Forming limit of magnesium alloy at elevated temperatures for precision forging

Workability of magnesium alloy (ZK60) is investigated by the upsettability test and the results are applied to precision backward extrusion at elevated temperatures. In the upsettability test, cylindrical billets are compressed with concentrically grooved tools at a temperature range of 100–400 °C to obtain the critical reductions in height due to cracking and the flow curves. In backward extrusion, the container is heated to the same temperature as the billet, and the cups are formed with a mechanical press without using lubricant at temperatures from 100 to 300 °C. The finite element simulation is conducted to determine the limit of forging with two fracture criteria.It is found that the billet is brittle at temperatures lower than 200 °C. A transient phenomenon is observed at 200 °C: the specimen is fractured at a small strain in the upsettability test, while the cups are extruded without cracks at extrusion ratios greater than 3.7. The Mg alloy shows an excellent workability at temperatures from 250 to 400 °C. Temperatures higher than 400 °C are not suitable for forming of the Mg alloy because of heavy oxidation. The fracture criterion expressed by the maximum tensile stress is effectively used for predicting the forming limit of the Mg alloy at temperatures between 100 and 200 °C.     

Al2O3sf/AZ91D-Y镁基复合材料二次重熔及等温压缩研究

为了推动半固态加工在镁基复合材料成形中的应用,采用液态浸渗法制备出体积分数为10%的Al2O3sf/AZ91D-Y镁基复合材料,并采用等径道角挤压对镁基复合材料进行了形变诱导。再对镁基复合材料进行了二次重熔,并采用等温压缩实验对镁基复合材料在半固态下的力学性能进行了研究。研究表明：在550℃和560℃时延长保温时间有利于组织的球化,在560℃比550℃时,更加能促进晶粒的结晶球化;在相同的应变速率下,压缩变形时的峰值应力随着加热温度升高而降低;在相同的加热温度下,应变速率越大,峰值应力越大。     

Thixoforming of EN AW-2014 alloy at high solid fraction

EN AW-2014 extruded alloy slugs were thixoformed at 615 °C where the solid fraction is estimated to be 80%. The recrystallization process occurred during heating to the thixoforming temperature, between 550 °C and 600 °C, well above the solidus temperature owing to the pinning of grain boundaries by Al₂Cu precipitates. The equiaxed polygonal grains thus obtained have become increasingly globular upon soaking. Si was enriched in the grain boundaries during soaking while the solid solution matrix was gradually depleted off Cu. The grain boundary composition has moved closer to that of the Al-Cu-Si ternary eutectic with a lower melting point than the binary Al-Cu eutectic, facilitating grain boundary melting. The liquid phase has then penetrated between the grains, forming a more or less continous intergranular network. Microstructural features essential for forming in the semi-solid state were obtained after about 10 min at 615 °C. The subsequent forming process has occurred in the semi-solid state with no evidence of grain deformation. The thixoformed EN AW-2014 part was solutionized at 500 °C for 2 h and was subsequently quenched in water. Artificial ageing at 160 °C has produced hardness values as high as 160 HV after only 8 h. It is concluded that the high strength wrought EN AW-2014 alloy feedstock processed by the RAP route respond to a thixoforming operation in a very favorable fashion.     

热处理工艺对10B38钢组织性能的影响

研究了热处理工艺对10B38钢微观组织、力学性能以及低温冲击韧性的影响。结果表明：随淬火温度的升高,淬火硬度呈先上升后降低的趋势,在870 ℃时,淬火硬度最大;随着回火温度的升高,马氏体晶界及晶面逐渐有碳化物析出,组织中碳化物由片状连续不均匀分布变为颗粒状弥散分布;抗拉强度与屈服强度都随回火温度的升高而下降,断面收缩率及断后伸长率随回火温度的升高而增加;在350～450 ℃温度区间,冲击功随回火温度升高稳定增加,回火温度在550 ℃以上时,冲击功急速升高,10B38钢经油淬后在550～650 ℃区间回火能够同时满足强度和冲击功的要求。     

固溶时效对半固态挤压SiC/AZ91D组织与性能的影响

为了获得综合力学性能良好的镁基复合材料,采用近液相线保温法制备10 μm 15％SiC/AZ91D(质量分数)半固态坯料进行半固态挤压后得到其复合材料,再经过415℃固溶处理24 h(T4)和进一步220℃时效处理8 h(T6).结果表明:随着固溶时效的进行,晶界处的层片状和点状Mg17Al12相溶解,然后在晶粒中二次...     

触变模锻成形工艺对镁合金成形件力学性能的影响

采用半固态等温热处理法、近液相线模锻法和等通道角挤压法制备AZ91D—Y镁合金半固态坯料。分别将3种状态的坯料加热到半固态温度区间进行二次重熔后,进行了触变模锻成形。结果表明,在半固态温度为560℃,模锻压力为200MPa的条件下,半固态等温热处理法、近液相线模锻法和等通道角挤压法制备坯料分别保温30,20,15min后触变模锻获得最佳力学性能;随着坯料加热温度的升高,触变模锻成形件力学性能呈现先上升后下降的趋势;增加成形压力有利于触变模锻成形件力学性能的提高;在相同成形条件下,等通道角挤压法制备坯料触变模锻后的力学性能最好,近液相线模锻法次之,半固态等温热处理法较差。     

Evolution of microstructure and hardness of AE42 alloy after heat treatments

The AE42 magnesium alloy was developed for high pressure die casting (HPDC) from low-aluminum magnesium alloys. In this alloy the rare earth (RE) elements were shown to increase creep resistance by forming Al_xRE_y intermetallics along the grain boundaries. The present work investigates the microstructure of squeeze cast AE42 magnesium alloy and evaluates its hardness before and after heat treatments. The change in hardness is discussed based on the microstructural observations. Some suggestions are given concerning future design of alloy compositions in order to improve high temperature creep properties even further. It is shown that the microstructure of the squeeze-cast AE42 alloy is stable at high temperature 450 °C. The subsequent solution and ageing treatments have a limited effect on the hardness. The weak age-hardening is attributed to the precipitation of small amount of Mg₁₇Al₁₂-phase with the use of about 0.7 wt.% aluminum. The heat treatment to achieve a maximum increase in the hardness is: solution treatment at 450 °C for 5–10 h followed by an ageing treatment at 190–220 °C for about 5 h.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of the extruded Mg-4Y-2Gd-xZn-0.4Zr alloys

Microstructures and mechanical properties of the Mg-4Y-2Gd-0.4Zr alloy with Zn additions have been investigated. The investigation suggests that the mechanical properties of the alloys have been greatly improved after hot extrusion due to the refinement of microstructures, especially the elongations. The extruded Mg-4Y-2Gd-1.0Zn-0.4Zr alloy displays excellent tensile properties. The ultimate tensile strength and the yield tensile strength are 291 and 228 MPa, respectively, with an elongation of 28%. The additions of Zn have an obvious effect on refining microstructure of the extruded alloys, and the vicker hardness increases with increasing Zn additions. The age hardening responses of the extruded alloys have been investigated at 220 °C. These alloys display unobvious ageing hardness responses.     

Preparation of semi-solid billet of magnesium alloy and its thixoforming

Preparation of semi-solid billet of magnesium alloy and thixoforming was investigated by applying equal channel angularextrusion to magnesium alloy.The results show that mechanical properties of AZ91D alloy at room temperature,such as yieldstrength(YS),ultimate tensile strength(UTS)and elongation,are enhanced greatly by four-pass equal channel angularextrusion(ECAE)at 573 K and microstructure of AZ91D alloy is refined to the average grain size of 20μm.Through using ECAE asstrain induced step in SIMA and completing melt activated step by semi-solid isothermal treatment,semi-solid billet with finespheroidal grains of 25μm can be prepared successfully.Compared with common SIMA,thixoformed satellite angle framecomponents using semi-solid billet prepared by new SIMA have higher mechanical properties at room temperature and hightemperature of 373 K.     

On microstructure and performance of tempered high-boron high-speed steel roll

Influences of the tempering temperature on the microstructure,mechanical property and wear resistance of High-Boron High Speed Steel (HBHSS) roll materials were investigated by means of optical microsc...     

Microstructural evolution and tensile mechanical properties of thixoformed AZ91D magnesium alloy with the addition of yttrium

The microstructure evolution of AZ91D magnesium alloy in the semi-solid state has been proposed or reported in previous literature. However, no detailed investigation has been conducted regarding the relationship between the microstructure and tensile mechanical properties of the thixoformed AZ91D magnesium alloy. In this paper, the microstructure of AZ91D alloy with the addition of yttrium was produced by the semi-solid thermal transformation (SSTT) route and the strain-induced melt activation (SIMA) route, respectively. Isothermal holding experiments investigated grain coarsening and the degree of spheroidization as a function of holding time in the semi-solid state. The SSTT route and the SIMA route were used to obtain the semi-solid feedstock for thixoforming. The results show that solid particles of the SSTT alloy are spheroidized to some extent but the previous irregular shape is still obvious in some of them. While the SIMA alloy exhibits ideal, fine microstructure, in which completely spheroidized solid particles contain little entrapped liquid. The microstructure of the SSTT alloy is less spheroidized compared with the SIMA alloy under the similar isothermal holding condition. As the holding time increases, the mean solid particle size of the SSTT alloy decreases initially, then increases, while the mean solid particle size of the SIMA alloy increases monotonously at 560 °C. Compared with the SSTT alloy, the SIMA alloy obtains finer grains under the similar isothermal holding condition. The mechanical properties of the thixoformed AZ91D alloy with the addition of yttrium produced by the SIMA route are better than those of the thixoformed alloy produced by the SSTT route. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation for the thixoformed alloy produced by the SIMA route are 303.1 MPa, 147.6 MPa and 13.27%, respectively. The tensile properties for the AZ91D alloy with the addition of yttrium thixoformed from starting material produced by the SIMA route are better than those of the AZ91D alloy with the addition of yttrium thixoformed from starting material produced by the SSTT route.     

铝合金叶轮半固态锻造成形技术研究

研究了7A09铝合金叶轮的半固态精密锻造成形,提出了直接加热-等温处理制备大直径半固态组织坯料的工艺方法,探讨了大直径坯料组织制备中应该注意的问题.采用数值模拟对叶轮的半固态成形过程及主要工艺参数的影响进行了分析,并以分析结果为依据实现了叶轮的半固态锻造成形.对半固态成形锻件的热处理工艺进行了研究,获得了良好的综合力学性能指标,即:抗拉强度≥500 MPa,伸长率≥9％,硬度(HB)≥160.     

Dependence of Microstructure, Texture and Tensile Properties on Working Conditions in Indirect-Extruded Mg-6Sn Alloys

通过光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和电子材料试验机研究了反向挤压Mg-6Sn合金的组织、织构和拉伸性能与挤压条件（挤压速度和初始坯料温度）间的依赖关系。研究结果表明：反向挤压 Mg-6Sn 合金的晶粒尺寸、再结晶体积分数和动态析出第二相体积分数在很大程度上取决于反向挤压参数,随着挤压速度和初始坯料温度的升高,合金的织构强度减弱。通过控制挤压速度和初始坯料温度,经高温挤压后的合金表现出最高的抗拉强度。对于商业 AZ31 镁合金而言,合金的强度随着挤压温度的升高而降低。本研究的 Mg-6Sn 合金经高温挤压后的抗拉强度和经低温挤压后的 AZ31 合金相当。上述研究结果表明 Mg-6Sn 合金是一种适合于高速度挤压的新型合金系。     

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of semi-solid squeeze casting AZ91D

Semi-solid AZ91D magnesium alloy billets were prepared by near-liquidus heat holding. Semi-solid squeeze casting was conducted at 575, 585 and 595 ℃, respectively, with 1 mm·s~(-1) squeeze speed. The semisolid squeeze casting AZ91D samples were heat treated by T4(solution at 415 ℃ for 24 h) and T6(solution at 415 ℃ for 24 h + 220 ℃ for 8 h) processes, respectively. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy in different states were investigated by means of OM, SEM and tensile testing machine. The results show that compared to as-cast alloy, the grain size of the semi-solid squeezed AZ91D decreased significantly, and with the increase of semi-solid squeeze temperature, the grain size of AZ91D increased. The grains of the alloy were refined by T4 treatment, and further refined by T6 treatment. T6 treatment greatly improved the tensile strength, elongation, and hardness, but did not significantly improve yield strength. After 575 ℃ squeeze casting and T6 treatment, the ultimate tensile strength(UTS) reached 285 MPa, the elongation reached 13.36%, and the hardness also reached the maximum(106.8 HV), but the yield strength(YS) was only 180 MPa. During the process of semi-solid squeeze casting and heat treatment, the matrix grain was refined and a large number of precipitated and secondary precipitated phases of Mg_(17)Al_(12) appeared. Both the average size of matrix grain and secondary precipitated phase decreased, while the volume fraction of secondary precipitated phase increased. All these resulted in high tensile strength, elongation and hardness.     

Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of α-Al2O3 submicron ceramics pressureless sintered at different temperatures: Improvement in mechanical properties for use in total hip arthroplasty (THA)

The effect of hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) on as-sintered α-Al₂O₃ ceramics for total hip arthroplasty (THA) was investigated. The sinterability of these powders and the minimum temperature required to obtain closed porosity have been determined by pressureless sintering in air at temperatures between 1280 and 1460 °C for 2 h. Temperatures of 1300 and 1325 °C and applied pressures of 150 MPa for 30 min were utilised in the HIP cycles. Densities >98% of the theoretical density (TD) have been obtained after HIPing, and the grain sizes previously obtained during pressureless sintering increased slightly during the HIP treatment. The microstructures before and after HIP treatments were observed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fracture toughness was obtained by the indentation fracture technique using a Vickers hardness tester at a load of 10 N with a dwell time of 15 s for all cases. The ceramics obtained at the lowest HIP temperature (1300 °C) presented a grain size of 0.62 ± 0.04 μm, hardness of 20.5 ± 0.6 GPa, and fracture toughness of 4.8 ± 0.3 MPa m^1/2. The reported values were higher than those obtained by other authors and were in concordance with international standards that could make these ceramics available as a replacement for metal-on-polyethylene in orthopaedic surgery.     

Structural and mechanical stability of the nano-crystalline Ni–Ti (50.9 at.% Ni) shape memory alloy during short-term heat treatments

In this study, the nano-crystalline Nitinol (50.9 at.% Ni) was prepared by 40% cold deformation. Subsequently it was subjected to 15-min-heat treatments at 300–550 °C. Changes of the structure and mechanical properties were studied by transmission electron microscopy, micro X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, Vickers hardness measurements, tensile and bend-type fatigue testing. It was shown that the cold drawn material contains textured nano-crystalline B2 grains of 50 nm in thickness and a high concentration of lattice defects. Its tensile strength, hardness and fatigue life were 1521 MPa, 421 HV0.05 and 2435 bending cycles to fracture, respectively. After heat-treatment up to 450 °C/15 min the material underwent Ni₄Ti₃ precipitation and partial recovery processes. Heat-treatments at above 450 °C induced recrystallization, grain and precipitate growth. Hardness and fatigue lives showed maxima of 692 HV0.05 and 5883 cycles, respectively, after heat-treatments at 450 °C/15 min. In contrast, both tensile strength and B2 → B19′ transformation stress decreased with increasing heat-treatment temperature, but a decrease of the tensile strength after heat-treatments at 300–450 °C was slow (tensile strength after heat-treatment at 450 °C/15 min was 1486 MPa). The observed variations of mechanical characteristics were discussed in relation to structural changes observed.     

Effects of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Cr–V–Mo steel processed by recrystallization and partial melting method

The phase segregation of semisolid processed products resulted in an inhomogeneous microstructure and poor mechanical properties of such products. Optimal subsequent heat treatments including quenching and tempering with various processing parameters were conducted to improve the quality of RAP (recrystallization and partial melting) processed Cr–V–Mo steel. The microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties, such as hardness, tensile strength, elongation, impact toughness, and resistance to high-temperature wear, of specimens subjected to various heat treatments were investigated. When the RAP-processed specimen was quenched from 1050 °C after isothermal holding for 480 s and then tempered twice at 560 °C for 2 h, microstructural evolution took placed in both former solid-phase and liquid-phase regions. The weakening of phase segregation, the redistribution of carbides, and the release of residual stress occurred during this heat treatment strategy caused a good combination of mechanical properties.     

挤压温度对γ-TiAl基合金组织与性能均匀性的影响

研究了挤压温度对TiAl合金变形组织与性能均匀性的影响。结果表明,TiAl合金挤压件芯部与边缘组织差异明显,芯部为粗大的近片层组织,边缘为细小的等轴近γ组织,这与变形温度和变形量分布不均匀有关。随着挤压温度升高,芯部残余片层晶粒减少,而再结晶片层晶粒增多。变形组织中等轴γ晶粒体积分数越多,片层晶粒尺寸越小,最终热处理态合金晶粒尺寸越小,室温伸长率越高。1280℃挤压棒材热处理组织较均匀,芯部与边缘室温伸长率差别较小。     

微波烧结工艺对钨基合金挤压棒坯显微组织及力学性能的影响

研究了微波烧结温度和时间对钨基合金挤压棒坯显微组织及力学性能的影响。采用高倍SEM和光学金相显微镜分别对合金断口和显微组织进行了形貌观察;对合金相对密度、抗拉强度、延伸率和硬度进行了测定和分析。结果表明:当微波烧结时间为30min时,随着烧结温度的升高,合金性能呈峰值变化,烧结温度为1550℃时,合金的力学性能达到极大值,相对密度、抗拉强度、延伸率和HRC硬度分别为98.3%、920MPa、9.7%和30.5;当微波烧结温度为1550℃时,随着烧结时间的延长,合金的力学性能先上升后下降;随着微波烧结温度的升高及微波烧结时间的延长,钨晶粒的尺寸逐渐增大。     

Microstructure Evolution of Semi-Solid 7075 Aluminum Alloy During Reheating Process

Microstructural evolution of semi-solid 7075 Al alloy manufactured by strain-induced melt activation (SIMA) process was investigated. The effects of different processing parameters, such as isothermal temperature and holding time on the semi-solid microstructures (the liquid volume fraction, average grain size, and degree of spheroidization of the solid particles) during partial remelting have been investigated on 7075 Al alloy that was extruded by an extrusion ratio of 20 before remelting. Experiments of remelting were carried out in the range of 560-610 °C for 10, 20, and 30 min holding time and then the specimens were quenched in cold water. Microstructure of quenched samples were observed under optical microscope and then analyzed via image analysis. The results showed that high semi-solid isothermal temperature would increase the liquid volume fraction and accelerate the spherical processing of the solid particles. Furthermore at long holding time, the globular grains coarsened slightly and the average grains size are increased. The experimental results showed that the optimum process parameters, should be chosen at isothermal temperature of 580 °C with the holding time, <30 min.