几种因素对快速点磨削表面粗糙度的影响

分析了点磨削加工表面形貌及其精度的几种影响因素.研究发现:砂轮速度和磨削深度对表面粗糙度的影响都可归结为未变形切屑厚度的改变.减小点磨削倾斜角,可以减小未变形切屑厚度,从而得到理想的表面粗糙度.加大磨削深度和轴向进给量可提高材料去除率,但会造成粗糙度增大.这可归结为砂轮有效磨粒数的减少导致工件的表面粗糙度降低.点磨削通过改变倾斜角大小来增加参与磨削的有效磨粒数,保证高材料去除率的同时获得良好表面质量.增加光磨次数和应用倾斜型砂轮都增加了磨粒和工件表面轮廓突峰的接触次数,对于改善表面粗糙度十分有益.     

Influence of surface topography evolution of grinding wheel on the optimal material removal rate in grinding process of cemented carbide

Most of the reported studies on the optimization of grinding parameters do not consider the evolution of the surface topography of grinding wheels, and the established empirical models will no longer apply when the surface conditions of the grinding wheel changes. In this paper, an integrated model based on the surface topography of grinding wheel is established. The grinding process of cemented carbide is simulated using the established model, and the simulation results are analyzed to obtain the surface roughness model and the specific grinding energy model based on the undeformed chip thickness distribution. Subsequently, the grinding constraint models are defined according to the two grinding constraints—surface roughness and specific grinding energy. Through inversion analysis, the maximum material removal rate of the given grinding wheel surface conditions satisfying the defined grinding constraints are obtained, and the influence rules of the grinding wheel surface conditions on the maximum material removal rate are analyzed. Then the grinding wheel surface conditions are adjusted by changing the radial dressed height of the grinding wheel and the arrangement distance of the grains in wheel circumferential direction to improve the maximum material removal rate of the grinding wheel. Finally, the optimization results are verified through grinding tests of cemented carbide.     

Experimental study on grinding force and grinding temperature of Aermet 100 steel in surface grinding

This paper investigates grinding force and grinding temperature of ultra-high strength steel Aermet 100 in conventional surface grinding using a single alumina wheel, a white alumina wheel and a cubic boron nitride wheel. First, mathematical models of grinding force and grinding temperature for three wheels were established. Then, the role of chip formation force and friction force in grinding force was investigated and thermal distribution in contact zone between workpiece and wheel was analyzed based on the mathematical model. The experimental result indicated that the minimum grinding force and the maximum grinding force ratio under the same grinding parameters can be achieved when using a CBN wheel and a single alumina wheel, respectively. When the phenomenon of large grinding force and high grinding temperature appeared, the workpiece material would adhere locally to the single alumina wheel. Grinding temperature was in a high state under the effect of two main aspects: poor thermal properties of grinding wheel and low coolant efficiency. The predicted value of grinding force and grinding temperature were compared with those experimentally obtained and the results show a reasonable agreement.     

Characterization of the grinding process by acoustic emission

The properties of a ground surface can be estimated on-line during manufacturing based on the analysis of acoustic signals emitted by the grinding process. This possibility is demonstrated using an experimental system comprising an external grinding machine, a data acquisition unit and an artificial neural network. In the initial phase of system application, an empirical model of the grinding process is formed in the memory of the neural network by self-organized learning driven by empirical data consisting of the acoustic emission spectrum and a surface roughness correlation function. After learning, the system applies the model to estimate the correlation function of the surface profile from the input acoustic emission spectrum. For this purpose, non-parametric regression, based on the conditional average estimator, is utilized. Experiments were done on the grinding of hardened steel workpieces by a corundum wheel. During formation of the model, the surface profile and its correlation function were determined off-line, while in testing system performance the surface correlation function was estimated on-line from the acoustic emission spectrum. With respect to the estimation error, three characteristic periods of the process were observed corresponding to grinding with a newly dressed, slightly worn, and worn out wheel. The best estimation is obtained during grinding by a slightly worn wheel.     

High-performance dry grinding using a grinding wheel with a defined grain pattern

This paper presents the potential of a superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel with a defined grain pattern for dry surface grinding operations. The grinding wheel's grain pattern is developed by kinematic simulation with special focus on the undeformed chip thickness. Current experimental investigations of dry grinding operations of hardened heat-treated steel are carried out with a material removal rate of Q^′w=70 mm³/mm s. The measured grinding forces, workpiece temperatures, as well as workpiece surface quality and workpiece integrity are compared to wet grinding and a standard superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel as a reference process.     

Modeling and prediction of surface roughness in ceramic grinding

Surface quality of workpiece during ceramic grinding is an ever-increasing concern in industries now-a-days. Every industry cares to produce products with supposedly better surface finish. The importance of the surface finish of a product depends upon its functional requirements. Since surface finish is governed by many factors, its experimental determination is laborious and time consuming. So the establishment of a model for the reliable prediction of surface roughness is still a key issue for ceramic grinding. In this study, a new analytical surface roughness model is developed on the basis of stochastic nature of the grinding process, governed mainly by the random geometry and the random distribution of cutting edges on the wheel surface having random grain protrusion heights. A simple relationship between the surface roughness and the chip thickness was obtained, which was validated by the experimental results of silicon carbide grinding.     

Fundamental Dependencies upon Contact Lengths and Results in Grinding

The engagement of wheel and workpiece is one of the major factors influencing the grinding process and the accuracy of the ground surface. Beside these characteristics, grinding forces and wheel wear also depend on the contact length as a basic parameter in wheel-workpiece contact.For different grinding operations relationships between geometric and kinematic setting parameters, contact lengths and results in grinding will be shown up. Grinding forces, wheel wear, surface roughness and stressing of the wheel are described by special quantities related to the engagement of a single cutting edge, for instance the mean chip thickness or the mean cutting length per cutting edge. Using these quantities it will be demonstrated to compare results obtained by different grinding operations.     

Experimental investigation of surface/subsurface damage formation and material removal mechanisms in SiC grinding

The difficulty and cost involved in the abrasive machining of hard and brittle ceramics are among the major impediments to the widespread use of advanced ceramics in industries these days. It is often desired to increase the machining rate while maintaining the desired surface integrity. The success of this approach, however, relies in the understanding of mechanism of material removal on the microstructural scale and the relationship between the grinding characteristics and formation of surface/subsurface machining-induced damage. In this paper, grinding characteristics, surface integrity and material removal mechanisms of SiC ground with diamond wheel on surface grinding machine have been investigated. The surface and subsurface damages have been studied with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effects of grinding conditions on surface/subsurface damage have been discussed. This research links the surface roughness, surface and subsurface damages to grinding parameters and provides valuable insights into the material removal mechanism and the dependence of grinding-induced damage on grinding conditions.     

刚玉砂轮缓进深切磨削K444镍基高温合金研究

为评价K444高温合金的磨削加工性能,采用棕刚玉砂轮和白刚玉砂轮进行磨削试验,对比分析其磨削力、磨削比能、磨削工件的表面形貌和表面粗糙度以及砂轮磨损.结果表明:相比于白刚玉砂轮,棕刚玉砂轮的磨削力更小,磨削后工件表面粗糙度低,其表面粗糙度Ra在0.206～0.455μm,更易获得光滑的磨削表面.对表面粗糙度的敏感度分析...     

A study on the grindability of multidirectional carbon fibre-reinforced plastics

This work studied the grindability of the multidirectional carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites with the panel layup of [(0°/90°/45°/−45°)₃]_s. Focuses were on the chip formation, material removal mechanism, ground surface features and grinding force characteristics. The results were systematically compared with the unidirectional CFRP composites. It was found that the grinding forces for the multidirectional composites increase nearly linearly with raising the grinding depth. The chips produced showed a mixture of fine powder and broken fibres of various lengths. This is different from grinding the unidirectional fibre-reinforced composites, where the geometry of chips was mainly dependent on the fibre orientations. The longitudinal surface roughness of ground multidirectional composites varied strongly with the local fibre orientations. Severe damages, such as fibre pullout, were observed with the plies of [−45°].     

Grinding of silicon wafers using an ultrafine diamond wheel of a hybrid bond material

An ultrafine diamond wheel of a mesh size of 12,000 was fabricated by using a hybrid bond material, which consists of silicon carbide, silica and alumina. The employment of the newly developed wheel enabled excellent performance during grinding of silicon wafers. An extremely smooth surface of an average roughness of 0.6 nm was achieved. TEM examinations showed that the total thickness of the defected layer was less than 60 nm.     

Performance evaluation of Ti–6Al–4V grinding using chip formation and coefficient of friction under the influence of nanofluids

Nanofluid, fluid suspensions of nanometer sized particles are revolutionizing the field of heat transfer area. Addition of nano-particles to the base fluid also alters the lubricating properties by reducing the friction. In grinding process, friction between the abrasive grains and the workpiece is a key issue governing the main grinding output. It has a direct influence on grinding force, power, specific energy and wheel wear. Moreover, high friction force increases the heat generation and lead to thermal damage in the surface layer of the ground work. Hence, any effort towards the friction control will enhance the component quality significantly. In this study, nanofluid as metal working fluid (MWF) is made by adding 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1% volume concentration of Al₂O₃ and CuO nano-particles to the water during the surface grinding of Ti–6Al–4V in minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) mode. Surface integrity of ground surface, morphology of the wheel, and chip formation characteristics are studied using surface profilometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and stereo zoom microscopy (SZM). Coefficient of friction was estimated On-Machine using the measured forces. The results showed that the type of nanoparticle and its concentration in base fluid and the MQL flow rate play a significant role in reducing friction. Application of nanofluid leads to the reduction of tangential forces and grinding zone temperature. The cooling effect is also evident from the short C-type chip formation. MQL application with Al₂O₃ nanofluid helps in effective flushing of chip material from the grinding zone, thereby solving the main problem during the grinding of Ti–6Al–4V.     

金刚石砂轮磨削铁氧体的表面粗糙度与形貌分析

本文研究了树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮磨削铁氧体材料时,磨削深度、工件进给速度对磨削表面粗糙度和材料去除方式的影响规律,以此探索提高铁氧体磨削表面质量的有效途径。采用单因素法设计试验方案对铁氧体进行磨削,测量表面粗糙度数据并对其进行方差分析,对铁氧体磨削表面形貌进行观察。结果表明：随着磨削深度、工件进给速度的增加,表面粗糙度值升高,同时表面塑性痕迹减少,脆性断裂痕迹增加,且磨削深度对表面粗糙度的影响要比工件进给速度的更显著,因此,制定磨削工艺时,考虑到粗磨为了提高效率,降低表面损伤,优化得到磨削工艺为磨削深度5μm,工件进给速度10 m/min;精磨为了获得较低的表面粗糙度,采用磨削深度5μm、工件进给速度为5 m/min,可以提高磨削表面延展性。     

Investigation of grinding modes in horizontal surface grinding of optical glass BK7

Grinding is one of the most important processes to manufacture hard-brittle materials such as optical glass. It is often desired to increase the material removal rate while maintaining the desired surface quality. The success of this approach relies on the better understanding of the relationship between the grinding modes and the characteristics of surface and subsurface integrities. Based on the kinematic analysis of horizontal surface grinding as well as the features of grinding-induced cracks, four grinding modes were proposed. They are brittle mode, semi-brittle mode, semi-ductile mode and ductile mode. The horizontal surface grinding of optical glass BK7 has been studied using diamond grinding wheel. The four different grinding modes have been investigated with the characteristics of surface morphologies before and after etching, surface roughness, subsurface damages as well as indentation depth. It was found that the level of surface roughness and depth of subsurface damage were strongly dependent on grinding mode. This study provides valuable insights into the material removal mechanism and the dependence of surface and subsurface integrities on grinding mode.     

仿鸟羽结构自润滑金刚石砂轮磨削碳化硅陶瓷实验研究

目的 减少金刚石砂轮磨削工程陶瓷材料时的砂轮磨损，改善加工表面质量。方法 以人造金刚石为磨料，青铜结合剂为黏结剂，加入一定质量分数的二硫化钼和二氧化钛纳米颗粒作为填充材料，制备出青铜结合剂自润滑金刚石砂轮。利用脉冲激光在金刚石砂轮表面烧蚀出经设计的仿鸟羽减阻几何结构，得到新型仿鸟羽结构自润滑金刚石砂轮。制备了4种不同工况砂轮，传统青铜金刚石砂轮（TGW）、纳米自润滑金刚石砂轮（NGW）、仿鸟羽结构化金刚石砂轮（FGW）、仿鸟羽结构化纳米自润滑金刚石砂轮（FNGW）以对比其磨削性能差异。开展Si C陶瓷磨削实验，研究FNGW磨削机理。从磨削力、表面质量、砂轮磨损3个方面评价FNGW磨削性能。结果 纳米颗粒的加入不会降低砂轮力学性能，砂轮表面的仿鸟羽结构激光成型烧蚀质量较高，对未烧蚀区域没有影响。与TGW相比，FGW除工件表面粗糙度值Ra与砂轮磨损有略微改善外，其他磨削性能都有明显提升。NGW磨削性能都有所提升，但提升效果不太明显。结合二者优势的FNGW，其各磨削性能都有显著提升。其中磨削力最大降低了65.1%，工件表面粗糙度值Ra最大降低了21.5%，砂轮磨损明显减少，有效提升了砂轮的使...     

Surface Generation with Engineered Diamond Grinding Wheels: Insights from Simulation

Engineered wheels are a recent innovative development towards consistent and exceptional performance in fine grinding operations. Abrasive grains in an engineered wheel are positioned in a specific spatial pattern, as opposed to random locations in a conventional wheel. The present work relates to the formulation of a theoretical framework for the design of engineered wheels In terms of maximizing their performance with respect to their surface generation characteristics. Computer simulations Indicate that: (I) The distribution of abrasive protrusion height, rather than Its absolute maximum value, determines the roughness of the ground surface and controls the associated variability, and therefore by tailoring the distribution appropriately, the performance of the wheel can be improved significantly, (II) With an ordered arrangement of abrasive grains, the finish obtained is a strong function of the axial offset between adjacent rows of grains, but the best finish achieved thus is only on the order of that obtained with a conventional wheel, and (III) The effect of grain shape on the roughness of the ground surface is comparable to the Inherent process variability.     

凸轮轴摆动磨削几何学建模及分析

为研究摆动磨削工艺对表面质量的影响机制,基于恒线速度磨削工艺,分析凸轮旋转一周时凸轮轴角速度和角加速度、砂轮进给速度和加速度的变化规律;对比分析摆动磨削与常规磨削时的接触长度和最大未变形磨屑厚度。结果表明：在不同的凸轮基圆速度下,凸轮轴转动的角速度和角加速度、砂轮进给速度和加速度呈线性增长趋势;摆动磨削可改善磨削表面的质量,且改善效果受磨削参数的影响;磨削深度对磨削表面质量有弱化作用;适当提高砂轮直径、砂轮转速、凸轮速度、摆动幅度、摆动频率可提高磨削表面质量。     

Study on the grinding of advanced ceramics with slotted diamond wheels

Slotted diamond wheel grinding is a new machining technology. In this paper, an experimental study on the cutting force and the grinding temperature for ceramic face grinding using slotted diamond wheels is presented. Moreover, the empirical relationships related with the material removal rate, the surface roughness, the depth of cut, the wheel speed and the grain size are discussed. With these relationships, a temperature field for face grinding has been built. The work contributes to the fundamental theories for optimal design of slotted diamond wheels.     

An experimental study on grinding of silicon carbide reinforced aluminium alloys

This paper presents the results of an experimental research on the grinding of metal matrix composites. The aim of the investigation is to enhance the knowledge about the machinability of some aluminium alloys reinforced with SiC of different shape (powder or whiskers) and content. Investigations on chip morphology, ground surfaces and trend of forces acquired during the grinding process were carried out. The results show that the presence of the reinforcement enhances the machinability in terms of both surface roughness and lower tendency to clog the grinding wheel, when compared to a non-reinforced Al alloy. Particle-reinforced composites exhibit a linear relationship between the roughness of the ground surface and the average hardness of the material. Whisker-reinforced composites show higher roughness values than particulate composites. Data of grinding forces obtained under different machining conditions are reported which permit the evaluation of the specific cutting energy.