"“Sources of social support and burnout: A meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model”: Correction.

Reports an error in "Sources of social support and burnout: A meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model" by Jonathon R. B. Halbesleben (Journal of Applied Psychology, 2006[Sep], Vol 91[5], 1134-1145). There were errors in transcribing the ρ values from Table 2 to the results section. In the second paragraph of page 1138, the second and third sentences should read “In the present study, work-related support was more strongly related to exhaustion (ρ = -.26) than depersonalization (ρ = -.23) and personal accomplishment (ρ = .24; F(2, 111) = 24.13, p > .01). On the other hand, non-work support was more strongly related to depersonalization (ρ = -.16) and personal accomplishment (ρ = .19) than exhaustion (ρ = -.12; F(2, 38) = 3.83, p > .05).” The values in Table 2 are correct and the substantive conclusions have not changed. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2006-11397-012.) The Conservation of Resources (COR) model of burnout (Hobfoll & Freedy, 1993) suggests that resources are differentially related to burnout dimensions. In this paper, I provide a meta-analysis of the social support and burnout literature, finding that social support, as a resource, did not yield different relationships across the 3 burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment), challenging the COR model. However, when considering the source of the social support (work vs. nonwork) as a moderator, I found that work-related sources of social support, because of their more direct relationship to work demands, were more closely associated with exhaustion than depersonalization or personal accomplishment; the opposite pattern was found with nonwork sources of support. I discuss the implications of this finding in relation to the COR model and suggest future research directions to clarify the relationship between resources and burnout dimensions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Trust in management as a buffer of the relationships between overload and strain.

This study examined the role of trust in management as a moderating factor in work overload's impact on personal strain (i.e., burnout, psychological strain, and work's interference with family). Participants were 94 employees of an accounting firm responding to a survey. The results were supportive of all study propositions. Both work overload and trust in management had the expected negative and positive main effects on the outcomes variables, respectively. The impact of work overload on the outcome variables was moderated by employees' trust in management. The significance of these results and areas of future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sources of social support and burnout: A meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 96(1) of Journal of Applied Psychology (see record 2010-24169-001). There were errors in transcribing the ρ values from Table 2 to the results section. In the second paragraph of page 1138, the second and third sentences should read “In the present study, work-related support was more strongly related to exhaustion (ρ = -.26) than depersonalization (ρ = -.23) and personal accomplishment (ρ = .24; F(2, 111) = 24.13, p > .01). On the other hand, non-work support was more strongly related to depersonalization (ρ = .16) and personal accomplishment (ρ = .19) than exhaustion (ρ = -.12; F(2, 38) = 3.83, p > .05).” The values in Table 2 are correct and the substantive conclusions have not changed.] [Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in of Journal of Applied Psychology (see record 2010-24169-001). There were errors in transcribing the ρ values from Table 2 to the results section. In the second paragraph of page 1138, the second and third sentences should read “In the present study, work-related support was more strongly related to exhaustion (ρ = -.26) than depersonalization (ρ = -.23) and personal accomplishment (ρ = .24; F(2, 111) = 24.13, p > .01). On the other hand, non-work support was more strongly related to depersonalization (ρ = -.16) and personal accomplishment (ρ = .19) than exhaustion (ρ = -.12; F(2, 38) = 3.83, p > .05).” The values in Table 2 are correct and the substantive conclusions have not changed.] The Conservation of Resources (COR) model of burnout (Hobfoll & Freedy, 1993) suggests that resources are differentially related to burnout dimensions. In this paper, I provide a meta-analysis of the social support and burnout literature, finding that social support, as a resource, did not yield different relationships across the 3 burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment), challenging the COR model. However, when considering the source of the social support (work vs. nonwork) as a moderator, I found that work-related sources of social support, because of their more direct relationship to work demands, were more closely associated with exhaustion than depersonalization or personal accomplishment; the opposite pattern was found with nonwork sources of support. I discuss the implications of this finding in relation to the COR model and suggest future research directions to clarify the relationship between resources and burnout dimensions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An examination of the antecedents and moderator influences of climate strength.

The authors tested 3 hypotheses regarding the antecedents and moderator influences of climate strength (CS; the degree of within-unit agreement of climate perceptions). The sample consisted of 197 work units. Social interaction among unit members showed positive, statistically significant correlations with CS in goals orientation and innovation climate. Work-unit leaders' informing behavior was positively correlated with CS in the 3 climate facets measured (i.e., support, goals orientation, and innovation). CS in innovation moderated the impact of work units' innovation climate on average satisfaction and commitment. CS in goals orientation moderated the influence of work units' goal orientation on average commitment. The moderator influences showed the expected direction: CS fostered the influence of work units' climate on the criterion variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The moderating role of cognitive control deficits in the link from emotional dissonance to burnout symptoms and absenteeism.

The present study examines whether cognitive control deficits (CCDs) as a personal vulnerability factor amplify the relationship between emotional dissonance (ED; perceived discrepancy between felt and expressed emotions) and burnout symptoms (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization) as well as absenteeism. CCDs refer to daily failures and impairments of attention regulation, impulse control, and memory. The prediction of the moderator effect of CCDs draws on the argument that portraying emotions which are not genuinely felt is a form of self-regulation taxing and depleting a limited resource capacity. Interindividual differences in the resource capacity are reflected by the measure of CCDs. Drawing on two German samples (one cross-sectional and one longitudinal sample; NTOTAL = 645) of service employees, the present study analyzed interactive effects of ED and CCDs on exhaustion, depersonalization, and two indicators of absenteeism. As was hypothesized, latent moderated structural equation modeling revealed that the adverse impacts of ED on both burnout symptoms and absence behavior were amplified as a function of CCDs. Theoretical and practical implications of the present results will be discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Role conflict and burnout: The direct and moderating effects of political skill and perceived organizational support on burnout dimensions.

Drawing from previous research on the effect of role conflict on burnout and the Conservation of Resources theory, the authors propose that individual differences in political skill and perceptions of organizational support will be negatively related to burnout and will also moderate the relationship between perceived role conflict and burnout. In a sample of 120 professional employees, political skill was associated with less depersonalization and feelings of reduced personal accomplishment and moderated the role conflict-reduced personal accomplishment relationship. Perceived organizational support was associated with less emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and moderated the role conflict-emotional exhaustion relationship. Implications of results are discussed and directions for future research are offered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Burnout Patterns in Rehabilitation: Short-Term Changes in Job Conditions, Personal Resources, and Health.

This longitudinal study reports the patterning of the burnout symptoms and the changes in employees' job conditions, personal resources, and psychological health 4 months after a rehabilitation intervention. The data were gathered by means of questionnaires before and after a rehabilitation period. Four patterns were identified: not burned out (n = 55), exhausted and cynical (n = 36), burned out (n = 26), and low professional efficacy (n = 18). These patterns differed in terms of job resources, personal resources, and depression. There were both positive and negative changes detected in participants' psychological health and job resources at the follow-up. The study shows the importance of identifying different burnout patterns in order to focus rehabilitation activities more effectivel (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Burnout and inequity among human service professionals: A longitudinal study.

In a composite sample of human service professionals (N?=?245), longitudinal relations across 1 year were tested between equity in the professional–recipient relationship and burnout (i.e., emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment). The 1st research question was whether inequity influenced burnout across time. The 2nd research question was whether longitudinal relations between equity and burnout were curvilinear, as predicted by equity theory. The results confirmed that inequity affects the central component of burnout (i.e., emotional exhaustion) and that this relation is curvilinear. Feeling more deprived and feeling more advantaged resulted in higher future emotional exhaustion levels. No indication was found for a longitudinal relation between inequity and depersonalization. A synchronous relation was found suggesting that personal accomplishment influences equity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mediators of stress in older adults: Conceptual and integrative frameworks.

Presents conceptual frameworks delineating and integrating the literature on mediators of stress in older adults. Three contingency models of stress mediation are summarized: social support, behavioral response, and self-perceptions/self-evaluations models. Self-efficacy and problem-solving as moderators of stress appraisals, personal meaning as a moderator of stress, and coping effectiveness and perceived locus of control are discussed. An integrative framework is proposed that (1) views the stress process as an interplay of personal, social, and environmental resources and stressors and (2) posits that stress appraisals are mediated or moderated over time by cognitive, social, and behavioral factors. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Type I error rates for moderated multiple regression analysis.

The method of moderated multiple regression is increasingly being applied in the search for moderator variables in industrial and organizational psychology. Because of frequent failures of the method in revealing moderator effects in empirical studies—in which such effects are strongly expected—it has been suggested that the procedure may lack statistical power with respect to hypothesis tests about moderating effects and, therefore, is inappropriate for the purposes of conventional moderator analyses. We evaluated this conclusion with computer simulation data. Our study indicated that the method is not overly conservative and that the Type I error rate of moderated multiple regression is approximately .05 at α?=?.05. Moreover, a proposed alternative multivariate procedure, principal component regression, is shown to have a Type I error rate that approaches unity under ordinary conditions when applied to the evaluation of moderator effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Methods for integrating moderation and mediation: A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis.

Studies that combine moderation and mediation are prevalent in basic and applied psychology research. Typically, these studies are framed in terms of moderated mediation or mediated moderation, both of which involve similar analytical approaches. Unfortunately, these approaches have important shortcomings that conceal the nature of the moderated and the mediated effects under investigation. This article presents a general analytical framework for combining moderation and mediation that integrates moderated regression analysis and path analysis. This framework clarifies how moderator variables influence the paths that constitute the direct, indirect, and total effects of mediated models. The authors empirically illustrate this framework and give step-by-step instructions for estimation and interpretation. They summarize the advantages of their framework over current approaches, explain how it subsumes moderated mediation and mediated moderation, and describe how it can accommodate additional moderator and mediator variables, curvilinear relationships, and structural equation models with latent variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Occupational burnout, tolerance for stress, and coping among nurses in rehabilitation units.

The relation of problem-solving confidence, perceived tolerance of stressors, and situation-specific coping efforts to occupational burnout was examined among 88 nurses in physical rehabilitation units. Participants completed measures of problem solving and burnout, and were administered a questionnaire that required them to list stressors encountered at work and their ability to tolerate this stressor. Participants were also asked to list their typical ways of coping with this stressor. Consistent with predictions, confidence in one's ability to handle problems and perceived tolerance were significantly predictive of lower burnout scores, regardless of time spent on the job. Of the coping variables, emotion-focused coping was significantly associated with higher burnout scores. Post-hoc analyses of self-reported coping activities indicated that some coping efforts (e.g., taking time off from work, confronting a supervisor) could be construed as symptoms of burnout, according to theoretical conceptualizations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conjunctive moderator variables in vulnerability and resiliency research: Life stress, social support and coping skills, and adolescent sport injuries.

In life event research relating to vulnerability and resilience factors, single moderator variables have typically been the focus of study. Little is known about the ways in which moderator variables may interact with one another to increase vulnerability or resilience. We propose a distinction between conjunctive moderation, in which multiple moderators must co-occur in a specific combination or pattern to maximize a relation between a predictor and an outcome variable, and disjunctive moderation, in which any one of a number of moderators maximizes the predictor–criterion relation. Our results indicate that social support and psychological coping skills are statistically independent psychosocial resources and that they operate in a conjunctive manner to influence the relation between life stress and subsequent athletic injury in adolescents. Only athletes low in both coping skills and social support exhibited a significant stress–injury relation, and in that vulnerable subgroup, negative major life events accounted for up to 30% of the injury variance. Methodological considerations in the assessment of conjunctive moderator effects are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Direct and interaction effects among the dimensions of the Maslach Burnout Inventory: Results from two German longitudinal samples.

Inspired by the idea that the three dimensions of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment) are causally related to each other, five models have been proposed in the literature to explain the main processes of burnout development. Latest empirical findings based on model comparisons suggest that emotional exhaustion exerts positive lagged effects on depersonalization and that depersonalization conceptualized as a coping strategy in turn leads to exhaustion and a low sense of personal accomplishment. The present study offers a more thorough test of various models of burnout development with longitudinal data from two German samples (total N = 643). The analyses, based on structural equation modeling, showed that exhaustion is longitudinally associated with depersonalization and that accomplishment is longitudinally predicted by depersonalization and exhaustion. Furthermore, and going beyond prior research, three moderator effects of depersonalization were identified in predicting all three burnout dimensions at a later point in time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relative power of moderated multiple regression and the comparison of subgroup correlation coefficients for detecting moderating effects.

A Monte Carlo simulation assessed the relative power of 2 techniques that are commonly used to test for moderating effects. 500 samples were drawn from simulation-based populations for each of 81 conditions in a design that varied sample size, the reliabilities of 2 predictor variables (1 of which was the moderator variable), and the magnitude of the moderating effect. The null hypothesis of no interaction effect was tested by using moderated multiple regression (MMR). Each sample was then successively polychotomized into 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 subgroups, and the equality of the subgroup-based correlation coefficients (SCC) was tested. Results show MMR to be more powerful than the SCC strategy for virtually all of the 81 conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reducing the negative effects of emotion work in service occupations: Emotional competence as a psychological resource.

Although emotion work and emotional competence focus on similar processes, there has been a lack of integration between the 2 concepts. Emotion work is the regulatory effort to express organizationally desired emotions, whereas emotional competence encompasses skills that focus on how people deal with and regulate their own affect and that of others. The general hypothesis of this study was that emotional competence can be regarded as an important personal resource in emotion work because it moderates the relationships between work characteristics, emotional dissonance, and outcome variables. Eighty-four service employees completed a questionnaire on their working conditions and their well-being. In addition, peer ratings for emotional competence were completed. The authors found that emotional competence moderated most of the proposed relationships between work characteristics and emotional dissonance, between emotional dissonance and outcome variables, and between work characteristics and outcome variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Methodological artifacts in moderated multiple regression and their effects on statistical power.

Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to examine the degree to which the statistical power of moderated multiple regression (MMR) to detect the effects of a dichotomous moderator variable was affected by the main and interactive effects of (a) predictor variable range restriction, (b) total sample size, (c) sample sizes for 2 moderator variable-based subgroups, (d) predictor variable intercorrelation, and (e) magnitude of the moderating effect. Results showed that the main and interactive influences of these variables may have profound effects on power. Thus, future attempts to detect moderating effects with MMR should consider the power implications of both the main and interactive effects of the variables assessed in the present study. Otherwise, even moderating effects of substantial magnitude may go undetected. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Moderator variables and different types of predictability: Do you have a match?

Conducted 2 closely related experiments with 228 undergraduate students. Exp I examined the moderation of congruence between self-ratings and peer-ratings of traits following the procedure of J. M. Cheek and S. R. Briggs (see record 1983-23439-001). Exp II examined the congruence of attitudes and actual behavior and was based on M. P. Zanna et al (see record 1981-10514-001). All Ss completed a 158-item questionnaire that measured the moderator variables that were previously studied. These included self-monitoring, private self-consciousness, personal identity, and empathy. Results indicate that the 1st type of predictability (congruence) was unrelated to the 2nd. The greatest self–peer rating congruence was found among Ss who had good social communication skills. The greatest internal disposition–actual behavior congruence was found among Ss who were unwilling, unable, or both to change their behavior in response to situational demands. Being aware of, attentive to, and placing importance on the inner self was related to both types of predictability. The discussion focused on the manner in which moderator variables (especially those that concern social skills) will affect each type of predictability and the need to match moderator variables to specific types of predictability. (39 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Failure to detect moderating effects: Is multicollinearity the problem?

We show that Morris, Sherman, and Mansfield's (1986) contention that multicollinearity causes ordinary least squares–moderated multiple regression (OLS–MMR) to underestimate the importance of moderator effects is incorrect for their own data. Multicollinearity was reduced to the point that it was negligible by transforming predictor variables and moderator variables to standard scores prior to computing cross-product terms. We show the resulting cross-product terms both mathematically and empirically to have near-zero correlations with standardized predictors and moderators. Yet, as Arnold and Evans (1979) showed, the results of OLS–MMR are unchanged by this linear transformation of scale. Morris et al's (1986) finding of significant moderator effects when using principal-components regression (PCR) is probably a result of some artifact of PCR. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)