Preparation and electrochemical properties of MgNi–MB (M = Co, Ti) composite alloys

Alloys MgNi–MB (M = Co, Ti) were successfully synthesized by means of mechanical alloying (MA). The XRD spectroscopy suggested that the alloys were amorphous. The discharge capacity and cycle life of these alloys were tested, showing that as borides were introduced, the cycling life of the alloys became much better than MgNi alloy. For instance, 10 h composite MgNi–CoB and MgNi–TiB retained 53.2% and 54.1% of the initial capacity after 30 cycles, while the MgNi alloy kept only 23.3%. The exchange impedance spectroscopy and the potentiodynamic polarization curves proved that the electrochemical properties of the composite alloys were improved significantly. MgNi–CoB was used as an example to study the mechanism of electrochemical hydrogen storage.     

Electrochemical Properties of MgNi-ZrB Hydrogen Storage Alloys

通过机械球磨法制备了一系列的Mg Ni、Zr B和Mg Ni-Zr B储氢合金。通过XRD、SEM、充放电性能、循环伏安、塔菲尔极化曲线、交流阻抗测试,研究了Zr B的添加对Mg Ni合金的储氢性能的影响。结果表面,Zr B的添加大大提高了Mg Ni合金的电化学性能。球磨15 h的Mg Ni-Zr B(100:5)复合物体现出最好的电化学性能,循环20周和50周时的放电容量分别为226和209 m Ah·g-1,远远高于Mg Ni合金的放电容量。动态极化曲线和交流阻抗测试显示Zr B的添加极大的提高了Mg Ni合金的抗腐蚀性能和电化学动力学性能。     

Electrochemical characteristics of an amorphous Mg0.9V0.1Ni alloy prepared by mechanical alloying

Electrochemical characteristics of an amorphous MgNi alloy with Mg partially substituted by V were investigated. A Mg_0.9V_0.1Ni alloy prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) exhibited much better cycle life than MgNi alloy. It was found that the partial substitution of Mg in MgNi with V could suppress the formation of Mg(OH)₂ on the alloy surface during the charge–discharge cycling in alkaline solution. This may have unveiled an important factor to improve cycle life of the Mg-based alloy for use in nickel–hydrogen batteries.     

Electrochemical hydrogen storage performance of AB<Subscript>5</Subscript>-CoB composites synthesized by a simple mixing method

AB₅ (MlNi_4.0Al_0.3Cu_0.5Zn_0.2) alloy and CoB alloy were prepared by arc melting. AB₅-CoB composites were synthesized by simple mixing of AB₅ alloy powders and CoB alloy powders, and their electrochemical hydrogen storage properties were studied as negative electrodes in KOH aqueous solution. The maximum discharge capacity of the AB₅-CoB(50%) composite (the content of CoB in the composite is 50 wt.%) reached 365.3 mAh·g⁻¹. After 100 charge-discharge cycles, the discharge capacity of the AB₅-CoB(50%) composite was still much higher than that of the AB₅ alloy. The high rate discharge capability (HRD) and potentiodynamic polarization were also tested.     

镁基复合贮氢合金的合成及其电化学性能

采用机械合金化法合成了NiB粉末，并将其与MgNi非晶态合金进行机械复合，研究了复合对MgNi贮氢合金电极结构及电化学性能的影响。XRD结构分析表明MgNi—NiB通过机械复合后形成了均一的非晶相。电化学性能测试表明：NiB的复合虽然使得MgNi合金电极的初始放电容量有所降低，但是大幅度地提高了电极的循环稳定性。     

Electrochemical characteristics of Mg2−xZrxNi (x = 0–0.6) electrode alloys prepared by mechanical alloying

The electrode alloys Mg_2−xZr_xNi (x = 0, 0.15, 0.3, 0.45 and 0.6) were prepared by mechanical alloying (MA). Mg in the alloy was partially substituted with Zr in order to improve the electrochemical characteristics of the Mg₂Ni-type alloy. The microstructures and the electrochemical characteristics of the experimental alloys were measured systemically. The effects of substituting Mg with Zr and MA technique on the microstructures and electrochemical performances of the alloys were investigated in detail. The results obtained by XRD, SEM and TEM show that the substitution of Zr is favourable for the formation of an amorphous phase. For a fixed milling time, the amorphous phase in the alloy grows with increasing Zr content. The electrochemical measurement indicates that the substitution of Zr can dramatically enhance the discharge capacity with preferable cycle stability, and it markedly improves the discharge voltage characteristic of the alloys. For x ≤ 0.3, the discharge capacity of the alloys monotonically increases with milling time. But for x > 0.3, it has a maximum value with the change of milling time.     

Electrochemical characteristics of amorphous MgTixNi （x = 0,0.1, and 0.2） hydrogen storage alloys

MgTi _x Ni (x = 0, 0.1, and 0.2) alloys were successfully prepared by mechanical alloying (MA), and the influence of milling time on the electrochemical characteristics of the electrodes was discussed. MgTi _x Ni alloys after 90 h milling displayed the best electrochemical performance. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the alloy ball-milled for 90 h was amorphous with a widened diffraction peak. The charge-discharge tests indicated that these alloys had good electrochemical activation properties, and the MgTi_0.2Ni alloy electrode exhibited the best cycle performance. The initial discharge capacity of the MgTi_0.2Ni alloy reached up to 401.1 mAh·g⁻¹, and the retention rate of capacity was 31.0% after 30 cycles, much higher than that of MgNi (17.3%). The Tafel polarization curves revealed that Ti addition could enhance the anticorrosion performance of these alloys in alkali solution, which was responsible for the ameliorated cyclic stability of these alloy electrodes.     

球磨MgNi非晶储氢合金电化学性能的研究

采用机械合金化法,制备了MgNi非晶储氢合金。探讨了球磨生成非晶的机制。用SEM和XRD分析了合金的表面形貌和相组成。研究不同的球磨工艺如球料比、球径配比、转速以及球磨时间对合金电极电化学性能的影响。所制备的MgNi非晶合金电极的放电容量最高为450mAh/g,但是容量衰减较快。     

铸态及退火La1.9Ti0.1MgNi9合金的贮氢性能

采用磁悬浮感应熔炼及退火处理的方法,制备La1.9Ti0.1MgNi9合金。对合金样品的XRD、PCT和电化学测试表明,所有样品均由多相组成,LaNi5相为主相。当退火温度达到1173 K时,合金中LaMg2Ni9相消失,Ti2Ni相出现。退火处理能提高合金的晶化程度、降低吸放氢平台压。退火1073 K合金的有效吸氢量较高,在303 K时达到1.25% (质量分数)。La1.9Ti0.1MgNi9合金退火后,放电容量、循环稳定性以及高倍率放电性能得到极大改善,以1173 K退火合金电化学性能较好,其最大放电容量为377 mAh/g,1100 mA/g电流密度下的高倍率放电性能为0.839,经112次充放电循环后放电容量保持率为60%。     

Electrochemical hydrogen storage of NdMg12–Ni composites modified with carbon nanotubes and BN particles

In this work, the electrochemical performance of NdMg₁₂–Ni composite electrode in alkaline solution and the effect of the surface modification with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and boron nitride (BN) particles on the NdMg₁₂–Ni composite were investigated. The NdMg₁₂ alloy was synthesized by a salt-cover-melting and a subsequent quenching process. The NdMg₁₂–Ni–BN and NdMg₁₂–Ni–CNTs composites were prepared by ball-milling NdMg₁₂ alloy, Ni powders and CNTs or BN particles. It is found that CNTs or BN particles are mainly attached onto the surface of the NdMg₁₂–Ni composite after the ball-milling process. The electrochemical experiment results indicate that the NdMg₁₂–Ni composites modified with CNTs or BN particles have the improved electrochemical performance. In particular, the NdMg₁₂–Ni–5 wt.% CNTs and NdMg₁₂–Ni–3 wt.% BN composites have the higher initial discharge capacity of 416.6 mAh/g and 442.9 mAh/g, respectively, larger than the original NdMg₁₂–Ni composite. The large amount of grain boundaries and crystalline defects, induced during the ball-milling process, can accelerate the bulk hydrogen diffusion and provide more surface active sites for the electrochemical reaction of the composites. However, the cycle stability of the composites modified by CNTs or BN particles is still not satisfactory for the practical application.     

Al替代Mg对La2MgNi7.5Al1.5贮氢合金相结构和电化学性能的影响

采用X射线衍射、电子探针和电化学测试研究了La2Mg1-xAlxNi7.5Co1.5(x=0.0,0.1,0.3,0.5)合金的相结构和电化学性能.XRD结果和EPMA观察表明,少量的Al替代Mg(x=0.1)不改变La2MgNi7.5Co1.5合金的相组成,合金仍然由LaNi3相和αLa2Ni7相组成,然而La2Mg0.9Al0.1Ni7.5Co1.5合金中LaNi3相的丰度明显下降,αLa2Ni7相的丰度则增加,较多的Al替代Mg改变了La2MgNi7.5Co1.5合金的相组成并导致合金中LaNi3相消失,La2Mg1-xAlxNi7.5Co1.5合金中Al含量的变化对合金中不同相晶胞参数的影响不相同.此外,少量的Al替代Mg(x=0.1)几乎不降低La2MgNi7.5Co1.5合金的贮氢容量和最大电化学放电容量,但随La2Mg1-xAlxNi7.5Co1.5合金中Al含量的增加,合金的贮氢容量、最大电化学放电容量和活化性能不断下降,Al替代Mg能明显提高La2MgNi7.5Co1.5合金的电化学循环稳定性,对提高该合金电极的高倍率放电性能也是有利的.     

表面处理对镧镨铈贮氢合金电极电化学性能的影响

研究了硼氢化钾、次磷酸钠、热碱溶液处理等表面处理方法对镧镨铈(LPC)贮氢合金电极电化学性能影响.结果表明,在研究范围内,各种表面处理方法均明显改善电极的活化性能,提高初始放电容量;热碱处理的时间和温度对电化学性能影响很大;KBH4处理能明显改善循环稳定性,但降低最大容量;NaH2PO4处理能提高最大放电容量,但不利于循环稳定性的提高;综合比较,热碱处理的综合电化学性能最好,且工艺简单,成本低廉.     

复合储氢合金Mg1.8Zr0.2Ni- (1.2-x)Ni -xMgTi3结构和电化学性能研究

为改善Mg₂Ni储氢合金电化学性能,采用机械合金化法(Mechanical Alloying,MA),分别制备出改性合金Mg_1.8 Zr Ni以及MgTi₃,按一定比例和Ni混合球磨,制备出纳米晶或非晶化的Mg_1.8Zr_0.2Ni- (1.2-x)Ni -xMgTi₃复合储氢合金。研究结果表明,经部分取代改性和包覆修饰后的复合储氢合金,其表面和内部形成较多的纳米级褶皱、空隙层状和多相结构缺陷。随着MgTi₃含量增加,Mg_1.8Zr_0.2Ni- (1.2-x)Ni -xMgTi₃复合储氢合金初始放电比容量也逐渐增加,当MgTi₃含量为x=0.5时,合金初始放电比容量为973.3 mAh.g_-1。但MgTi3含量超过x=0.5时,其初始放电比容量又有所下降,研究表明添加MgTi₃却不利于复合储氢合金的循环稳定性和高倍率放电性能。通过对Mg_1.8Zr_0.2Ni- (1.0-x)Ni -xMgTi₃复合储氢合金进行线性极化、阳极极化和交流阻抗测试,进一步研究了系列合金电极的表面电化学反应、电荷转移过程、氢在合金中的扩散情况以及它们的电化学性能。     

铸态和退火态A2B7型La—Mg—Ni系合金的电化学研究

为了改善铸态La3MgNi14合金的电化学性能,在0．3MPa氩气气氛下对La3MgNi14合金进行了10h退火处理,退火温度分别为1123,1223和1323K。采用x射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和电化学实验研究了合金的微观结构和电化学性能。结果表明,铸态及1123K温度退火后的合金由LaNi5相、（La,Mg）2Ni7相以及少量的LaNi2相组成。1223K温度退火后合金含有LaNis,（La,Mg）2Ni7和（La。Mg）Ni3相。1323K温度退火后合金的主相为LaNi5和（La,Mg）Ni3相。与铸态合金相比,退火后合金组织更加均匀,晶粒长大。随着退火温度的增加,合金的一些电化学性能（如最大放电容量、放电效率、循环稳定性）以及动力学参数（如高倍率放电性能）增强,而电位差和电荷迁移电阻降低。在本研究范围内,为了放电容量和循环稳定性之问的平衡,铸态La3MgNi14合金的适宜退火温度为1323K。     

球磨时间对Mg2-xZrxNi(x=0～0.6)电极合金微观结构及电化学性能的影响

在不同的球磨时间下,应用机械合金化法制备出Mg2-xZrxNi(x=0,0.15,0.3,0.45,0.6)电极合金.系统地测试了合金的微观结构及电化学性能,研究了球磨时间对合金微观结构及电化学性能的影响.XRD及 TEM的分析结果表明,合金中的非晶相随球磨时间的延长而增加.电化学测试的结果显示,随球磨时间的增加,合金的循环稳定性及放电电压特性得到显著改善.球磨时间对合金容量的影响与合金的成分相关,对于x≤0.3的合金,其放电容量随球磨时间的延长而单调增加;而对于x>0.3的合金,放电容量随球磨时间的增加有一个极大值.     

含Ni量对机械合金化Mg—Ni系二元贮氢合金结构和电化学？…

采用机械合金化（ＭＡ）方法制备了ＭｇＮｉｘ（ｘ＝０．５,１．０,１．２５,１．５,２．０）二元贮氢合金。并详细研究了含Ｎｉ量对ＭＡＭｇ－Ｎｉ系二元合金结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,当ｘ＝０．５时,ＭＡＭｇＮｉ０．５仍为晶态合金。 形成非晶态结构,且放电容量很低;当ｘ＝１．０～２．０时,ＭＡ Ｍｇ－Ｎｉ二元合金可形成非晶相,且非昌Ｍｇ－Ｎｉ二 合金具有较高的室温放电容量。, 时,在非 组成范围内     

球磨参数对MgNi储氢合金电化学性能的影响

采用机械合金化法制备了MgNi非晶，并对不同制备工艺下的MgNi储氢合金的电化学性能进行了测试。对球磨参数、合金微观结构和合金电化学性能之间关系的分析结果表明，球磨过程中的转速、球料比R和球磨时间3个参数对合金电化学的影响是通过对合金微观结构的控制来实现的。     

Ti_（0.10）Zr_（0.15）V_（0.35）Cr_（0.10）Ni_（0.30）-10% LaNi_3复合物的电化学储氢特性及协同效应

为了改善钛钒基固溶体合金的电催化活性和动力学性能,采用两步电弧熔炼法制备储氢复合合金Ti0.10Zr0.15V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30–10%LaNi3,利用X-射线衍射、场发射扫描电镜-能谱、电化学阻抗谱和恒流充放电测试技术系统研究该储氢复合合金电极的电化学性能与协同效应。结果表明：该复合合金的主相是BCC结构的钒基固溶体相和六方结构的C14Laves相,在复合过程中生成了第二相;复合合金电极的综合电化学性能较母体合金有显著改善;复合合金电极的活化周期为5周,最大放电容量为362.5mA·h/g,在233K时放电能力为65.84%;在活化、复合、任意循环及高、低温和高倍率放电过程中,该储氢复合合金电极的放电容量均存在协同效应;该复合合金电极的电荷转移电阻和交换电流密度均存在协同效应。     

Influences of Ti substitution on the structure and electrochemical properties of Mg1-xTixNi（x=0,0.1, 0.2, and 0.3） hydrogen storage alloys

MgNi-based hydrogen storage alloys Mg_1−x Ti _x Ni (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) were prepared by means of mechanical alloying. Mg in the alloy was partially substituted by Ti to improve the cycle stability of the alloys. The effects of the substitution of Ti for Mg on the microstructure and electrochemical performances of the alloys were investigated in detail. The results indicate that the substitution of Ti for Mg obviously decreases the discharge capacity, but it significantly improves their cycle stabilities. The microstructure of the alloys analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that the alloys have a dominatingly amorphous structure. The substitution of Ti for Mg helps to improve the anti-oxidation/corrosion ability of the MgNi alloy but demolishes the electrochemical kinetics of hydrogenation/dehydrogenation. The Mg_0.9Ti_0.1Ni alloy electrode milled for 80 h exhibits the best integrative capability, which has the maximal discharge capacity of 331.66 mAh/g and the C ₃₀/C _max of 63.65%.     

Nanocrystalline LaNi4−xMn0.75Al0.25Cox electrode materials prepared by mechanical alloying (0≤x≤1.0)

Polycrystalline hydrogen storage alloys based on lanthanum (La) are commercially used as negative electrode materials for the nickel–metal hydride (Ni–MH_x) batteries. In this paper, mechanical alloying (MA) was used to synthesize nanocrystalline LaNi_4−xMn_0.75Al_0.25Co_x (x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) hydrogen storage materials. XRD analysis showed that, after 30 h milling, the starting mixture of the elements decomposed into an amorphous phase. Following the annealing in high purity argon at 700 °C for 0.5 h, XRD confirmed the formation of the CaCu₅-type structures with a crystallite sizes of about 25 nm. The nanocrystalline materials were used as negative electrodes for a Ni–MH_x battery. Cobalt substituting nickel in LaNi₄Mn_0.75Al_0.25 greatly improved the discharge capacity and cycle life of the LaNi₅ material. For example, in the nanocrystalline LaNi_3.75Mn_0.75Al_0.25Co_0.25 powder, discharge capacities up to 258 mA h g⁻¹ (at 40 mA g⁻¹ discharge current) were measured. Mechanical alloying is a suitable procedure to obtain LaNi₅-type alloy powders for electrochemical energy storage.