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1.
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We have investigated3He-4He mixtures at3He-concentrations 0.98%x9.5% by the vibrating wire technique in the temperature range 1 mKT 100 mK and at pressures 0 bar p 20 bar. In the degenerate regime of the mixtures the Landau theory of Fermi liquids predicts a temperature dependence of the viscosity proportionalT –2. We report on the first observation of this behaviour at 3 mKT 10 mK for all investigated concentrations and pressures. At temperatures below about 20 mK slip corrections had to be taken into account due to the increase of the quasiparticle mean free path at very low temperatures. The low-temperature cut-off in T 2 = constant indicates the transition into the ballistic regime of the mixtures, where the mean free path of the quasiparticles exceeds the radius of the vibrating wire. Our results for the pressure dependence of the viscosity as well as for its magnitude show substantial differences from predictions based on pseudopotential theory. However, a calculation of with the quasiparticle interaction potential of recent solubility measurements in mixtures agrees well with our experimental data, in particular the pressure independence of .  相似文献   

3.
High-resolution measurements of are reported for liquid4He and3He-4He mixtures at saturated vapor pressures between 1.2 and 4.2 K with particular emphasis on the superfluid transition. Here is the mass density, the shear viscosity, and in the superfluid phase both and are the contributions from the normal component of the fluid ( n and n ). The experiments were performed with a torsional oscillator operating at 151 Hz. The mole fraction X of3He in the mixtures ranged from 0.03 to 0.65. New data for the total density and data for n by various authors led to the calculation of . For4He, the results for are compared with published ones, both in the normal and superfluid phases, and also with predictions in the normal phase both over a broad range and close to T. The behavior of and of in mixtures if presented. The sloped/dT near T and its change at the superfluid transition are found to decrease with increasing3He concentration. Measurements at one temperature of versus pressure indicate a decreasing dependence of on molar volume asX(3He) increases. Comparison of at T, the minimum of n in the superfluid phase and the temperature of this minimum is made with previous measurements. Thermal conductivity measurements in the mixtures, carried out simultaneously with those of , revealed no difference in the recorded superfluid transition, contrary to earlier work. In the appendices, we present data from new measurements of the total density for the same mixtures used in viscosity experiments. Furthermore, we discuss the data for n determined for4He and for3He-4He mixtures, and which are used in the analysis of the data.  相似文献   

4.
A torsional oscillator cell is described, by means of which simultaneous precision measurements of () and of the molar volume can be made in liquid 4He-4He mixtures over the temperature range between 0.5 and 3 K. Here is the mass density, the shear viscosity and in the superfluid phase they become the contributions n and n of the normal component. The results of for 4He near the superfluid transition are compared with the predictions by Schloms, Pankert and Dohm, and by Ferrell. Measurements of () are reported for mixtures with 0.64X0.74, where X is the 3He mole fraction. Those for X = 0.67 and 0.70 are compared with data by Lai and Kitchens. The viscosity experiments show no evidence of a weak singularity at the tricritical point.  相似文献   

5.
Simultaneous measurements of () and of the molar volume are reported for liquid mixtures of 3He in 4He over the temperature range between 0.5 and 2.5 K. Here is the shear viscosity and is the mass density. In the superfluid phase, the product of the normal components, n and n , is measured. The mixtures with 3He molefractions 0.30 < X < 0.80 are studied with emphasis on the region near the superfluid transition T and near the phase-separation curve. Along the latter, they are compared with data by Lai and Kitchens. For X > 0.5, the viscosity singularity near T becomes a faint peak, which however fades into the temperature-dependent background viscosity as X tends to the tricritical concentration X t. Likewise, no singularity in is apparent when T t is approached along the phase separation branches and +. Furthermore, viscosity data are reported for 3He and compared with previous work. Finally, for dilute mixtures with 0.01 X 0.05, the results for are compared with previous data and with predictions.  相似文献   

6.
We study the quantum phase-separation kinetics of a supersaturated liquid mixture at temperatures down to absolute zero. The energy dissipation effect of diffusion is incorporated into the calculation of the nucleation rate in normal and superfluid liquid mixtures. Unlike single-component systems, diffusion is the principal process which governs both the quantum nucleation rate and supercritical droplet growth rate in mixtures near the demixing curve. The low temperature phase-separation experiments in supersaturated liquid3He-4He mixtures of3He-dilute phase are analyzed and discussed. The critical degree of metastability and at the same time the critical droplet radius are shown to be temperature-independent below about 80 mK, suggesting the temperature of the thermal-to-quantum crossover to be of the same order of magnitude. The critical radius of a demixed droplet is estimated as about 20 Å, being within reasonable values.  相似文献   

7.
In order to overcome the 200µK - barrier in the refrigeration of liquid 3 He- 4 He mixtures we have constructed an experimental cell using only pure materials to minimize possible origins for heat leaks into the liquid. With this arrangement we were able to cool a saturated6.8%- mixture to a temperature of 150µK. A vibrating wire which was immersed in pure 3 He floating on top of the phase-separated mixture was used as a thermometer. This wire was calibrated in a second experiment with pure 3 He only in the cell. In superfluid 3 He-B at T0.15 mK the damping of the wire due to the quasiparticles becomes very small, and we observe typical characteristics of the vacuum damping of the wire which was extensively examined before filling any liquid into the cell.  相似文献   

8.
The interaction potential between3He quasiparticles in3He-4He liquid mixtures is determined from the sound attenuation at saturated vapor pressure. Sound attenuation was measured in mixtures with3He mole fraction ranging from 0.0289 to 0.0573. The superfluid transition temperature of3He in mixtures and other properties were then estimated from the deduced interaction potential.  相似文献   

9.
We describe a new optical interferometric technique which we have applied to 3He-4He liquid mixtures in the phase separation region. The formation and slow propagation of a concentration front is observed when the phase separation equilibrium is disturbed by sudden heating. The phenomenon is analyzed in terms of a concentration-dependent diffusion constant, and the results indicate critical behavior of the diffusion constant on the normal side of the lambda line. The application of the optical method to studies of interphase surface tension and crystallization is also indicated.This work was supported by the U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation.  相似文献   

10.
11.
We present a complete set of data describing the nucleation both of superfluidity and phase separation at container walls in liquid 3He-4He mixtures. The appearance of superfluidity and the growth of phase-separated films are measured locally at the walls. A theoretical interpretation is given, important results of which are that the phase separation and superfluid transitions become uncoupled when the transitions are localized near the walls and that quantum fluctuations most probably strongly affect the nature of the superfluid nucleation transition at low temperature. Further, comparison of our results with data for transitions in pure 4He films demonstrates that a universality principle governs the transitions in both systems.Partly supported by NSF Grant No. DMR 75-21886.Laboratoire associé au CNRS.  相似文献   

12.
The osmotic pressure of dilute mixtures of3He in liquid4He is calculated and compared with experiment. One parameter, which is a measure of the difference between the mean potential energy of3He atoms and4He atoms in the mixture is determined from the experiments, and good agreement is obtained with the measured values of as a function of concentration and temperature. It is shown that the osmotic pressure does not provide any accurate information about the effective interaction between3He atoms. A comparison with earlier calculations of the osmotic pressure and of the3He chemical potential is made.Work performed under the auspices of U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.  相似文献   

13.
Starting with the Boltzmann transport equation, the first viscosity of dilute3He-4He mixtures for various3He concentrations x is evaluated up to around T 0.6 K by including the contribution from three-phonon processes (3PP) in the anomalous elementary excitation spectrum of liquid4He. Due to 3PP, the characteristic time for3He viscosity at high temperatures, i.e., T2TF where TF is the3He Fermi temperature, is evaluated as 5 × 10–12/xT, which is smaller than the value estimated by Rosenbaum et al. This is interpolated with in the degenerate (quantum) region, TTF. The obtained viscosities are in better agreement with experimental results than those of Baym and Saam, whose theory does not include 3PP. However, at very low concentrations there exists a discrepancy between the present theory and experiments, so that an alternate treatment should be considered.  相似文献   

14.
Helium-3 nuclear spin relaxation times T 1, T 2, and T 1have been measured for 3He-4He solid mixtures at the exchange plateau region (~0.5K). The 3He concentrations X 3of the samples were 7.2, 2.9, 1.8, 1.4, 0.67, 0.65, and 0.22%, and their molar volumes varied between 19.9 and 20.9cm3/mole in hcp phase. The spectral density function J() for dipolar field fluctuations was determined in the low-frequency branch from T 1measurements and in the high-frequency branch from conventional T 1measurements. It was found that J() is given by J() = cJ()|3–4 + (1–c)J()|3–3, where J()|3–4 is the spectral density function due to the 3He-4He tunneling motions, and J()|3–3 is that due to the 3He-3He tunneling motions. Using the Torrey theory, the correlation frequency of the 3He-4He tunneling motions was evaluated from T 1data, and was found to be in good agreement with Landesman 's theory.Supported in part by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science through a grant to Y.H.  相似文献   

15.
We report on our measurements performed in liquid3He-4He solutions in the microkelvin temperature range at the Bayreuth nuclear demagnetization cryostat. One aspect of our work is the application of the vibrating wire technique for thermometry in the ballistic regime of phase-separated solutions. The establishment of reliable thermometry along with the particular design of our experimental cells enables us to study two main limitations on the minimum temperature of about 100K achieved in3He-4He solutions so far: the thermal resistance between the liquid and the cell, and the origins of the heat leaks.  相似文献   

16.
An efficient technique for maintaining large3He nuclear spin polarizations in liquid3He-4He mixtures has been developed and used to polarize samples contained in narrow tubes. Results obtained in a U-shaped cell and a coil-shaped cell are compared. A systematic study of the effects of dipolar fields within the sample on the characteristics of the observed long-lived magnetostatic modes is in progress. NMR signals obtained in the coil-shaped cell reveal phase separation and the existence of a highly polarized3He-rich region in the sample.Laboratoire de L'Ecole Normale Supérieure et de L'Université Pierre et Marie Curie, associé au CNRS (URA 18)  相似文献   

17.
Measurements of the viscosity and the slip length are reported for both the normal liquid and superfluid3He within the slip approximation. We used the hollow torsional oscillator. For the normal liquid3He the slip length is shorter than the theoretical expectation and there is no anomaly near the superfluid transition, but the viscosity shows the anomalous deviation from the Fermi liquid behavior which is thought to be attributed to the superfluid fluctuation. For the superfluid3He, the temperature dependence of the slip length agrees with the theory qualitatively and the viscosity agrees well with the theory quantitatively as far as the slip approximation is valid.  相似文献   

18.
The attenuation of sound was measured in3He-4He mixtures with3He concentrations ranging from 2.89 to 8.03% at pressures of 10 and 20 bar. The quasiparticle interaction potentials were then determined at each pressure by analyzing the sound attenuation data. The superfluid transition temperature of3He and other properties in the mixtures were then estimated from the interaction potentials.  相似文献   

19.
Based on our recent phase separation curve of3He-4He solution at elevated pressures, we propose new3He-3He quasiparticle interaction potentials, which reproduce the existing experimental results pretty well except for3He effective mass under pressure.  相似文献   

20.
Superfluid density and heat capacity experiments on3He-4He mixtures in 98% porous aerogel show that in this system the coexistence boundary is detached from the superfluid transition line. The tricritical point is removed, and there is a superfluid phase on the3He rich side of the phase diagram. The presence of heat capacity peaks along the transition line down to a4He concentration of only 8% indicates the 3-dimensional nature of this transition.This work is supported by NSF under grants DMR-9008461 and DMR-9311918.  相似文献   

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