Removal of perfluorooctanoate from surface water by polyaluminium chloride coagulation

Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has been detected in surface water all over the world, and little is known of its removal by coagulation in water treatment plants. In this study, polyaluminium chloride (PACl) was used to remove PFOA from surface water, and the effects of coagulant dose, solution pH, temperature, and initial turbidity on the removal of both PFOA and suspended solids (SS) from water were investigated. Since the SS had high sorption affinity for PFOA, most PFOA was adsorbed on the particles and removed via the SS removal in the coagulation process. PFOA concentrations in aqueous phase decreased with increasing initial turbidity and PACl dose, while they increased with increasing solution pH and temperature. Other perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) with different C-F chain lengths and functional groups were also compared with PFOA. It was proved that hydrophobic interaction played an important role in the adsorption of PFOA on the SS. The addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) before the coagulation process significantly enhanced the removal efficiency of PFOA in water, and the residual PFOA concentrations in water were less than 1 μg/L after the addition of 1-16 mg/L PAC and subsequent coagulation when the initial PFOA concentrations were in the range of 0.5-3 mg/L.     

Removal of viruses from surface water and secondary effluents by sand filtration

The filtration of phi X 174, MS2, and T4 bacteriophages out of tap water and secondary effluents was performed by rapid sand filtration. The viruses were characterized, and the influence of their microscopic characteristics on filterability was examined by comparing retention values, residence times, attachment, and dispersion coefficients calculated from an advection-dispersion model and residence time variation. The only factor observed to influence retention was virus size, such that the larger the virus, the better the retention. The difference was due to the more effective transport of viruses inside the media, an observation that runs counter to currently accepted filtration theory. Cake formation on top of the filter during the initial stages of secondary effluent filtration significantly increased headloss, eventually resulting in shorter filtration cycles. However, deep filters contain buffering zones where the pressure drop is amortized, thus allowing for continued filtration. After the effluent passed through the buffer zone, regular filtration was observed, during which considerable virus retention was achieved.     

The need to control asbestos fibers in potable water supply systems

Occupational studies have shown that asbestos is a human carcinogen. Becausemany inhaled asbestos fibers deposited in the lung are cleared and swalloed workers are also exposed through ingestion. Of the millions of current and former workers who have been heavily exposed to asbestos, one in ten will die from cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. A number on the order of 1 in 1,000 ingested asbestos fibers penetrate the digestive tract and ingested fibers have been recovered in such tissues as kidney, intestine, liver, and urine. One animal study showed tumor production related to ingestion of asbestos-containing material but, in general, the results of seven animal feeding studies have been inconclusive. A statistically significant relationship between male lung and stomach cancer and female peritoneal, gall bladder, and esophageal cancer and asbestos counts in drinking water was determined in one epidemiology study. Increased rates for male stomach and lung, and female pancreatic cancer related to asbestos in drinking water were reported in another study but possible occupational exposure made it difficult to draw conclusions. Data on excess gastrointestinal cancer among occupational groups has been used to estimate that drinking water containing 300,000 asbestos fibers per liter over a lifetime will result in one additional cancer among 100,000 people.     

The application of membrane filtration for the removal of ammonium ions from potable water

It is well recognized that soluble ammonia and nitrite in drinking water has chronic effects on humans. Ammonia has potential environmental health hazards, particularly to young children. European Union Standards limit the concentration of ammonia to 0.5 mg/l in drinking water. In Eskisehir (Turkey) drinking and tap water are supplied from a water treatment plant, consisting mainly of screening, sedimentation, filtration and sterilization units and having a capacity of 80.000 m3/d. Depend on the industrial and climatic effects the observed high ammonium concentration in treated water causes undesirable effects of water quality. Therefore, people in Eskisehir do not want to use tap water for drinking. The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of membrane processes, i.e. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis to the removal of ammonium and Ca ions from plant effluent and recommend one of them for a subsequent pilot plant application.     

活性炭强化混凝去除水中的土臭素及2-甲基异莰醇

以饮用水嗅味污染的典型物质土臭素及2-甲基异莰醇作为研究对象,分别考察了水厂常规工艺混凝沉淀、活性炭与不同混凝剂(聚合氯化铝、硫酸铝、氯化铁)强化混凝对嗅味物质的去除效果,并结合UV254、浊度指标考察了3种混凝剂对投加活性炭后水体的净化效果。结果表明,常规工艺对嗅味物质的去除率较低,活性炭强化混凝对土臭素及2-甲基异莰醇的去除率较高,其中对GSM的去除率均达到90%以上,对2-MIB的去除率均达到80%左右,改变活性炭投加量及吸附时间对嗅味物质的去除率影响较大,而改变混凝剂的种类及浓度对嗅味物质的去除率影响不大,3种混凝剂中聚合氯化铝对投炭后水体的净化效果最好。     

混凝法去除水中TiO_2纳米颗粒

为了探讨混凝法去除水中纳米颗粒的可行性及最佳条件,研究了无机混凝剂(PAC、PFS、PAFC)和有机絮凝剂(CPAM、APAM、NPAM)对TiO_2纳米颗粒的去除效果,并考察了投加量、pH、沉淀时间、水力条件及有机无机复配对TiO_2纳米颗粒去除效率的影响。单独投加PAC、PFS和PAFC时,三者对应的最高去除率分别为92.51%、84.43%、95.66%。单独投加CPAM、APAM、NPAM时三者对应的去除率仅为61.72%、29.06%、55.37%。复配最佳混凝条件为:投加40mg/LPAC和3mg/LCPAM,pH值为9,G值143.5/s,沉淀时间15min,此时,TiO_2纳米颗粒去除率为99.6%。     

Removal of manganese from water using crushed dolomite filtration technique

This paper discusses manganese removal from water by filtration through low cost coarse media. A laboratory scale filtration technique was used to remove manganese from manganese bearing water to prove previous batch studies which showed that the removal of manganese was better in the case of limestone particle as compared to the gravel, crushed brick or with no media addition, and the conclusion made that removal mechanisms were due to the effect of rough solid surfaces and the presence of carbonate in the limestone particle. Filtration results indicated that at an input pH of 7 with manganese concentration of 1 Mn/l, a good removal was observed in the limestone media as compared to the gravel media, which validates the batch results. Results also show that water hardness did not significantly increase in this filtration technique. Studies on the effect of different parameters on the removal performance of manganese has shown that a smaller particle size, a greater filter depth, and a lower flow rate gave advantages in the removal efficiency.     

Removal of individual off-flavour compounds in water during artificial groundwater recharge and during treatment by alum coagulation/sand filtration

The removal of individual off-flavour compounds during artificial groundwater recharge has been compared to the removal of such compounds during conventional alum coagulation/sand filtration. By using an evaluation technique based on gas chromatography with both instrumental and sensory detection (“column sniffing”) it was shown that alum coagulation/sand filtration had no significant effect on any of the off-flavour compounds that could be detected in the raw water samples (geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 2,4,6-trichloroanisole, 1-octen-3-one, 1-nonen-3-one, dimethyl trisulphide and a number of unidentified muddy or musty odours). During artificial groundwater recharge in sand and gravel ridges, however, the concentrations of all these compounds were substantially reduced, thus proving that artificial groundwater recharge is not only a suitable method for water storage but can also be an effective method for removing muddy and musty odours. The successful use of the column-sniffing technique for evaluating water treatment methods has shown the potential of this technique in resolving some of the present disagreements concerning the effectiveness of different treatment methods for removing tastes and odours from water.     

混凝沉淀砂滤炭滤对盥洗废水的中水回用研究

针对重庆市某办公楼盥洗废水的中水回用,建立了混凝、沉淀、砂滤、活性炭吸附工艺模型,利用模型进行了试验研究,模型处理结果显示出水达到了杂用水冲厕、道路清扫、城市绿化回用的要求。     

Removal of viable bacteria in lake water by denim filtration

A series of experiments were performed to investigate the removal of viable bacteria [Escherichia coli, total coliforms and standard plate count (SPC) bacteria] in lake water by denim filtration. Filtration with indigo reagent‐dyed denim physically removed E. coli (up to 95%) and total coliforms (up to 92%) from lake water. The removal efficiencies of SPC bacteria (up to 85%) were generally lower than those of E. coli and total coliforms. The adsorption of bacteria to particulate matter larger than the effective pore size of the denim (ca. 48 μm) and the subsequent physical sieving of the large particulate matter seemed to be the dominant disinfection mechanism.     

两级过滤去除地下水中铁锰的试验研究

通过锰砂和硅碳素两级过滤的方式,研究了含锰、含铁及高铁低锰三种水质条件下铁锰的去除效果,进一步探讨了不同水质中铁锰的去除方法。结果表明,对于单独含锰的水质,可仅采用二级硅碳素滤柱去除;对于单独含铁的水质,可仅采用一级锰砂滤柱去除;对于高铁低锰的水质,可通过两级过滤同时去除铁锰。锰砂和硅碳素两级过滤处理含铁锰地下水是可行的,根据不同的水质,可以采用不同的处理方法。     

Removal of dissolved heavy metals by chemical coagulation,magnetic seeding and high gradient magnetic filtration

A rapid and highly efficient treatment process for waste waters containing heavy metals was investigated by combining the processes of chemical coagulation, magnetic seeding and high gradient magnetic filtration (HGMF). Chemical coagulation was performed with ferric chloride (FeCl₃), sodium sulfide (Na₂S) and FeCl₃, or calcium polysulfide (CaSx, x ≒ 4) and FeCl₃. Magnetite was used as seeding material, to whose surface non-magnetic particles adhere. The removal tests of cadmium was performed first by varying the pretreatment conditions, such as the amount of each additive, order and time interval of addition, pH and other factors. Consequently, the desirable conditions to establish such a high removal efficiency, close to 100%, were obtained by batch experiments for each of the combined processes.Based on the above results, removal of heavy metals, including mercury, in the gas scrubbing waste water from a municipal solid waste incineration plant, was examined by the process consisting of the coagulation with CaSx and FeCl₃, the magnetite seeding, and HGMF. A removal efficiency high enough to assure the effluent standards of Japan was established by monitoring the reaction in this process using a sulfide ion electrode. The CaSx added to the feed water was regenerated in a purity of nearly 100%. Almost all of the magnetite used was also recovered. About 70% of heavy metals on the magnetite was removed simultaneously.     

The impact of rainstorm events on coagulation and clarifier performance in potable water treatment

This paper examines turbidity removal at a water treatment works in England that receives raw water which is difficult to treat during certain rainstorm events. Rainstorm events lead to elevated levels of turbidity and organic matter found in river waters. A robustness index based on settled turbidity was used to identify periods and events that adversely affected the treatment process. This coupled with raw water sampling data indicated that a change in nature and an increase in natural organic matter (NOM) concentrations occurred following rainstorm events. Experimental work investigated the effect of temperature and NOM on the coagulation process and the results show how increasing levels of NOM significantly impaired the coagulation of particulate material, leading to an increase in settled turbidity.     

Removal of heavy metals from storm and surface water by slow sand filtration: the importance of speciation

The removal of heavy metals from storm and surface waters by slow sand filtration is described. The importance of speciation as a technique for exploring and improving the mechanisms of removal is identified. Laboratory-scale slow sand filters operating at conventional flow rate and depth were shown to be able to reduce concentrations of selected heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd) found in road runoff, surface water and sewage effluents to drinking water standard. Nitrogen, volatile solids and modified Stover speciation were used to differentiate between the potential mechanisms of removal, i.e. active biomass, organic adsorption and simple adsorption or precipitation on the surface of the sand. The data presented show that adsorption via organic ligands was the predominant mechanism for metal removal at the surface of the filter but chemical adsorption was the more important deeper in the filter. In the lower layers the adsorbed metals were more easily exchanged than the organically bound metals. The precise chemical ligands were not identified and varied from metal to metal. The most important operational factors affecting performance were therefore the concentration of organic matter, filter depth and the flow velocity.     

Electrocoagulation of potable water

Coagulation caused by electrolytically produced ions (electrocoagulation) followed by filtration has been studied as a possible alternative to the conventional coagulation process. Electrochemical processes have been used in water and wastewater treatment since 1887. Electrocoagulation is looked upon as an interesting process in use at small water treatment plants. There are several important design aspects of this process which deserve further study.This study presents results showing the correlation between the current density and the aluminium dosing and provides results showing the necessary overpotential. The process has proved efficient with regard to removal of aquatic humus. A comparison of this method with conventional coagulation shows that the aquatic humus is removed equally well with both methods.Conventionally coagulated water (using alum) contains higher concentrations of sulphate and thus has a higher specific conductivity than the electrochemically treated water. The electrochemically treated water contains higher residual aluminium concentrations than the conventionally treated water due to the higher pH values.     

混凝/砂滤/超滤组合工艺对水中颗粒物质的去除

主要研究了混凝/砂滤/超滤组合工艺对水中颗粒物的去除效果.试验结果表明:该工艺可有效去除水中浊度及颗粒物,膜出水浊度低于0.2NTU,水中粒径大于2μm的颗粒数量少于20个/mL.     

Removal of organic micropollutants by coagulation and adsorption

The factors which affect removal of organic micropollutants by coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and activated carbon adsorption will be reviewed. Removal of specific compounds by coagulation, sedimentation and filtration is often slight, unless the pollutants adsorb on particles or associate with humic substances which are then coagulated. By comparison, removal of humic substances by these processes can be substantial, depending upon the water chemistry and the process conditions. Activated carbon may be applied in both the powdered (PAC) and granular (GAC) form. PAC and GAC have been used successfully throughout the world to remove odorous compounds. PAC has been used to a much smaller extent for removal of other micropollutants, but there is much potential for improvement of the application procedure so that good results can be achieved. GAC is widely used to remove micropollutants other than odor in Europe but has not been extensively used for this purpose in North America. The compounds which can be removed by GAC are presented and process monitoring procedures are discussed. Factors which limit its use include incomplete knowledge about which compounds must be removed and what effluent concentrations are acceptable.     

化学沉淀法对金属铍的去除性能试验研究

研究了化学沉淀法对水中铍的去除效果及最大应对能力.结果表明,投加5 mg/L三氯化铁或聚合硫酸铁,调节原水pH≥7.5,或投加5 mg/L聚合氯化铝或硫酸铝,调节原水pH≥7.0,均可将原水中0.01 mg/L左右的铍降低至《生活饮用水卫生标准》限值(0.002 mg/L)以内.投加5 mg/L铁盐或硫酸铝可有效应对原...     

Removal of estrone and 17beta-estradiol from water by adsorption

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are the focus of current environment concern, as they can cause adverse health effects in an intact organism, or its progeny, subsequent to endocrine function. The paper reports on the removal of estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2) from water through the use of various adsorbents including granular activated carbon (GAC), chitin, chitosan, ion exchange resin and a carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from industrial waste. The results show that the kinetics of adsorption were adsorbent and compound-dependent, with equilibration being reached within 2 h for a waste-derived carbonaceous adsorbent to 71 h for an ion-exchange resin for E1, and within 7 h for the waste-derived carbonaceous adsorbent to 125 h for GAC for E2. Of all the adsorbents tested, the carbonaceous adsorbent showed the highest adsorption capacity, with a maximum adsorption constant of 87500 ml/g for E1 and 116000 ml/g for E2. The GAC also had a very high adsorption capacity for the two compounds, with a maximum adsorption constant of 9290 ml/g for E1 and 12200 ml/g for E2. The effects of some fundamental environmental parameters including adsorbent concentration, pH, salinity and the presence of humic acid and surfactant on adsorption were studied. The results show that adsorption capacity of activated carbon was decreased with an increase in adsorbent concentration and by the presence of surfactant and humic acid. The results have demonstrated excellent performance of a waste derived adsorbent in removing E1 and E2 from water, and indicated the potential of converting certain solid waste into useful adsorbents for pollution-control purposes.     

Removal of inorganic mercury from water by bituminous coal

Sorption of inorganic mercury in water onto bituminous coal and activated carbon was investigated in the laboratory. Some coal samples were observed to be comparable to activated carbon in mercury sorption. Chemical pretreatment of coal, e.g. nitric acid oxidation, sulfonation, and sulfurisation further improved the sorption capacity. Column studies indicated the feasibility of using coal for removing mercury from water supplies or industrial wastewater.