黄土区村级农田土壤养分空间变异特征研究

本研究选择黄土高原地区陕西省新集村为研究对象。在219hm2耕地上用网格法采集364个表层(0~20 cm)土壤,研究了该村土壤pH,有机质和速效养分(N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S)空间变异性。结果表明:该村98.9%耕地缺N,缺K,缺P比例占11.5%和4.4%。地统计学分析结果表明:土壤有机质、有效N、P、K、Mg、Ca、S具有中等的空间相关性,空间变异程度依次为:OM>P>Ca>K>Mg>N>S,土壤pH的空间相关性很弱。有机质、有效N、S最大相关距离大,达到1853m,pH值最小,为148m,K、Ca、P、Mg最大相关距离分别为717m、720m、1032m和1344m。施肥是导致该村土壤养分空间变异性的主要原因。基于土壤养分状况和空间分布特征,目前仅需要考虑对该村土壤K,P进行分区管理。     

辽宁省玉米主产区土壤养分状况调查分析

采用网格取样法采集辽宁省玉米主产区耕层土壤进行有机质、pH和有效养分含量分析.结果表明:辽宁省主要玉米田土壤近中性,有机质含量中等,65%以上的土壤速效K、速效P和有效Zn含量低于临界水平,99%的土壤NH4 -N含量低于临界值;从变异情况看,土壤pH变异最小.速效P变异最大,总变异趋势为速效P>有效Zn>有机质>NH4 -N>速效K>pH;不同土壤类型和不同生态区的土壤有机质、pH和有效养分含量变异也较大.     

县级区域粮田土壤养分的空间变异性

采用传统统计和地统计相结合的方法 ,对面积约 470km2 的玉田县粮田耕层土壤养分进行了空间变异特征研究。结果表明 ,土壤N、P、K、Mn和Zn普遍缺乏 ,不同土壤养分的变异情况各不相同 ;土壤主要养分N、P、K、Mn和Zn含量的空间变异结构明显 ,在较大范围内存在着空间相关性 ,具有一定的渐变性分布规律 ,这一基本趋势对土壤养分分区管理是有利的     

城郊耕层土壤养分的空间变异特征

以广州郊区岑村为例,采用G IS与地统计学相结合的方法对城郊耕层土壤(0~20cm)的有机质、全N、全P和全K4种土壤养分要素的空间变异特征进行了分析。结果表明:有机质、全N和全K变异函数曲线的最优理论模型为指数模型;全P为球状模型。几种土壤养分具有很强的空间相关性,异质性特征。各土壤养分由随机因素引起的空间变异占空间总变异的比例小,其值分别为9.90%、8.80%、0.26%和17.10%。说明受母质、地形、土壤类型等自然的结构性因素影响较大。土壤特性的相关距变化范围为139.00~750.00m。该成果可为城郊农业的定位施肥、灌溉以及其它的农田精细管理提供依据。     

潮褐土土壤养分的空间分布特征

应用主成分分析方法和地统计学方法,对河北省栾城县一15hm2试区里潮褐土全氮、全磷、有机质、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮、NH 3-N等土壤养分含量的空间变异规律进行了定量分析。为实现土壤养分的精准管理和4-N和NO-变量平衡施肥提供了科学依据。     

耕地土壤交换性钙镁比值的研究

对沈阳市郊区1994个耕地表土(0～20cm)样点和4个典型剖面中交换性Ca/Mg的比值进行了对比研究。结果表明:不同土属耕层土壤中Ca、Mg交换量有较大差别,交换性Ca/Mg的比值主要受母质等成土因素的影响;棕壤的各个土属的Ca/Mg在4左右,石灰性草甸土和草甸沼泽土的Ca/Mg则在8以上。棕壤和草甸土典型剖面不同层次中的Ca/Mg比值有着随深度加深而降低的趋势;由于Ca的植物返还率较Mg高,同一土壤类型中Ca/Mg比值的最大值出现在表土层,母质层中的Ca/Mg则相对稳定。对土壤Ca/Mg进行研究可以丰富土壤离子交换性能研究和土壤发生学特性研究的内容。     

黑龙江省双城市土壤有机质和速效养分的空间变异特征

采用地理信息系统(G IS)和地统计学相结合的方法研究了黑龙江省双城市土壤表层(0~20 cm)有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾这4种土壤养分指标的空间变异性。结果表明:土壤有机质、速效氮、速效钾的理论模型均为球状模型;速效磷的理论模型为指数模型。速效钾含量的C0/(C0 C)为49.96%,存在中等的空间相关性,说明其空间变异是由随机性因素和结构性因素共同作用的结果;速效氮、有机质、速效磷含量的C0/(C0 C)变化范围是8.10%~14.39%,均表现出强的空间相关性,说明其空间变异均受结构性因素的影响。从总体分布趋势来看,4项养分指标均呈现出由西向东、由西南向东北升高的趋势。     

小尺度土壤养分的空间变异及其影响因素探讨--以江苏省无锡市典型城乡交错区为例

以江苏省无锡市城乡交错区为例,在8km2范围内,采集102个土壤表层样,利用地统计学和G IS相结合的方法,研究了土壤全量和速效氮、磷、钾的空间变异特征,并对其影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明土壤养分空间变异程度从大到小依次为:土壤全氮>土壤全磷>土壤速效磷>土壤速效氮>土壤速效钾>土壤全钾。土壤全氮空间变异受到土壤类型的影响,土壤全磷的空间变异与居民点分布有关,土壤全钾空间变异与土壤粘粒关系最密切。土壤全量养分和相应的速效养分具有显著相关关系,在空间分布上,也分别存在不同程度的相似性。同时土壤全磷和土壤速效养分受土地利用影响也较大。研究还表明,城乡交错区土壤氮、磷流失风险增加,需要实施有效措施控制氮、磷肥料的过度施用。     

不同品种生姜的营养特性和养分吸收规律

连续三年多点研究不同品种生姜的营养特性和养分吸收规律。结果表明,柴姜全株养分平均含量的高低顺序为N>K>P>Mg>Ca>Zn,N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Zn比例为100:14.7:99.2:1.8:6.0:0.3,养分吸收量也较低,N∶P∶K约为7∶1∶7。狮头姜K含量最高,含P量较柴姜明显下降,K、N含量显著提高;养分吸收比例为100:11.9:128.9:1.4:5.1:0.2,吸P量占的份额较小,K、N比例增大,N∶P∶K约为8∶1∶11。狮头姜单位产量所需养分数量,P、Ca、Mg和Zn较柴姜增加不多,K和N大幅度提高。     

不同土壤层次供应水分和养分对玉米幼苗生长和吸收养分的影响

本试验模拟滴灌方法 ,在不同土壤层次进行灌水和施用氮磷养分的盆栽玉米试验 ,旨在探讨在不同土壤层次供应水分和养分对夏玉米幼苗生长、根系空间构型及玉米对养分吸收的影响。试验表明 :在土壤深层进行滴灌可以有效降低土面蒸发 ,提高水分和养分的利用效率 ,从而显著提高玉米幼苗的生长量 ;在不同层次施肥灌水 ,对玉米根系在土壤中的空间构型影响很大 ,进行深层滴灌可以极大促进根系在较深土壤中的发育 ;在不同土层施肥灌水对玉米幼苗吸收N、P、K三种养分的能力也有影响 ,深层施肥灌水提高了玉米对 3种养分的吸收量     

基于大规模GPS轨迹数据的出租车换道行为研究

出租车换道行为的统计特性对研究经济、心理等人类动力学有重要的意义.结合大数据分析技术,基于西安市出租车GPS轨迹数据对出租车司机的换道行为进行了定量研究.设计了一种基于出租车GPS轨迹数据的出租车司机换道行为识别模型,利用大数据平台对出租车司机换道次数按不同时段进行了定量统计,对出租车司机换道次数、出租车平均行驶速度和出租车司机的收入之间进行了相关性分析.分析结果表明,出租车频繁换道行为对司机收益呈现负相关影响,进一步说明出租车司机驾驶习惯和和心理对整个出租车运营有显著影响.     

盐生植物根际微生物对含盐环境污染修复展望

盐对微生物生长繁殖的抑制性增加了高盐情况下的污染物的生物修复难度。本文总结了盐度对微生物生长状况影响,分析了盐生植物对其根际微生物耐盐能力和污染物去除能力的作用,并展望了盐生植物在高盐环境条件下对污染修复的潜力。     

Evaluation of nitrogen treatment effects on the reflectance of cotton at different spatial scales

ABSTRACT

The importance of assessing nitrogen (N) status in cotton is important from economic and environmental standpoints. In this study, visible and near-infrared reflectance (NIR) data were collected at cotton leaf-, canopy- and scene-scales at three levels of N treatments to determine the best spatial scale and growth stage that most effectively indicate N treatment effects. While N fertilization affected relative chlorophyll content, leaf area index (LAI), and ground cover (GC) simultaneously, these factors portrayed different effects on cotton reflectance measured at the three spatial scales. Leaf-scale measurement was mainly affected by chlorophyll content. Canopy-scale reflectance was controlled by chlorophyll content and LAI. Scene-scale reflectance was predominantly controlled by GC and to the least extent by chlorophyll content. In terms of visible reflectance, chlorophyll absorption decreased with decreasing N at all spatial scales. Nitrogen treatment effects were most apparent at 550 and 700 nm at the leaf-scale, 610 and 700 nm at the canopy-scale, and 685–690 nm at the scene-scale (after per cent GC exceeded 64%). Only measurements taken at the scene-scale demonstrated a consistent relationship between N fertilization and NIR (800–1000 nm). This information could be useful in the development of N-sensitive indices.     

Comments on Kirchhoff's law in thermal-infrared remote sensing

In this Letter the results of applicability of Kirchhoff 's law as given by Salisbury and coworkers are discussed. In their paper, experimental evidence on the violation of Kirchhoff 's law for heterogeneous temperature regimes was given. In this Letter the hypothesis of the existence of a single 'sample temperature' resulting in measured emissivities which were less than the true values was demonstrated. Thus, the 'evidence' given by Salisbury and coworkers needs reviewing.     

Syringe-assisted point-of-care micropumping utilizing the gas permeability of polydimethylsiloxane

By utilizing the high gas permeability of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a simple syringe-assisted pumping method was introduced. A dead-end microfluidic channel was partially surrounded by an embedded microchamber, with a thin PDMS wall isolating the dead-end channel and the embedded microchamber. A syringe was connected with the microchamber port by a short tube, and the syringe plunger was manually pulled out to generate low pressure inside the microchamber. When sample liquid was loaded in the inlet port, air trapped in the dead-end channel would diffuse into the surrounding microchamber through the PDMS wall, creating an instantaneous pumping of the liquid inside the dead-end channel. By only pulling the syringe manually, a constant low flow with a rate ranging from 0.089 to 4 nl/s was realized as functions of two key parameters: the PDMS wall thickness and the overlap area between the dead-end channel and the surrounded microchamber. This method enabled point-of-care pumping without pre-evacuating the PDMS devices in a bulky vacuum chamber.     

Fabrication of gold nanoparticle pattern using imprinted hydrogen silsesquioxane pattern for surface-enhanced Raman scattering

This is the first report of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate fabrication using a combination of imprinted hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ: HSiO_3/2) patterns and self-assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). To assemble the AuNPs inside the imprinted HSQ pattern, it is important to understand the interactions between AuNPs and AuNPs, and those between AuNPs and HSQ. The authors investigated the effects HSQ surface charges on the self-assembly of AuNPs. It was found that the negatively charged AuNPs were successfully assembled according to the geometry of the negatively charged HSQ pattern. In addition, it was shown that the SERS substrate fabricated from an HSQ consisting of an inorganic polymer was suitable for organic chemical analysis, by comparing it with a substrate fabricated using an organic polymer.     

基于时序卷积网络的早期帕金森多模态检测系统

帕金森病是最常见的神经退行性疾病之一,其临床特征与其他神经退行性疾病有重叠,且缺乏明确的病理机制,导致早期诊断检测困难、误诊率高等问题;为了研究有效的早期帕金森病检测方法,深入探索帕金森病发展的时间特征规律,并提高早期帕金森病预测、分析和诊断决策的准确性,设计了一种基于时序卷积网络的早期帕金森病多模态检测系统,为及时发现早期帕金森病提供辅助诊断依据;该系统利用语音、步态和受试者自测数据,采用多元线性池化方法进行多模态融合,结合时间卷积网络和参数共享方式,以提高系统的检测精度并降低过拟合风险;实验测试结果显示,基于时序卷积网络的早期帕金森病检测系统的准确率达到96.22%,在多项评估指标上优于传统的帕金森检测模型,展现出良好的早期帕金森联合检测效果。     

滨海土壤I-69杨根际无机磷形态分布及有效性研究

对滨海脱盐土壤或轻度盐渍土壤上不同林龄I -69杨根际、非根际无机磷存在形态、数量和有效性进行了研究 ,结果表明 :I -69杨根系活动能明显提高根际土壤供磷能力 ,3、5、11年生I -69杨根际有效磷明显富集 ,富集量分别为3 .87、4.3 2、4.3 5mg/kg ;Ca2 -P在不同林龄I -69杨根际含量明显高于非根际土 ,差异都达到极显著水平 ,R/S随林龄增大分别是 2 .15、2 .5 9、5 .5 4;Ca8-P在 5、11年生I -69杨根际明显富集 ,而Ca10 -P明显亏缺 ;不同林龄I -69杨根际、非根际土Al-P、Fe -P和O -P含量无明显差异 ,盐渍土壤中它们的生物有效性较低。     

Multiwalled carbon nanotube-polyimide nanocomposite for MEMS piezoresistive pressure sensor applications

Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-polyimide (PI) nanocomposite was prepared with different MWCNT concentrations and characterized for their piezoresistive response. The morphology and mechanical behavior of the nanocomposite was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and force–displacement spectroscopy respectively. The surface conductivity of the nanocomposite was determined by atomic force microscopy in current mode. Studies reveal that this nanocomposite will be useful for strain-sensing element in micro electro mechanical system (MEMS)/nano electro mechanical system (NEMS) based piezoresistive pressure sensor applications. The study shows that the nanocomposite with 2 % MWCNT content is a unique piezoresistive sensing element for MEMS/NEMS pressure sensor.     

一种多核系统任务调度算法动态度量方法

任务调度算法的优劣直接影响系统的功能和性能,对其进行功能验证和性能评价具有很强的现实意义。本文改进IMC构建多核系统任务调度算法的功能模型,扩展aCSL从逻辑层次上刻画任务调度算法的性能指标,并基于改进的IMC和扩展的aCSL提出了一种多核系统任务调度算法动态度量方法实现对任务调度算法的功能验证和性能评价。用例分析表明本文提出的动态度量方法能有效对任务调度算法进行功能和性能的描述和度量,为多核系统任务调度算法的正确执行提供了有力支撑。