扩散渗析-电渗析回收赖氨酸离子交换废液中的盐

为缓解电渗析膜污染,提高电渗析性能,采用阴膜扩散渗析对待脱盐的赖氨酸离子交换废液进行净化处理,对扩散渗析回收的(NH4)2SO4溶液进行电渗析脱盐浓缩。结果表明,当扩散渗析流量为5.6 L/h时,扩散渗析的扩散系数达2.24?10?7 cm2/s,离子交换废液中(NH4)2SO4透过率约为30%,可截留90.1% Mg2+和94.5%有机氮、80.3%蛋白、86.0%总糖、79.3%化学需氧量(COD);与直接电渗析赖氨酸离子交换废液相比,对扩散渗析回收的(NH4)2SO4溶液进行电渗析脱盐浓缩,SO42?膜通量、电流效率分别提高了55.7%和18.3%,操作时间、单位膜通量能耗分别降低了26.1%和42.3%。用扩散渗析净化赖氨酸离子交换废液可有效缓解后续电渗析的膜污染,提高电渗析性能。     

双极膜电渗析制备有机酸——以羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸为实例

采用两室型双极膜电渗析从羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸钠中制备羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸,考察了双极膜电渗析过程中操作电压、电流效率、能耗等技术指标的影响。实验结果表明:在25 V的操作电压下,羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸的纯度可达到96%以上,平均能耗为4.3 k Wh/kg,平均电流效率可达到68%。     

双极膜技术在硝酸钠废水处理中的应用研究

采用具有三隔室重复单元的双极膜电渗析从硝酸钠废水中制备NaOH和HNO₃,考察操作电压、循环流量、盐室初始盐含量、盐室残余含盐量对运行过程的影响。结果表明,提高盐室初始盐含量、循环流量、操作电压,可提高最终酸碱浓度,提高最终盐室盐含量,可提高电流效率降低能耗。双极膜最佳运行条件：盐室、酸室和碱室初始分别为100 g/L硝酸钠废水、0.02 mol/L HNO₃和0.02 mol/L的NaOH,电极液为3%的Na₂SO₄,循环流量120 L/h,操作电压18 V,盐室盐含量30 g/L为实验终点,反应90 min,得到1.45 mol/L的Na OH,电流效率为65.8%,Na NO₃转化率达70%,能耗为1 704.35 k Wh/t-Na OH。     

双极膜电渗析提取琥珀酸

采用两室式双极膜电渗析装置将发酵液中的琥珀酸钠转化为琥珀酸。通过考察回收率、电流效率和能耗等技术参数,探讨了不同操作电流和进料琥珀酸钠浓度等工艺参数对转化过程的影响。结果表明,电流等于3 A,琥珀酸钠浓度为0.3 mol/L,流量为15 L/h的情况下,回收率可达99%;琥珀酸钠浓度为0.5 mol/L时,能耗最低为5.0kWh/kg。综合考虑回收率、能耗和电流效率,本试验研究范围内最佳条件:电流2 A,琥珀酸钠浓度为0.4 mol/L。     

双极膜电渗析处理精制浓海水制备酸碱

采用自行研制的三隔室型双极膜电渗析(BMED)膜堆,以模拟精制浓海水为原料制备酸碱,考察了操作条件对膜堆性能的影响和运行过程中酸碱室的盐组分泄漏问题。结果表明,在电流密度为30 m A/cm~2,精制浓海水盐的质量浓度为147 g/L,碱(酸)与盐初始溶液体积比为1:1的条件下,实验范围内产品碱的收率可达56.4%;膜堆产率和碱收率随电流密度的提高而提高,但电流效率随之下降;较大的碱(酸)与盐初始溶液体积比有利于盐离子的迁移,电流效率相应上升,过程能耗减小;膜堆电阻随浓海水盐含量的升高而减小,过程能耗降低,但产品碱的收率有所下降。实验过程在酸室中检测到有Na~+、K~+,而碱室中检测到Cl~-,表明所用双极膜和阴阳离子交换膜存在一定程度的离子泄漏,且随过程运行逐步加剧。     

双极膜电渗析技术处理磷石膏的工艺研究

磷石膏是湿法磷酸生产的固体废弃物,其有效利用对资源与环境产生重要影响。通过双极膜电渗析技术处理磷石膏,尝试将磷石膏制备成硫酸和氢氧化钙。通过单因素实验和正交实验,讨论了电压对平均电流密度、硫酸浓度、电流效率和能耗的影响。结果表明:电流效率和能耗成反比,随着电压的增大平均电流密度呈线性增加;在物料质量浓度为7 g/L、电渗析时间150 min、操作电压15 V时电流效率为75.74%,平均能耗为0.2 k W·h/mol,制备出的H_2SO_4浓度为0.045 7 mol/L,转化率为77%;Ca(OH)_2粒径呈正态分布,主要分布在30~60μm。     

多级逆流电渗析技术用于硫酸铵水溶液脱盐

在恒流操作条件下,分别采用单级和多级电渗析对0.52mol/L硫酸铵水溶液进行脱盐实验.结果表明,采用多级逆流电渗析操作能明显缓解单级电渗析后期的浓差扩散和水渗漏现象.与单级电渗析相比,两级和三级电渗析淡室中盐脱除量分别提高了7.9%和22.5%,浓室中盐浓度提高了1.6%和6.5%,膜通量提高了7.0%和18.5%,能耗分别降低12.0%和32.0%.     

双极膜电渗析法由硫酸铵制备硫酸的工艺研究

利用两室双极膜电渗析法从硫酸铵溶液中制备硫酸。探讨了电渗析过程中的电流效率、能耗、产酸量等指标。实验结果表明,产酸量随时间的延长而增加,在恒定电流密度（0.09A.cm-2）的条件下,硫酸的电流效率达到90%,能耗为2.5～2.6kW.h.kg-1。     

双极膜电渗析在分离硫酸锂生产酸碱的研究

研究验证了用双极膜电渗析技术在分离锂离子电池正极材料回收过程中的产物Li₂SO₄溶液并生产高浓度的LiOH和H₂SO₄溶液的可行性。将1.1 mol/L的Li₂SO₄溶液转化为2.2 mol/L的LiOH和1.3 mol/L的H₂SO₄。研究了装置中并联单元组数和溶液流速对回收结果的影响。实验结果表明,Li⁺回收率能达到92.3%;增加双极膜电渗析装置中并联单元组数,可以使酸室和碱室中溶液浓度增长更快,酸碱溶液的回收效率更高,反应时间变短,能耗降低。5组并联单元的装置将能耗成本降低到3.40 kWh/kg,进而推导出,扩大为100组并联单元时能降低至1.58 kWh/kg;适当增大腔室内溶液流速,能提高反应过程中LiOH溶液浓度,增加Li⁺的回收率和电流效率;研究表明,将单次Li⁺回收率控制在80%左右,多次循环分离Li₂SO...     

双极膜电渗析处理生物质水解液的过程性能研究

在由双极膜和阴离子交换膜组成的两室双极膜电渗析装置中,研究了生物质水解液糖、酸分离和酸回收的过程性能。考察了不同膜对、进料浓度、电流密度、处理室循环流量及操作温度等因素对于处理水解液过程中的电流效率和平均功耗的影响。结果表明,由BP-1双极膜与A501SB阴离子交换膜组成的膜对的性能最佳;过程的电流效率随进料液酸浓度的增大而下降,过高酸浓度的水解液进料对电渗析分离过程不利;较高操作电流密度条件下电流效率高,利于降低功耗,本装置的处理室适宜循环流量为30.0 mL/m in;操作温度的升高,对提高电流效率作用不明显,但利于降低平均功耗,本实验装置的合适操作温度为35℃。     

钙盐和氨基酸对味精等电母液模拟料双极膜电渗析过程膜污染的影响

采用恒压分批操作方式考察了味精等电母液模拟料液中钙盐和氨基酸对双极膜电渗析过程膜污染的影响.结果表明,在处理含氨基酸和Ca2+的盐溶液时,碱室溶液中检测到各氨基酸含量为Glu＞Ala＞Gly＞Thr＞Lys,它们与料液中NH4+同步迁移至碱室,迁移量与料液中氨基酸浓度成正比;料液中Ca2+是引起碱室侧阳膜面出现固形污染...     

Characterization of cation‐exchange membrane fouling during bipolar membrane electrodialysis of monosodium glutamate isoelectric supernatant

BACKGROUND: A novel procedure that involved regeneration and recycling of ammonia and sulfuric acid from monosodium glutamate isoelectric supernatant with bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) was proposed. As the performance of the membranes deteriorated during the batch runs, fouling of the cation‐exchange membrane (CEM) in contact with the base cell was studied. RESULTS: During ten consecutive batches of BMED, some operating parameters deteriorated gradually. Using scanning electron microscopy observations, fouling deposits were found on the CEM surface on the base cell side. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC), the organic fouling fraction of the CEM foulants was found to contain eight amino acids. Using X‐ray energy‐dispersive analysis, the mineral fouling fraction was shown to be mainly O and Ca elements, and a little Mg. Using X‐ray diffraction, the inorganic foulant was identified as CaCO₃, mainly in the form of calcite and a little aragonite. CONCLUSION: The CEM was subject to membrane fouling consisting of an organic fouling fraction and a mineral fraction. The organic fraction occurred as ions with some positive charges from the isoelectric supernatant and probably existed in the form of amino acids or their peptides. The mineral fraction was mainly CaCO₃ calcite and aragonite, and probably a little amorphous Ca and Mg hydroxides. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同侧链BPPO阴离子交换膜的制备及其抗污染性能

采用含有不同碳链长度的4-乙基吡啶、3-丁基吡啶与3-己基吡啶,通过亲核取代反应分别对溴化聚苯醚（BPPO）进行季铵化,制得三种阴离子交换膜（QBPPO-1、QBPPO-2、QBPPO-3）并对其电化学性能、脱盐性能以及抗污染性能进行了研究。实验结果表明随着吡啶环上烷基碳链的增长,制得的离子交换膜的离子交换容量呈现下降趋势,由1.92 mmol/g降至1.34 mmol/g,而膜面电阻逐渐增加,由2.99 Ω·cm²增加到10.59 Ω·cm²;在电渗析实验中,与商业日本Fuji阴离子交换膜相比,本实验制备的三种离子交换膜均呈现出较高的脱盐率;在污染实验中,随着高分子骨架侧链碳链的增长,离子交换膜在污染实验中的的转折时间逐渐变短,抗污染能力下降;计算模拟结果表明疏水作用在有机污染物（十二烷基苯磺酸钠）与离子交换膜内高分子骨架侧链的亲和相互作用中占有重要地位。     

Ceramic membrane pretreatment of monosodium glutamate isoelectric supernatant to facilitate (NH4)2SO4 recovery by electrodialysis

BACKGROUND: The large output of monosodium glutamate in China has produced huge amounts of isoelectric supernatant containing 40–60 g L⁻¹ (NH₄)₂SO₄. With the increasing national emphasis on environmental protection and recycling, it is necessary to find a cost‐effective and environment‐friendly alternative to recover the (NH₄)₂SO₄. This paper reports on investigations of the electrodialysis process for (NH₄)₂SO₄ recovery from isoelectric supernatant pretreated by ceramic membrane. RESULTS: For ceramic membrane pretreatment, the optimal pore size chosen was 0.2 µm. After a 250 min run, permeate flux was still maintained at 90 L m⁻² h⁻¹ (v = 2.8 m s⁻¹, ΔTMP = 0.12 MPa, concentration factor = 7). Meanwhile, the total solids and proteins content in condensed supernatant were high, up to 78 g L⁻¹ and 24 g L⁻¹, respectively, which greatly favors future cell protein harvest. With the chosen current density of 17 mA cm⁻², the energy consumption and time for six consecutive batches for electrodialysis were 2.6–2.7 kW h kg⁻¹ sulfate and ∼100 min, based on ∼80% ammonium sulfate recovery from pretreated isoelectric supernatant. CONCLUSION: Ceramic membrane pretreatment was shown to be a promising pretreatment strategy, applicable to the electrodialysis process to recover ammonium sulfate from isoelectric supernatant produced during monosodium glutamate production. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of silica sol on ion exchange membranes: Electrochemical characterization of anion exchange membranes in electrodialysis of silica sol containing-solutions

The fouling potential of the negatively charged silica sol in electrodialysis (ED) by adsorption on the surface of an anion exchange membrane was investigated. Since the fouling potential is related to the physical and electrochemical properties of the silica sol and anion exchange membranes, it is important to characterize the properties of silica sol and membranes. The surface charge of silica sol was investigated by the electrophoretic mobility and its isoelectric point was determined as pH 3. The commercial anion exchange membranes were characterized in terms of exchange capacity, water content, the zeta potential and the electrochemical properties of the membranes using impedance spectroscopy to predict the effects on the electrodialysis performances. Among the characterized properties, exchange capacity and some electrochemical properties of the anion exchange membranes were rather improved after ED experiments. In the electrodialysis of solution containing silica sol, deposition of the silica sol did not decrease the desalting performance of the anion exchange membranes because of loosely packed cake layer on the membrane surface.     

Insight into fouling behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) hollow fiber membranes caused by dextran with different pore size distributions

Membrane fouling is the key problem that occurs in membrane process for water treatment. However, how membrane microstructure influences the fouling behavior is still not clear. In this study, fouling behavior caused by dextran was deeply and systematically investigated by employing four poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)membranes with different pore sizes, ranging from 24 to 94 nm. The extent of fouling by dextran was accurately characterized by pore reduction, flux decline, and the change of critical flux. The result shows that membrane with the smallest pore size of 24 nm experienced the smallest fouling rate and the lowest fouling extent. As the membrane pore size increased, the critical flux ranges were 105-114, 63-73, 38-44 and 34-43 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1),respectively. The critical flux and fouling resistances indicated that the fouling propensity increases with the increase of membrane pore size. Two pilot membrane modules with mean pore size of 25 nm and 60 nm were applied in membrane filtration of surface water treatment. The results showed that serious irreversible membrane fouling occurred on the membrane with pore size of 60 nm at the permeate flux of40.5 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1).On the other hand, membrane with pore size of 25 nm exhibited much better anti-fouling performance when permeate flux was set to 40.5,48 and 60 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1).     

两级序批式MBR膜污染控制方法研究

针对MBR在实际应用过程中存在的同步脱氮除磷效果不佳、膜污染严重等问题,提出两级序批式MBR工艺,对该工艺的膜污染影响因素及控制方法进行了试验研究.结果表明,在MBR中保持适宜的污泥质量浓度对于膜污染的控制有重要的作用,当污泥质量浓度稳定在6～7g·L~(-1)时,膜比流量基本稳定,随着污泥质量浓度的增加,膜比流量逐步降低,当污泥质量浓度超过10g·L~(-1)以后,膜比流量直线下降;投加PAC至1 g·L~(-1)可以增加污泥粒径,减少大分子有机物在膜表面沉积,从而有助于延缓膜污染;序批式间歇运行与空曝相结合的运行方式可以有效降低泥饼层污染及凝胶层污染,使系统在更高膜通量下运行,而膜污染速率却远低于连续流单级好氧MBR系统.     

Structural effects of ion‐exchange membrane on the separation of L‐phenylalanine (L‐Phe) from fermentation broth using electrodialysis

The effects of membrane structure on the separation of L ‐phenylalanine (L ‐Phe) by electrodialysis from a fermentation broth and on the fouling tendency were investigated in this study. Two anion‐exchange membranes (Neosepta AFX and AM‐1, Tokuyama, Japan) were selected and characterized using the chronopotentiometry method. For a fresh membrane, AFX showed a lower electrical resistance and a lower permselectivity than AM‐1. After being fouled with humic acid, however, the electrical resistance of AFX was higher than that of AM‐1. The L ‐Phe selectivities for both membranes were lower than those of the fresh membranes. The result may be attributed to the structural difference between AFX and AM‐1 membranes. AFX has a lower repulsion force against the co‐ion and could be more strongly affected by the foulants than AM‐1 because AFX has a more porous structure than AM‐1. Experiments on the separation of L ‐Phe from the fermentation broth were carried out using two different stack configurations, ie desalting electrodialysis and water‐splitting electrodialysis. It was observed that the recovery efficiency of L ‐Phe through electrodialysis for 100 min reached 95% for AFX and 85% for AM‐1. In the desalting configuration of electrodialysis, the solution pH must be adjusted to alkaline conditions to recover the L ‐Phe through the anion‐exchange membrane. On the contrary, it was possible to recover the L ‐Phe without adjustment of the solution pH in the water‐splitting electrodialysis because OH^? generated from the bipolar membrane converted neutral L ‐Phe into an anion. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

A study on fouling mitigation using pulsing electric fields in electrodialysis of lactate containing BSA

Fouling tendency in electrodialysis was investigated using the electrochemical and physical properties of the foulants and ion exchange membranes. It was found that bovine serum albumin (BSA), a large molecular weight protein, fouled the AMX membrane irreversibly by deposition on the membrane surface. Electrodialysis experiments of lactate with 1.0 wt% of BSA were performed using the square wave powers at different frequencies to examine the pulsing power influences as a fouling mitigation method, and the results were compared with the data obtained using the DC power. Reduced fouling potentials were observed when the square wave powers were used in the electrodialysis of lactate and confirmed the membrane fouling index for electrodialysis (EDMFI). The pulsing electric fields enhanced the mobility of the charged particles in the fouling layer and decreased the electric resistance of the electrodialysis cell. It was clearly observed that the pulsing electric fields with different frequencies reduced the fouling potentials, and consequently the power consumption was reduced significantly as a fouling mitigation method.