基于足端轨迹规划算法的液压四足机器人步态控制策略

设计一种液压四足机器人仿生机构,通过设定相应的坐标系为机器人进行运动学建模,并对行走过程中单腿的相位关系进行了分析。针对行走过程中足端的拖地、滑动和接触冲击等问题,提出一种零冲击的足端轨迹规划改进算法,并实现了步态规划算法设计。步态规划根据步态中各腿间的相位关系,借助四足机器人运动学模型进行逆运动学解算,求出各腿的关节角度函数,利用机构的几何关系得到各液压缸伸缩量控制函数,对试验样机各腿进行伺服驱动控制,从而实现液压四足机器人的步态规划行走。仿真试验结果表明,在该策略驱动控制下液压四足机器人行走过程连续平稳,样机足端轨迹较为平滑,躯干起伏较小,证明了该足端轨迹规划方法用于四足机器人步态设计的合理性和有效性。     

电液驱动六足机器人三维空间力学分析

建立了六足机器人的腿部机构三维空间模型,对其关节液压缸设计优化问题进行了讨论。接着进一步建立了腿部机构力学模型,通过对静力学分析得到了机器人稳定状态时各关节的输出力矩特性,同时采用拉格朗日方法对机器人单腿机构进行了动力学分析,得到了单腿结构在运动过程中各关节的输出力矩特性。最后根据动力学分析结果用ADAMS软件对单腿机构进行了足端轨迹和腿部位姿仿真,仿真结果验证了腿部结构的运动平稳性,为后续研究工作提供了理论支撑。     

四足机器人单自由度腿部优化设计及仿真

基于仿生原理的四足机器人是当今国内外众多学者研究的热点。针对四足机器人运动平稳性的要求,提出了一种竖直方向改进型等速运动规律和前进方向仿生运动规律相结合的无冲击足端轨迹形式,推导出分段函数表达式;针对四足机器人存在的驱动多、腿部刚度弱的情况,构思了一种由两个曲柄摇杆机构、同步带传动和一对外啮合圆柱齿轮传动组成的单自由度的新型腿部机构,并建立该机构的运动学模型,推导了其足端的坐标;综合利用遗传算法和非线性优化一般方法,以无冲击的足端轨迹的逼近度为目标,优化计算了机构各构件的最佳运动尺寸和初始位置;使用三维建模软件搭建简化的虚拟样机模型,并导入到Adams软件中进行了Trot步态仿真试验,运动效果达到了预期设计。所提出的无冲击轨迹可以为其他足式机器人的足端轨迹规划提供参考,由两个曲柄摇杆机构组成的多连杆腿部机构优化设计方法为足式机器人腿部设计提供了基础和创新思路。     

单自由度四足机器人腿部机构设计与分析

针对四足机器人腿部机构的自由度多导致传动控制复杂,腿部转动惯量大导致运动性能差,关节驱动换向导致冲击能耗大等问题,基于机构综合设计了一种由曲柄摇杆机构、四边形机构复合成的单自由度连杆式机器人腿部结构.采用解析法建立了腿部机构运动学模型,为实现足端迈步运动,规划了足端轨迹,并以足端轨迹运动为优化目标,建立了优化数学模型,运用MATLAB优化得到了腿部机构尺寸.在ADAMS软件中建立了机器人虚拟样机模型,采用对角步态仿真了机器人运动特性,验证了腿部机构设计的可行性.     

六足机器人步态规划与运动仿真

根据地震救援六足机器人的结构和参数,利用D-H理论方法,建立了机器人单腿的运动坐标系,采用高阶函数拟合机器人单腿足端轨迹,得到相应的单腿运动学模型。在MATLAB软件中编写运动学函数,对机器人腿部足端轨迹规划仿真,验证机器人关节的角度曲线、角速度和角加速度的变化范围,从而得到合理的足端轨迹,以期为后期的进一步分析提供一定的理论基础和依据。     

基于Simulink/SimMechanics的四足机器人足端轨迹规划及动态仿真分析

针对四足机器人在行走过程中,因摆动相与支撑相之间相互切换造成的足端与地面冲击、振动的问题,提出了一种基于改进型等速运动与叠加摆线运动复合的轨迹规划方法。首先对摆动相的足端在水平方向和竖直方向进行运动规律规划;然后,运用复合运动的方法规划足端轨迹在直角坐标空间中的运动轨迹方程,从而获得足端在直角坐标空间中的位置、速度、加速度等信息;最后,在Simulink中建立四足机器人的动态仿真模型,以四足机器人的Trot步态为例,仿真分析所提出的轨迹规划方法在笛卡尔直角坐标空间和关节坐标空间中的运动特性。仿真分析结果表明,基于改进型等速运动规律与叠加摆线运动规律复合的轨迹规划方法得到的轨迹曲线平滑连续,与复合摆线运动规律相比,在水平方向和竖直方向上都能较长时间保持匀速,整体运动平稳,此足端轨迹规划方法较理想。     

液压驱动单腿跳跃机器人柔顺着地分析与控制

为缓解液压驱动足式机器人动态步态行走时着地瞬间足端冲击对机器人系统及其运动控制的影响,提出了一种基于关节运动规划的机器人柔顺着地控制方法。以液压驱动单腿跳跃机器人为研究对象,分析机器人足端着地冲量,通过选择合适的机器人着地姿态和减小机器人着地前足端速度实现机器人柔顺着地,为此在空中相进行余弦速度曲线关节运动轨迹规划,以及着地相进行余弦函数关节运动轨迹规划。将该方法分别应用于基于MATLAB/Simulink软件建立的仿真模型和试验样机进行单腿竖直跳跃控制实验,仿真和试验结果显示采用该方法的机器人跳跃控制消除了足端着地瞬间地面作用力在膝关节液压缸无杆腔形成的液压冲击,实验结果表明提出的基于关节运动规划的机器人柔顺着地控制方法合理可行。     

基于过路径点的三次多项式插值函数的仿蜘蛛机器人足路径规划

针对复杂隧道环境中机器人的避障问题,提出使用过路径点的三次多项式插值算法对机器人足运动路径进行规划。设计了一个能在隧道空间灵活运动的18关节六足仿蜘蛛机器人,运用D-H建模方法对仿蜘蛛机器人足进行运动学建模,并推导了逆运动学方程式,基于蒙特卡洛法对足端可达空间进行仿真分析,并基于过路径点的三次多项式插值算法对机器人足避障轨迹进行路径规划仿真。仿真结果表明,在仿蜘蛛机器人足路径规划中应用过路径点的三次多项式插值方法能保证步行足运动动作的平滑性,从而避免了因力矩突变引起的冲击作用,同时足端能通过路径点以满足避障要求。     

少驱动六足机器人结构设计与轨迹优化

设计了一种具有良好稳定性和越障能力的少驱动六足机器人。对少驱动六足机器人的整体结构以及行走步态进行了分析,在此基础上建立了机器人足端点轨迹方程,得到了机器人行走和越障时足端点的运动要求。以六足机器人运动平稳性为目标函数,综合考虑杆长条件、传动性能、几何结构、越障条件和边界条件五类约束,建立了机器人足端轨迹优化模型。利用MATLAB优化工具箱的约束非线性函数fmincon对影响少驱动六足机器人足端轨迹曲线的参数进行优化,得到了满足运动特性要求的机器人腿部机构尺寸。通过对优化后得到的足端轨迹的分析,证明了少驱动六足机器人腿部机构的合理性,为后续六足机器人的研究与开发奠定了基础。     

新型仿生六足机器人自由步态中足端轨迹规划

设计了一种具有变形关节和轮式足端的新型仿生六足机器人,该机器人具备轮式、爬行、步行等运动模式,有较好的灵活性及环境适应能力。运用矢量法构建了机器人运动学模型,并利用几何关系对模型进行求解。对机器人沿给定的路径执行自由步态时机器人所允许的最大步幅进行了分析。基于不同的地形条件,规划了抛物线和直线-抛物线两种足端轨迹。仿真结果表明,机器人在沿给定的路径执行自由步态时,抛物线和直线-抛物线两种足端轨迹规划方法合理、可行。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.