漂白湿润淋溶土不同层次土壤养分对花生生长影响的主分量分析

漂白湿润淋溶土表层的有机质、全磷、全氮、有效氮含量明显高于表下层,其它养分上下两层的含量差异尽管没有达到5%的显著性水平,但都有向表层集中的趋势。主分量分析结果表明,第一主分量是土壤供氮强度的量度,表层和表下层有机质、全氮、有效氮均对第一主分量有较大的正向负荷量。第二主分量表示氮素营养供应强度大致相同的情况下,各营养对花生生长促进作用的量度,其中表层有效钾、表下层有效磷、有效钾对第二主分量的负荷量最大,远远超出其它因素的作用。这表明,将钾肥施入表层或表下层均能提高花生产量,磷肥只有施入表下层才有最大的增产效果,氮肥对花生的生长影响很小。以上结论为肥料三要素组合试验所证实。这意味着在不改变变量属性的前提下,把多个变量按照变量的特性组合成少数新变量来解决多因素复杂问题的主分量分析方法,能够科学地、合理地指导土壤施肥。     

潮褐土土壤养分的空间分布特征

应用主成分分析方法和地统计学方法,对河北省栾城县一15hm2试区里潮褐土全氮、全磷、有机质、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮、NH 3-N等土壤养分含量的空间变异规律进行了定量分析。为实现土壤养分的精准管理和4-N和NO-变量平衡施肥提供了科学依据。     

快速检测果苹类蔬菜有机磷农药残留结果分析

本文对环江肯福环境移民安置示范区所采 88个表层土样及 4个剖面土样有机质 ,全氮 ,全磷 ,全钾 ,水解氮 ,速效磷 ,速效钾 ,pH等指标进行了测定。结果表明该区表层土壤有机质含量较高 ,土壤氮相对丰富 ,钾含量偏低 ,磷严重缺乏 ,pH偏酸性。土壤剖面发育完整 ,在土壤剖面中有机质、氮、速效磷、交换性钾主要聚集在 2 0cm的表层土壤中 ,全磷随深度的增加而降低 ,全钾和 pH值则随土壤深度增加而上升     

长期施肥对棕壤主要养分生物有效性的影响

本试验在沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院棕壤肥料长期定位试验微区内进行，对长期不同施肥处理条件下玉米不同生育时期土壤养分状况进行了监测，并对不同施肥处理玉米养分吸收量、产量进行分析比较。结果表明：与对照相比。长期施肥尤其是长期施用有机肥，土壤全氮、全磷、有机质均有显著增加。土壤碱解氮、速磷、速钾在玉米拔节期呈现最大值。之后逐渐降低，至玉米灌浆期过后趋于平稳。玉米产量与生物量均以。M2N1P处理为最高，CK处理最低。相关分析表明，玉米N、P吸收量与土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速磷显著或极显著相关，玉米吸钾量与土壤养分相关性不显著。而与玉米N、P吸收量极显著相关。玉米产量及生物量与土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速磷相关性达极显著或显著相关。     

干旱区冲积平原绿洲土壤养分的时空变异性研究-以新疆农八师121团为例

以新疆农八师121团为研究区,根据1982年第二次全国土壤普查养分数据和2004年5月采样获得的土壤养分数据,利用地统计学和GIS空间分析技术,研究了冲积平原绿洲土壤养分的时空变异性。结果表明:速效钾具有强烈的空间相关性,全氮、速效磷和碱解氮具有中等的空间相关性;而全磷和有机质则从1982年具有强烈空间相关性逐渐演变为2004年具有中等的空间相关性。分析认为:长期的耕作、施肥的变化、种植结构的变化等随机性人为因素,导致全氮、速效磷、碱解氮、全磷和有机质从主要由气候、母质等结构性因素影响逐渐演变为结构性因素和人为因素共同影响,尤其是全磷和有机质受到人为因素的影响逐渐加大;而速效钾则主要受研究区域土壤母质、土壤类型等的影响。     

哈尔滨市辖区黑土速效养分空间异质性分析

研究在哈尔滨市所辖黑土区的6个市县进行,共采集表层(0～20cm)黑土土样411个,测定了全部样点的有机质、全氮的养分含量,同时测定了部分样点的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的养分含量,利用地统计学中协同克立格分析方法并结合经典统计学和GIS技术分析碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾养分空间异质性。分析表明有效磷空间分布符合指数模型,碱解氮、速效钾符合高斯模型,其块金值与基台值之比分别为50.0%、39.7%、6.3%,有效磷和碱解氮为中等程度空间相关水平,速效钾为强度空间相关水平;与克里格对比,应用协克里格插值绘制的三种速效养分空间分布图精度显著提高,为协克里格方法在土壤养分空间异质性分析上的应用提供了实践依据。     

小尺度土壤养分的空间变异及其影响因素探讨--以江苏省无锡市典型城乡交错区为例

以江苏省无锡市城乡交错区为例,在8km2范围内,采集102个土壤表层样,利用地统计学和G IS相结合的方法,研究了土壤全量和速效氮、磷、钾的空间变异特征,并对其影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明土壤养分空间变异程度从大到小依次为:土壤全氮>土壤全磷>土壤速效磷>土壤速效氮>土壤速效钾>土壤全钾。土壤全氮空间变异受到土壤类型的影响,土壤全磷的空间变异与居民点分布有关,土壤全钾空间变异与土壤粘粒关系最密切。土壤全量养分和相应的速效养分具有显著相关关系,在空间分布上,也分别存在不同程度的相似性。同时土壤全磷和土壤速效养分受土地利用影响也较大。研究还表明,城乡交错区土壤氮、磷流失风险增加,需要实施有效措施控制氮、磷肥料的过度施用。     

宁夏农田土壤耕层养分含量的时空变化特征

根据土壤普查资料和实际采样测定结果,探讨了宁夏山区和灌区农田土壤耕层有机质和氮磷钾养分含量的时空变化特征。结果表明,在1970年、1985年和2000年3个时段内,土壤有机质、有效磷和碱解氮含量呈显著或较显著增长态势,土壤速效钾含量近15年在灌区明显下降,土壤氮磷钾全量养分在30年间没有明显变化。从两个地区比较来看,除土壤全磷量外,土壤有机质和其它养分含量都是灌区显著高于山区,而变异系数除土壤全钾外都是山区显著大于灌区。     

连续施肥对塿土肥力及产量的影响

对25年连续不同施肥小区土壤的养分状况和作物产量进行分析研究,结果表明:多年连续施肥,可以明显提高塿土中有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷的含量,增加作物产量,即单施化肥或有机一无机肥料配合施用,都可以增强土壤养分容量及其供应强度,有利于培肥土壤,提高土壤肥力,从而提高作物产量,其中又以有机一无机肥料配合施用的效果更好。     

土壤肥力对烟叶化学成份及品质的影响

采用典型相关分析和逐步回归分析讨论了贵州省主产烟区土壤养分对烟叶的化学成份和品质的影响。土壤养分选取反映土壤肥力的主要因素(有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH)作为指标,烟叶化学成份是通过主成分分析从15个因素中萃取出9个(总糖、还原糖、烟碱、蛋白质、K、Cl、Mg、Cu、Zn)作为指标,烟叶品质指标选用施木克值和糖碱比。典型相关分析结果表明:贵州主产烟区土壤各养分对烟叶化学成分作用的大小依次为:速效氮>速效磷>有机质>pH>速效钾;对烟叶化学成分的影响分别是:速效氮主要影响烟叶中糖组分含量,对还原糖的积累有利,对总糖积累不利;速效磷的作用与速效氮相反;有机质对矿质元素含量和含氮化合物影响较大,对Cu、烟碱的积累不利,对Zn、Cl的积累有利,并与糖碱比值呈负相关;由于研究区域中烟叶化学成分K变异较小,土壤速效钾对烟叶化学成分中的K没有明显的影响。逐步回归分析建立了土壤养分与烟叶化学成分的量化方程。     

A Physically‐Based BSDF for Modeling the Appearance of Paper

We present a novel appearance model for paper. Based on our appearance measurements for matte and glossy paper, we find that paper exhibits a combination of subsurface scattering, specular reflection, retroreflection, and surface sheen. Classic microfacet and simple diffuse reflection models cannot simulate the double‐sided appearance of a thin layer. Our novel BSDF model matches our measurements for paper and accounts for both reflection and transmission properties. At the core of the BSDF model is a method for converting a multi‐layer subsurface scattering model (BSSRDF) into a BSDF, which allows us to retain physically‐based absorption and scattering parameters obtained from the measurements. We also introduce a method for computing the amount of light available for subsurface scattering due to transmission through a rough dielectric surface. Our final model accounts for multiple scattering, single scattering, and surface reflection and is capable of rendering paper with varying levels of roughness and glossiness on both sides.     

氮磷肥对黑土浅层土壤氮素累积和移动的影响

利用D饱和最优设计研究了氮磷肥对黑土浅层土壤氮素累积和移动的影响,结果表明,氮磷肥对NO-3 -N含量的影响随着土层的加深逐渐减弱,并且施用尿素的NO-3 -N累积大于施用硝铵。在降雨高峰期存在NH 4 -N向下层土壤的移动,其移动时间滞后于NO-3 -N。尿素施入土壤后对NH 4 -N的累积无明显影响,对NO-3 -N的累积有促进作用。而不同用量的NH 4 -N肥的施入则促进了NH 4 -N的移动和累积。因此黑土玉米农田生态系统氮素做追肥时尿素和硝铵相比尿素更易造成地下水的硝酸盐污染。黑土玉米农田生态系统在作物拔节前期向土壤中施入氮素,将造成这一时期NO-3 -N对地下水的短期污染。     

Study of Europa’s crust via a Stefan model with convection

We present results of a numerical simulation of the thermal convection in the subsurface mushy ice layer of Europa, one of the Jupiter’s moons. Beside fluid dynamics and heat transfer within such a layer, heat conduction in the solid crustal surface and heat exchange between the two phases – mushy ice and solid crust – are included in our model in order to follow also the evolution of the phase front.     

A Landsat TM based comparative study of surface and subsurface fires in the Jharia coalfield,India

Landsat TM data were used to detect surface and subsurface fires in the Jharia coalfield (JCF). TM-6 was useful for mapping subsurface fires and TM-5 and TM-7 were useful for mapping surface fires. The distribution pattern of fires was studied and their temperature and areal extents were estimated. A comparison of the distribution of surface and subsurface coal fires indicated that at some sites fires occur only on the surface or only in the subsurface, while at other sites both surface and subsurface fires occur.     

A technique for the calculation of evaporation from the soil surface based on moisture profiles

The problem of calculating the evaporation from the soil surface is formulated as an optimal control problem. The controlled process of the vertical water transfer in soil is described by a onedimensional nonlinear second-order parabolic partial differential equation. The objective function is the squared Euclidean distance between the calculated values of the soil moisture at various depths and certain prescribed values. To improve the efficiency of finding a numerical solution, the sensitivity of the soil moisture at various depths to the variations of evaporation is estimated by means of fast automatic differentiation. The analysis of these estimates made it possible to determine an effective thin subsurface soil layer in which the moisture is most sensitive to the variations of evaporation; it is in this soil layer where the objective function should be calculated.     

A Light Scattering Model for Layered Dielectrics with Rough Surface Boundaries

A new model for the scattering of light from layered dielectrics with rough surface boundaries is introduced. The model contains a surface scattering component together with a subsurface scattering component. The former component corresponds to the roughness on the upper surface boundary and is modeled using the modified Beckmann model. The latter component accounts for both refraction due to Fresnel transmission through the layer and rough scattering at the lower layer boundary. One interesting consequence of the model is that the peak radiance is deflected away from the specular direction, a behavior that is also evident in BRDF data from human skin. By allowing independent roughness parameters for each surface boundary and controlling the contributions from the two scattering components in the outgoing radiance using a balance parameter, we can achieve excellent fits of the model to the measured BRDF data. We experiment with BRDF data from skin surface samples (human volunteers) and show that the new model outperforms alternative variants of the Beckmann model and the Lafortune et al. reflectance model. As an application in computer graphics, we also show that realistic images of 3D surfaces can be generated using the new model, by setting the values of its physical parameters.     

Microwave remote sensing of physically buried objects in the Negev Desert: implications for environmental research

We report remote detections of physically buried specularly reflecting objects using microwave radar at two sites: Ashalim and Tseelim in the northern region of the Negev Desert, Israel. These detections provide confirmation that microwave subsurface remote sensing is a genuine phenomenon. At Ashalim, a scatterometer operating in the P-band (441 MHz, 68 cm) was mounted on a cherry picker truck at a height of 8 m and used to detect two triangular aluminum mesh reflectors (forming a 1-m square area reflector) buried down to a depth of 8 cm in dry sand. At Tseelim, the same scatterometer was mounted on an airplane flying at an altitude of 70 m and used to detect 1-m square aluminum reflectors (each one submerged at a different location along the airplane flight path) buried down to a depth of 20 cm. The experimental results compare favorably with a theoretical model that incorporates radar absorption effects arising in the sandy subsurface layer and radar interference effects arising from phase differences between reflections from the surface and buried reflector. The theoretical modeling also predicts the detection of a subsurface reflector down to a depth of about 4.4 m. This experiment and the associated modeling approach is the first of a series of planned experiments, which we outline for the detection and the theoretical evaluation of buried reflectors using remote microwave and VHF radar. We identify potential subject areas for environmental research.     

激光加工聚合物微流道暂态弹性热应力分析

激光直写聚合物微流道是非常有效的加工方法,但是,由于激光烧蚀聚合物的热流密度很高,在小的热影响区产生过大的集中热应力,热应力导致产生微裂纹,降低材料的强度和疲劳寿命,严重的引起材料破坏性失效.为了预测激光烧蚀时的热应力大小随时间空间的变化规律,根据烧蚀模型推出了三维弹性热应力模型.首先由烧蚀模型预测温度场分布和烧蚀流道外形,根据流道轮廓和温度场计算弹性热应力场与烧蚀过程的关系.分析结果表明弹性热应力位于低于或平行于烧蚀表面的一定厚度层内,这也许是引起表面微裂纹的原因.     

Estimating Carex quality with laboratory-based hyperspectral measurements

The quality of certain plants is considered to be a key factor affecting the food habitat or migration of some herbivorous species, and, thus, to estimate the spatial and temporal variation of plant quality is crucial for understanding the grazing and migrating behaviours of these herbivores. This study aimed to explore the possibilities of estimating plant protein and phosphorus contents, with the laboratory-based hyperspectral measurements of fresh Carex leaves, which are the main food source of many wintering bird species in Poyang Lake, China. Fifty-four Carex leaf samples were collected, and their hyperspectral reflectance (at 350–2500 nm) and crude protein and phosphorus contents were measured in the laboratory. The successive projections algorithm (SPA) was applied for spectral dimension reduction, and a multiple linear regression model was calibrated to estimate the crude protein and phosphorus contents from the wavelengths selected with the SPA. The model validation results showed that the root mean square errors (RMSEs) of estimation were 2.51% for crude protein and 0.06% for phosphorus. Compared with a multiple linear model with randomly selected inputs and full-spectrum partial least-square regression (PLSR), the multiple linear regression model combined with the SPA method exhibited a significant advantage in terms of accuracy in estimating the crude protein and phosphorus contents of Carex leaves.