河北地区秋季大气气溶胶物理特征分析

利用2005年10月20日在河北省石家庄和邯郸地区进行的一次飞机探测资料,初步分析了石家庄和邯郸上空的气溶胶粒子数浓度、粒径、粒子谱垂直分布特征,对石家庄与邯郸之间的水平飞行气溶胶粒子数浓度资料进行分析,并对石家庄、邯郸的气溶胶粒子谱进行函数拟合。结果表明:各高度层气溶胶粒子数浓度基本上都是石家庄高于邯郸,各高度层粒子平均直径基本上都是石家庄低于邯郸。两地气溶胶粒子数浓度、粒子平均直径随高度的分布有不同特点。石家庄、邯郸气溶胶粒子谱谱型,低层相似,基本都是单调下降,高层粒子谱谱型为多峰型。3100m高度层粒子数浓度在水平方向上分布不均匀,城市附近上空气溶胶粒子数浓度相对较大,郊县气溶胶粒子数浓度相对较小。随着高度增加,粒子数浓度减小,水平方向的绝对变化越来越小。利用幂函数N(D)=AD-B可以对不同高度气溶胶粒子谱进行较好的拟合。     

中国夏季硫酸盐气溶胶间接辐射强迫的数值模拟

运用发展的区域系统集成模式RIEMS,结合Slingo参数化方案,研究了中国夏季硫酸盐气溶胶对云特性(云滴有效半径)的影响及其所产生的间接辐射效应。模拟的云滴尺度分布基本合理,数值在0～10μm之间,但与卫星数据MODIS相比偏小。硫酸盐气溶胶间接辐射强迫7月平均值为-2.58W/m2,空间变化在-10～-1W/m2之间,最大值出现在东北长白山地区,陆地上的负强迫大于海洋。间接辐射强迫与气溶胶浓度分布和云水分布有密切的关系。     

振动孔单分散气溶胶浓度发生装置及其不确定度分析

介绍了振动孔气溶胶浓度发生装置、使用振动孔气溶胶浓度发生装置制备浓度已知的单分散气溶胶粒子的过程及其定值不确定度分析     

沙尘和灰霾天气下毛乌素沙漠地区大气气溶胶的光学特征

利用AERONET榆林站点的数据比较分析了在沙尘和灰霾两种不同天气条件下毛乌素沙漠边缘地区大气气溶胶的光学和物理特性。分析的主要内容包括:气溶胶光学厚度、单次散射反照率、复折射指数、不对称因子、气溶胶粒子的粒度分布、Angstrom波长指数、体积浓度、气溶胶粒子半径等光学和物理参数。分析结果表明,榆林地区大气气溶胶光学特性主要是受到沙尘和人为气溶胶的共同影响。在沙尘天气和灰霾天气下,大气气溶胶的光学特性有显著的差异。     

沙尘和灰霾天气下毛乌素沙漠地区大气气溶胶的光学特征

利用AERONET榆林站点的数据比较分析了在沙尘和灰霾两种不同天气条件下毛乌素沙漠边缘地区大气气溶胶的光学和物理特性.分析的主要内容包括:气溶胶光学厚度、单次散射反照率、复折射指数、不对称因子、气溶胶粒子的粒度分布、Angstrom波长指数、体积浓度、气溶胶粒子半径等光学和物理参数.分析结果表明,榆林地区大气气溶胶光学特性主要是受到沙尘和人为气溶胶的共同影响.在沙尘天气和灰霾天气下,大气气溶胶的光学特性有显著的差异.     

凝聚式单分散气溶胶发生技术的探讨

实现高效空气过滤器计数法的首要任务就是选择合适的气溶胶发生器。本文中首先介绍了凝聚式单分散气溶胶发生器的工作原理、构造形式、发生流程以及国内外研究进展,然后详细分析了其发生气溶胶粒子粒径和浓度的影响参数;作者认为凝聚式单分散气溶胶发生器能够快速地发生浓度可调的、适用于高效空气过滤器效率测试的单分散亚微米气溶胶粒子,可以满足国家标准《高效空气过滤器性能试验方法》的修订对气溶胶发生装置的要求。     

气溶胶粒子在裂隙中穿透特性实验研究

为研究气溶胶颗粒通过房屋裂隙进入室内的穿透特性,用铁质矩形裂隙在实验室进行模拟实验研究。结果表明:气溶胶粒径、气体流速和裂隙高度对气溶胶的穿透率影响比较显著;流速和裂隙高度增加会增大气溶胶的穿透率;不同粒径的气溶胶在相同实验条件下穿透率存在明显差异,最易穿透的是粒径在0.5μm左右的粒子,小粒子和大粒子分别在Brownian扩散作用和重力沉降作用下穿透率低。     

石墨气溶胶粒度分布及远红外消光因子研究

在烟幕试验箱中测试了不同湿度条件下超细石墨气溶胶的粒子分布及其随时间变化的规律。根据Mie散射理论计算了石墨气溶胶粒子对8～14μm远红外的消光因子。分析表明,石墨气溶胶的粒度随着分散时间延长和空气相对湿度减小而变小。小尺度的石墨气溶胶粒子对8～14μm红外的消光效率因子非常小,但随着气溶胶粒子直径的增加,消光效率因子显著变大并趋于稳定。直径大于2.5μm的石墨气溶胶粒子均能够对8～14μm远红外产生良好的消光效果。     

水溶性气溶胶对自由空间量子通信性能影响

为了研究水溶性气溶胶对量子通信的影响,本文根据水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的复折射率及Mie散射理论得到其消光效率因子,分析了水溶性气溶胶粒子质量浓度对量子通信链路衰减、信道容量、信道生存函数以及信道误码率的影响并进行了仿真实验。结果表明,当传输距离为8 km,水溶性气溶胶粒子质量浓度分别为1.5μg/m³和6.5μg/m³时,对应的链路衰减、信道容量和信道误码率分别为0.506 d B/km和2.193 dB/km、0.622 bit/s和0.314 bit/s、0.0055和0.0099;当水溶性气溶胶粒子浓度为4μg/m³,传输距离分别为4 km和10 km时,对应的信道容量保真度分别为0.82和0.45。实际进行量子通信时,应根据水溶性气溶胶粒子的浓度来调整各项性能参数以保证通信正常进行。     

生物气溶胶采样器采样效率计量评价方法研究进展

对生物气溶胶中微生物的采集、种类鉴别与浓度监测是评估生物气溶胶风险性的关键步骤。生物气溶胶采样器对气溶胶中活性微生物粒子的有效采集，是进行气溶胶危险因子分析的前提。通过对生物气溶胶采样器性能、采样物理效率和采样生物效率的不同计量评价方法进行分析和综述，以期为评价方法的规范一致和标准化提供参考。     

Integrating biomass, sulphate and sea-salt aerosol responses into a microphysical chemical parcel model: implications for climate studies

Aerosols are known to influence significantly the radiative budget of the Earth. Although the direct effect (whereby aerosols scatter and absorb solar and thermal infrared radiation) has a large perturbing influence on the radiation budget, the indirect effect (whereby aerosols modify the microphysical and hence the radiative properties and amounts of clouds) poses a greater challenge to climate modellers. This is because aerosols undergo chemical and physical changes while in the atmosphere, notably within clouds, and are removed largely by precipitation. The way in which aerosols are processed by clouds depends on the type, abundance and the mixing state of the aerosols concerned. A parametrization with sulphate and sea-salt aerosol has been successfully integrated within the Hadley Centre general circulation model (GCM). The results of this combined parametrization indicate a significantly reduced role, compared with previous estimates, for sulphate aerosol in cloud droplet nucleation and, consequently, in indirect radiative forcing. However, in this bicomponent system, the cloud droplet number concentration, N(d) (a crucial parameter that is used in GCMs for radiative transfer calculations), is a smoothly varying function of the sulphate aerosol loading. Apart from sea-salt and sulphate aerosol particles, biomass aerosol particles are also present widely in the troposphere. We find that biomass smoke can significantly perturb the activation and growth of both sulphate and sea-salt particles. For a fixed salt loading, N(d) increases linearly with modest increases in sulphate and smoke masses, but significant nonlinearities are observed at higher non-sea-salt mass loadings. This non-intuitive N(d) variation poses a fresh challenge to climate modellers.     

Raman lidar observations of cloud liquid water

We report the design and the performances of a Raman lidar for long-term monitoring of tropospheric aerosol backscattering and extinction coefficients, water vapor mixing ratio, and cloud liquid water. We focus on the system's capabilities of detecting Raman backscattering from cloud liquid water. After describing the system components, along with the current limitations and options for improvement, we report examples of observations in the case of low-level cumulus clouds. The measurements of the cloud liquid water content, as well as the estimations of the cloud droplet effective radii and number densities, obtained by combining the extinction coefficient and cloud water content within the clouds, are critically discussed.     

河北地区低云、毛毛雨变化趋势及其气溶胶云物理效应的研究

利用1961—2000年期间河北地区的观测资料,分析了区域低云和毛毛雨的变化趋势。结果表明:低云频率趋于增加,毛毛雨日数趋于减少,特别是在环渤海湾地区和太行山东部平原地区这种变化趋势更为明显。其中渤海湾有关测站的毛毛雨幅度达1～4d,而对应的低云出现频率增加显著。渤海湾地区黄骅站的低云从128d增加到140d,乐亭站的低云从132d增加到159d。同时,利用有关研究结果结合最新观测资料,分析了1980—2000年渤海湾地区的气溶胶变化趋势,在此基础上分析了低云、毛毛雨与气溶胶变化的相互作用。结果表明:它们之间存在着比较好的相关性。最后,对低云、毛毛雨变化可能的气溶胶云物理效应进行了讨论。     

Growth of the surface area of separated liquid fragments during high-temperature fragmentation of an inhomogeneous liquid drop

We have experimentally studied the formation of a droplet cloud during intense heating and subsequent explosive fragmentation of an inhomogeneous liquid drop. The experiments were performed with water drops containing graphite particles, which were heated in a flow of combustion products at a temperature varied from 600 to 1100 K. Three regimes of fragmentation of the inhomogeneous liquid drops have been observed, which are characterized by different total areas of liquid phase surface in aerosol clouds. Dependence of these regimes on the water/inclusion volume ratio and the amount of supplied heat has been determined.     

Standoff determination of the particle size and concentration of small optical depth clouds based on double scattering measurements: concept and experimental validation with bioaerosols

A multiple-field-of-view (MFOV) lidar is used to characterize size and optical depth of low concentration of bioaerosol clouds. The concept relies on the measurement of the forward scattered light by using the background aerosols at various distances at the back of a subvisible cloud. It also relies on the subtraction of the background aerosol forward scattering contribution and on the partial attenuation of the first-order backscattering. The validity of the concept developed to retrieve the effective diameter and the optical depth of low concentration bioaerosol clouds with good precision is demonstrated using simulation results and experimental MFOV lidar measurements. Calculations are also done to show that the method presented can be extended to small optical depth cloud retrieval.     

Droplet size spectra and water-vapor concentration of laboratory water clouds: inversion of Fourier transform infrared (500-5000 cm(-1)) optical-depth measurement

Infrared extinction optical depth (500-5000 cm(-1)) has been measured with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer for clouds produced with an ultrasonic nebulizer. Direct measurement of the cloud droplet size spectra agree with size spectra retrieved from inversion of the extinction measurements. Both indicate that the range of droplet sizes is 1-14 mum. The retrieval was accomplished with an iterative algorithm that simultaneously obtains water-vapor concentration. The basis set of droplet extinction functions are computed once by using numerical integration of the Lorenz-Mie theory over narrow size bins, and a measured water-vapor extinction curve was used. Extinction and size spectra are measured and computed for both steady-state and dissipating clouds. It is demonstrated that anomalous diffraction theory produces relatively poor droplet size and synthetic extinction spectra and that extinction measurements are helpful in assessing the validity of various theories. Calculations of cloud liquid-water content from retrieved size distributions agree with a parameterization based on optical-depth measurements at a wave number of 906 cm(-1) for clouds that satisfy the size spectral range assumptions of the parameterization. Significance of droplet and vapor contribution to the total optical depth is used to evaluate the reliability of spectral inversions.     

Effect of model hydrometeors on the development of discharge from an artificial cloud of charged aqueous aerosol

The process of discharge initiation and propagation in clouds of a charged aqueous aerosol in the presence of coarse model hydrometeors has been experimentally studied. It is established that the development of a spark discharge in the gap between a charged aqueous aerosol cloud and a grounded plane depends on the parameters of hydrometeors, the site where a group of hydrometeors is situated, and the electric field strength. A group of conducting cylindrical model hydrometeors most effectively initiates a spark discharge between charged aqueous aerosol clouds. Optimum configurations of such a group for initiating and guiding a discharge are determined. Characteristics of the final stage of discharge from a charged aqueous aerosol cloud in the presence of model hydrometeors are analyzed.     

Effects of stratospheric aerosols and thin cirrus clouds on the atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery: simulations

Using simulations, we determine the influence of stratospheric aerosol and thin cirrus clouds on the performance of the proposed atmospheric correction algorithm for the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data over the oceans. Further, we investigate the possibility of using the radiance exiting the top of the atmosphere in the 1.38-microm water vapor absorption band to remove their effects prior to application of the algorithm. The computations suggest that for moderate optical thicknesses in the stratosphere, i.e., tau(s) < or approximately 0.15, the stratospheric aerosol-cirrus cloud contamination does not seriously degrade the MODIS except for the combination of large (approximately 60 degrees) solar zenith angles and large (approximately 45 degrees) viewing angles, for which multiple-scattering effects can be expected to be particularly severe. The performance of a hierarchy of stratospheric aerosol/cirrus cloud removal procedures for employing the 1.38-microm water vapor absorption band to correct for stratospheric aerosol/cirrus clouds, ranging from simply subtracting the reflectance at 1.38 microm from that in the visible bands, to assuming that their optical properties are known and carrying out multiple-scattering computations of their effect by the use of the 1.38-microm reflectance-derived concentration, are studied for stratospheric aerosol optical thicknesses at 865 nm as large as 0.15 and for cirrus cloud optical thicknesses at 865 nm as large as 1.0. Typically, those procedures requiring the most knowledge concerning the aerosol optical properties (and also the most complex) performed the best; however, for tau(s) < or approximately 0.15, their performance is usually not significantly better than that found by applying the simplest correction procedure. A semiempirical algorithm is presented that permits accurate correction for thin cirrus clouds with tau(s) as large as unity when an accurate estimate of the cirrus cloud scattering phase function is provided, and as large as 0.5 when a coarse approximation to the phase function is used. Given estimates of the stratospheric aerosol optical properties, the implementation of the algorithm by using a set of lookup tables appears to be straightforward.     

Breakdown of model aircraft radome dielectric shell in artificial charged aerosol clouds

The breakdown of a model aircraft radome dielectric shell in artificial charged aqueous aerosol clouds has been experimentally studied. It is established that, in most cases, electric breakdown of a model shell takes place without explicit discharge development between a charged aqueous aerosol cloud and a model antenna arranged under the radome shell. The probabilities of the dielectric shell breakdown have been determined for various radome models. A possible mechanism of the shell breakdown in hollow dielectric radomes interacting with charged aqueous aerosol clouds and electric discharges in these clouds is proposed that takes into account the accumulation of charges of opposite signs on the internal and external surface of the radome.