甜菜粉与亚硝酸钠复合对中式香肠品质的影响

研究甜菜粉对中式香肠品质的影响,以期达到替代或部分替代亚硝酸钠目的。采用甜菜粉(0、0.5%、1.0%)与亚硝酸钠(0、50、100 mg/kg)正交组合添加于中式香肠中,分别于第2、7、14 d测定亚硝酸盐残留量、色泽(L*、a*、b*)、亚硝基肌红蛋白(NOMb)含量、脂质氧化(TBARS)、质构(TPA)及酸度等指标。结果表明:各甜菜粉添加组的亚硝酸盐残留量显著低于100 mg/kg亚硝酸钠添加组的和国标规定(p0.05);0.5%甜菜粉复合50 mg/kg亚硝酸钠添加组的a*值显著大于1.0%甜菜粉复合50 mg/kg亚硝酸钠添加组的(p0.05);在第7、14 d,0.5%甜菜粉与50 mg/kg亚硝酸钠复合添加组的NOMb含量显著低于1.0%甜菜粉复合50 mg/kg亚硝酸钠添加组的(p0.05);在第14 d,0.5%甜菜粉复合50 mg/kg亚硝酸钠组的TBARS值显著小于1.0%甜菜粉复合50 mg/kg亚硝酸钠组(p0.05);但添加甜菜粉对中式香肠的质构影响不显著(p0.05)。综合亚硝酸盐残留量、色泽、NOMb、TBARS等指标,最优的组合为0.5%甜菜粉与50 mg/kg亚硝酸钠复合组。由此可见:甜菜粉可以替代部分亚硝酸钠添加于中式香肠中。     

糖基化酰基血红蛋白与甜菜粉对中式香肠品质的影响

目的:糖基化酰基血红蛋白与甜菜粉复合添加于中式香肠中,确定最佳的甜菜粉和糖基化酰基血红蛋白浓度以替代或部分替代亚硝酸钠,为香肠加工降低亚硝酸盐提供新的方法和思路。方法:将糖基化酰基血红蛋白(0.04%,0.06%,0.08%)复合甜菜粉(0.1%,0.3%,0.5%)添加于中式香肠中,测定各组香肠亚硝酸盐含量、色差值、亚硝基色素和总色素、TBARS值、pH值、酸度以及质构分析等指标对香肠品质的影响。结果:0.06%糖基化酰基血红蛋白和0.1%甜菜粉复合替代100 mg/kg亚硝酸钠添加于中式香肠,在亚硝酸盐残留量方面,复合粉亚硝酸盐残留量小于100 mg/kg亚硝酸钠组(P0.05);在色泽和质构方面,与100 mg/kg亚硝酸钠组无显著差异(P0.05);在TBARS值和酸度方面,亚硝酸钠组效果要优于复合粉。结论 :糖基化酰基血红蛋白和甜菜粉复合添加于中式香肠中,起到一定的发色和降低亚硝酸盐残留的作用,且不影响香肠的弹性和内聚性,可部分替代香肠加工中的亚硝酸盐。     

蔓越莓粉与维生素E对羊肉香肠品质的影响

该文从降低羊肉香肠中亚硝酸钠使用量角度出发,以红度值、硫代巴比妥酸值（thiobarbituric acid value,TBARS值）和亚硝酸盐残留量的综合评分作为响应值,研究不同添加量的蔓越莓粉、维生素E、亚硝酸钠复合使用对羊肉香肠品质的影响,为探寻亚硝酸钠替换物提供试验依据。结果表明：在蔓越莓粉添加量5.5 g/kg、维生素E添加量200 mg/kg、亚硝酸钠添加量30 mg/kg,相应的响应面二次模型预测综合评分为0.804。在保证羊肉香肠品质的前提下,蔓越莓粉与维生素E的使用可以降低亚硝酸盐的使用量及残留量。     

红曲红色素和高粱红色素的防腐与着色作用

本文主要研究红曲红色素和高粱红色素在香肠加工中的应用,旨在减少亚硝酸钠的使用量。以猪肉制作的香肠为试验对象,进行单一色素试验,确定红曲红色素、高粱红色素、以及发色剂亚硝酸钠的使用量,再根据单一色素试验结果确定三种色素最佳使用范围,以此确定了三个因素四个水平的正交实验,进行复合色素使用量的正交实验。试验主要对添加不同色素的香肠在贮藏期间的水分含量、pH值、CIEL*值、CIEa*值、CIEb*值以及菌落总数的变化进行测定,并根据结果对产品的着色和防腐效果进行分析。结果表明,三种色素在香肠加工中的最佳用量为高粱红色素0.08g/kg、红曲红色素0.03g/kg、亚硝酸钠0.10g/kg。     

葡萄皮在低温香肠中的应用研究

为了提高低温香肠的营养价值,综合利用葡萄加工副产物,研究了葡萄皮粉末及其提取液在低温香肠中的使用情况。将不同量的葡萄皮粉末添加到肉中制成低温香肠,通过测定低温香肠中亚硝酸根的含量,确定葡萄皮粉末对亚硝酸钠残留量的影响;通过测定低温香肠的红度值和亮度值,并结合感官鉴定,寻找葡萄皮粉末最佳添加比例。结果表明:葡萄皮粉末可以降低低温香肠中亚硝酸钠的残留量;对低温香肠的感官影响较大,不宜过多添加;用柠檬酸溶液浸提,所得葡萄皮提取液可以添加到低温香肠中,最适用量为300mL/kg。     

低含量亚硝酸钠香肠的加工保藏

在香肠加工中亚硝酸钠是一种不可缺少的添加剂。首先,它的存在使香肠外观有利于形成深红色,这正是人们所认可的香肠颜色;其次,亚硝酸钠与氯化钠等其它添加剂发生协同作用,能抵抗一些致腐菌的繁殖,同时对仙人掌杆菌、产气荧膜梭菌等致病菌有一定的控制作用,此外,亚硝酸钠还具有抗肉毒杆菌孢子、抑止香肠中类脂物过氧化反应等作用。 随着科学技术的进步,人们发现在香肠中添加亚硝酸钠也存在着有害的一面。用亚硝酸钠处理香肠会产生致癌物质亚硝酸胺,且亚硝酸胺含量与亚硝酸钠的浓度平方成正比,所     

低含量亚硝酸钠香肠的加工保藏

在香肠加工中亚硝酸钠是一种不可缺少的添加剂。首先 ,它的存在使香肠外观形成红色 ,这正是人们认可的香肠颜色 ;其次 ,亚硝酸钠与氯化钠等其它添加剂发生协同作用 ,能抵抗一些致腐菌的繁殖 ,同时对仙人掌杆菌、产气荧膜棱菌等致病菌有一定的控制作用 ;此外 ,亚硝酸还具有抗肉毒杆菌孢子 ,抑止香肠中类脂物过氧化反应等作用。随着科学技术的进步 ,人们发现在香肠中添加亚硝酸钠也存在着有害的一面。由于用亚硝酸钠处理香肠会产生致癌物质亚硝酸胺 ,且亚硝酸胺含量与亚硝酸钠的浓度平方成正比 ,所以 ,在香肠加工中大剂量使用亚硝酸钠已引起世…     

亚硝酸钠在中式香肠中抗氧化作用的研究

亚硝酸钠具有抗氧化的作用,可以减少因脂质氧化造成的肉制品变质,但添加过量具有致癌作用。以国标规定的亚硝酸钠最大添加量0.15g/kg为标准,选取了三种添加量0%、50%、100%,制作中式香肠并在28℃以真空和非真空条件下贮藏,定期检测贮藏期间酸价(AV)、过氧化值(POV)和硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA值),并由此来比较不同添加量的亚硝酸钠对中式香肠油脂抗氧化的影响。结果表明,最大亚硝酸钠添加量(100%)的中式香肠的氧化程度远小于最小添加量(0%)的中式香肠,差异显著(p<0.05);而100%添加量组和50%添加量组的中式香肠的氧化程度差异不显著(p>0.05)。     

银杏黄酮、大豆异黄酮对低温香肠中亚硝酸钠残留量的影响

通过在香肠加工中添加不同量的银杏黄酮、大豆异黄酮,以达到降低低温香肠中亚硝酸钠残留量的目的。运用色差仪测定香肠的色差,并用分光光度法测定香肠中的亚硝酸钠残留量,以确定银杏黄酮、大豆异黄酮的最佳添加量。实验结果表明:银杏黄酮、大豆异黄酮对香肠的色泽几乎没有影响;银杏黄酮、大豆异黄酮的添加量分别为0.8g/kg和0.4g/kg时,香肠中的亚硝酸钠残留量最小,分别为20.9g/kg、22.0g/kg。     

茶多酚对香肠发色效果影响的研究

为研究茶多酚对香肠发色效果的影响,将0.015%的茶多酚添加至香肠中,对香肠颜色感官评分、发色率、色泽亮度L＊、红度a＊、黄度b＊和香肠亚硝酸钠残留量进行测定,并分析以上参数之间相关性。实验表明,添加0.015%的茶多酚处理样,香肠的颜色感官评分、发色率、色泽亮度L＊、红度a＊的变化上都优于对照样,且呈现出更少的亚硝酸盐残留量,特别在发酵贮藏末期（35d）,较对照样减少亚硝酸盐残留量高达28%。因此可以认为茶多酚对香肠有良好的发色效果。     

Prediction of pork quality with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS): 1. Feasibility and robustness of NIRS measurements at laboratory scale

The objective was to study prediction of pork quality by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology in the laboratory. A total of 131 commercial pork loin samples were measured with NIRS. Predictive equations were developed for drip loss %, colour L*, a*, b* and pH ultimate (pHu). Equations with R(2)>0.70 and residual prediction deviation (RPD)≥1.9 were considered as applicable to predict pork quality. For drip loss% the prediction equation was developed (R(2) 0.73, RPD 1.9) and 76% of those grouped superior and inferior samples were predicted within the groups. For colour L*, test-set samples were predicted with R(2) 0.75, RPD 2.0, colour a* R(2) 0.51, RPD 1.4, colour b* R(2) 0.55, RPD 1.5 and pHu R(2) 0.36, RPD 1.3. It is concluded that NIRS prediction equations could be developed to predict drip loss% and L*, of pork samples. NIRS equations for colour a*, b* and pHu were not applicable for the prediction of pork quality on commercially slaughtered pigs.     

Changes in color parameters of corn kernels during roasting

Changes in color parameters (L*, a*, b*, ΔE*, h°, and C* values) of corn during roasting were investigated and subsequently described using mathematical models. Corn kernels were roasted for 50 min at 160, 180, 200, 220, and 240°C. The L*, b*, h°, and C* values tended to decrease more rapidly as the roasting temperature and time increased up to 220°C and 50 min, whereas a* and ΔE* values tended to increase. Variation of L* and ΔE* values was found to be proportional to the roasting temperature and time. Variation of L* value during roasting above 180°C was adequately described by a first-order model. Cubic model satisfactorily described changes in all of color parameters over the temperature range. Activation energies of L* and ΔE* values were determined as 34.04 and 79.16 kJ/mol, respectively. Results suggest that L* and ΔE* values may be used as color control indicators during roasting of corn kernels.     

冷却猪肉新鲜度的色差快速分析评价方法

为了得到冷却猪肉新鲜度的变化规律,本研究以冷却猪肉里脊部分为研究对象,进行球蛋白沉淀实验、感官评价、pH值、水分含量、肉浸液以及肌肉表面颜色值测定。结果表明：球蛋白沉淀实验、pH值能够较好地反应肉品新鲜度的变化,色差分析符合一定的规律：肌肉表面色差测定中,20℃条件下,a*变化与贮藏时间显著相关(P＜0.05),L*变化显著(P＜0.05);4℃条件下,b*、C变化与贮藏时间极显著相关(P＜0.01),L*值与pH值极显著相关(P＜0.01);对于肉浸液,L*、b*、C、ΔE*均发生显著性变化(P＜0.05),20℃条件下L*、b*、C、ΔE*与贮藏时间和pH值显著相关(P＜0.05),而4℃条件下,L*、C、ΔE*与贮藏时间显著相关(P＜0.05),L*、a*、b*、C、ΔE*值与pH值极显著相关(P＜0.01);冷链过程中,当L*高于48.73、a*高于4.72、b*高于9.18时可认定冷却肉为新鲜肉。     

烤烟表面颜色的量化及其与胡萝卜素类物质的关系

为揭示我国不同产区烤烟颜色特征差异的成因,采用L*a*b*均匀颜色空间的颜色表征方法对我国11个省60个产烟县的C3F烟叶进行了测量分析,并研究了烤烟颜色的色空间分布指标与类胡萝卜素含量的关系。结果表明:①我国不同产区烤烟颜色的色空间指标明度L*、红度a*、黄度b*、色饱和度c*及类胡萝卜素类物质差异明显,东南烟区烟叶的明度、黄度和色饱和度较低,红度较高,类胡萝卜素含量较低,叶黄素比例较高;长江中上游和西南烟区烟叶的明度、黄度和色饱和度较高,红度相对较低,类胡萝卜素含量较高;北方烟区烟叶的明度相对较高,色饱和度相对较低,类胡萝卜素含量较低。②烤烟类胡萝卜素类物质与颜色色空间分布指标关系密切,随类胡萝卜素含量的提高,红度、黄度、色饱和度等指标均呈现出显著上升趋势,明黄度比值呈显著下降趋势。     

Application of Image Analysis for Classification of Ripening Bananas

ABSTRACT: A computer vision system was implemented to identify the ripening stages of bananas based on color, development of brown spots, and image texture information. Nine simple features of appearance ( L *, a *, b * values; brown area percentage; number of brown spots per cm²; and homogeneity, contrast, correlation, and entropy of image texture) extracted from images of bananas were used for classification purposes. Results show that in spite of variations in data for color and appearance, a simple classification technique is as good to identify the ripening stages of bananas as professional visual perception. Using L *, a *, b * bands, brown area percentage, and contrast, it was possible to classify 49 banana samples in their 7 ripening stages with an accuracy of 98%. Computer vision shows promise for online prediction of ripening stages of bananas.     

蒙顶黄芽不同加工工序中色泽变化与品质相关性研究

研究不同加工工序制成的蒙顶黄芽干茶、汤色及叶底色泽,并进行色素成分检测及品质审评,分析干茶、汤色及叶底色泽L*a*b*值与各审评因子得分、色素含量、品质总分的相关性,为黄茶闷黄程度及色泽的评价提供一定的参考依据。以蒙顶黄芽加工过程中的茶样为试验材料,采用色彩色差计CR410测定干茶、汤色及叶底的L*a*b*值,再与干茶、汤色、叶底得分做显著性分析,与茶色素、叶绿素及品质总分做相关性分析。结果表明,干茶L*、a*、b*值与干茶色泽审评得分呈显著或极显著相关（P<0.05, P<0.01）,茶汤L*、a*、b*值与汤色审评得分均呈极显著相关（P<0.01）,其相关系数分别为?0.93、0.97、0.93,叶底L*、a*、b*值与叶底得分均呈极显著相关（P<0.01）,其相关系数分别为?0.96、0.97、0.98;干茶、汤色及叶底的L值与茶色素含量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,a*、b*值与茶色素含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）;干茶、汤色及叶底的L*值与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,a*、b*值与叶绿素含量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。蒙顶黄芽感官品质与L*、a*、b*值及色素之间的相关性表现为:与干茶 L *值、汤色L *值、叶底L *值、叶绿素a*、叶绿素b*含量均呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与干茶a*b*值、汤色a*b*值、叶底 a*b*值及茶色素含量均呈显著或极显著正相关（P<0.05, P<0.01）,除干茶a*值外,相关系数均在0.80以上。本试验表明,就各审评因子及品质总分而言,采用色泽Lab值测定方法可为黄茶色泽与品质相关性研究提供一定的理论基础。     

Meat Color and Biochemical Characteristics of Unacceptable Dark-colored Broiler Chicken Carcasses

Spectrocolorimetry, pH, TBARS, total pigment and myoglobin were measured in normal and abnormally dark-colored broiler chicken breast muscle. Analyses of L*, a* and b* values revealed that a* values were highly sensitive and specific to differentiate normal from dark-colored carcasses and thus could be used as a potential diagnostic method for carcass classification at slaughter. Color characteristics (L*, a*, and b* values), pH, total pigment, myoglobin, and iron concentrations were all significantly different in dark-colored muscle when compared with normal muscle. TBARS values and percentage moisture for the two groups were not different.     

Colour in short-term thermo-mechanically densified veneer of various wood species

Effect of short-term thermo-mechanical (STTM) densification temperature and pressure on the surface colour of veneer of four wood species—alder (Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.), beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.), and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) as well as possible correlations among all determined colour parameters (L*, a*, b*, h, C* and ?E) were investigated. Veneer sheets were densified at temperatures of 100, 150 or 200 °C and pressures of 4, 8 or 12 MPa for 4 min. The results were compared with those of non-densified veneers. The colour change of the samples was evaluated by CIEL*a*b* and L*h*C* colour co-ordinate systems. The results indicated: the temperature and pressure of densification affected to a big extent the colour of the veneer samples, with the effect of densification temperature being more evident than that of pressure. After the densification process, the veneers darkened. Colour changes are most pronounced at the highest densification temperature of 200 °C and very small at the lower temperatures of 100 and 150 °C for all investigated wood species. The change in a* is more pronounced than the change in L* or b*. In general, alder and birch veneer samples are characterized by the highest values of total colour difference followed by pine and beech samples among the four species. The quadratic models can be used for the prediction of surface colour in the densification process. The results of this study indicate that it is possible to govern surface colouration of wood veneers during densification process on an industrial basis.     

坛紫菜干品色差测定条件的优化研究

坛紫菜具有很高的营养价值,其品质与色泽密切相关,坛紫菜干品的色差研究有利于其优质化和标准化加工。以坛紫菜干品为研究对象,采用单因素和L₉(34)正交试验确定色差最佳测定条件,以L*、a*、b*值及变异系数为指标,研究光照强度、温度、湿度、背景色和坛紫菜干品片数对色差测定结果的影响。结果显示,坛紫菜干品色差测定的最佳条件为,光照强度为黑暗、温度为15℃、低湿度(40%以下)、白色背景及坛紫菜片数为4张,在该条件下坛紫菜干品的L*、a*、b*值变异系数分别为0.41%、2.08%、2.07%。适宜测定条件有利于提高坛紫菜干品色差测定的稳定性,可为坛紫菜干品色差测定提供技术上的支持。     

Evaluation of Venison Color by an Objective Method using CIELAB Values

A trained color panel was used to score both venison color and color acceptability for comparison with instrumental color measurements. Panel color scores were highly correlated with acceptability (r = 0.97) and could be predicted from CIE L*, a* and b* values by regression (R² (adj) = 0.84). The use of a* alone explained the greatest amount of variation R² (adj) = 0.78), and the inclusion of both L* and b* significantly improved the model. The use of hue angle and chroma either individually or in combination with L* did not provide better relationships. The use of L*, a* and b* is recommended for satisfactory prediction of panel color scores of venison with no less than three observations per sample.