的土壤,含镉量分别超过土壤环境质量标准的19.23～109.23倍和4.13～11.63倍;而西部土壤镉含量相对较低。下层土壤(20～40cm)也受到了不同程度的污染,大部分剖面点达到了中度到重度的污染。在所研究范围内土壤上下层含镉量比值为1.3～17.9。     

河南郑州郊县保护地养分及重金属含量演变趋势

对河南郑州郊县不同种植年限保护地土壤速效氮、磷、钾及重金属铜、锌、镉、铅含量调查表明:随保护地种植年限的增加,速效氮、磷含量有显著的增加,其增加与种植年限呈极显著正相关,速效钾含量增加幅度不大,说明氮、磷、钾肥施用不均衡;重金属铜、锌、铅含量随保护地种植年限的增加有一定的增加,镉含量没有明显的规律性,但这几项重金属含量均比农田含量要高,说明在保护地高强度施肥及人为活动下,引入了重金属;农田及保护地重金属含量较土壤背景值均有一定程度的增加,但未超出国家土壤环境质量标准。     

我国猪矿物元素营养研究进展（综述）

动物组织含约45种矿物元素,依其在动物体内含量多寡,分为常量及微量矿物元素,其中含量多于0．01％的矿物元素称常量元素,包括钙,磷,镁,硫,钠,钾,氯,含量少于0．01％者称微量元素,与动物营养有关的主要有铁,铜,锰,锌,硒,碘,钴,钼 ,氟,锡,镍,硅,砷,铬,钒（吴成坤,1991年,韩友文,1996）。本文仅对我国猪矿物元素营养研究进展予以综述,主要涵盖矿物元素需要量,来源及生物学效价等内容。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。