"Current issues relating to psychosocial job strain and cardiovascular disease research": Correction to Theorell and Karasek (1996).

Reports an error in "Current issues relating to psychosocial job strain and cardiovascular disease research" by T?res Theorell and Robert A. Karasek (Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1996[Jan], Vol 1[1], 9-26). On p. 12, in the caption to Figure 2, the copyright statement is missing. The caption should have read "The environment, the worker, and illness: Dynamic associations linking environmental strain and learning to evolution of personality. From Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity, and the Reconstruction of Working Life (p. 99), by R. A. Karasek and T. Theorell, 1990, New York: Basic Books. Copyright 1990 by Basic Books. Used with permission." (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1996-04477-002.) Examines recent reviews of cardiovascular (CV) job strain (JS) research by P. L. Schnall and P. A. Landsbergis (1994) and T. S. Kristensen (see record 1995-39109-001), which conclude that JS as defined by the demand-control model (the combination of contributions of low job decision latitudes and high psychological job demands) is confirmed as a risk factor for CV mortality in a large majority of studies. Lack of social support at work appears to increase this risk. Several still-unresolved issues are discussed in light of recent research. Methodological issues related to the use of occupational & career aggregate estimates, use of standard scales for job analysis, and recall bias in issues of self-reporting are examined. Confounding factors and differential strengths of associations by subgroups in JS-CV disease analyses with respect to social class, gender, and working hours are addressed. A review of results of monitoring JS-blood pressure associations and associated methodological issues is provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Selected views of family assessment: A commentary.

Comments on articles concerning family assessment by H. D. Grotevant (see record 1990-12120-001); R. B. Hampson et al (see record 1990-12122-001); D. C. Bell and L. G. Bell (see record 1990-12106-001); C. I. Carlson (see record 1990-12110-001); and T. L. Huston and J. K. Rempel (see record 1990-12126-001). It is suggested that theory needs to be related to research and practice more consistently. It would be useful to identify the principle theories in family science and critically examine the unique assessment issues raised by each perspective. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SPA is subliminal, but is it psychodynamically activating?

Responds to comments by J. Weinberger (see record 1990-04808-001) on Balay and Shevrin's (B&S; see record 1988-20203-001) work on the subliminal psychodynamic activation (SPA) method, which, contrary to Weinberger's assertion, was not an attempt to destroy the work of L. H. Silverman (published 1974–1985) and others who have used the SPA method. Rather, B&S hoped to encourage investigators using this method to take a closer look at the theoretical assumptions underlying SPA (i.e., the generic vs specific nature of subliminal stimuli that might activate conflict-related, unconscious fantasies). Analyses are also offered of comments made by T. E. Moore (see record 1990-04745-001), M. D. Figueroa (see record 1990-04666-001), and D. K. Silverman (see record 1990-04785-001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some comments on "Scientific method and the adversary model": Reply.

Replies to comments by R. P. Youtz (see record 1990-57141-001) on the original article by M. Levine (see record 1977-09339-001) advocating the adversary model of research. The author responds to several specific statements by Youtz, including issues regarding scientific investigation and operationalism. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A comparison of the views of authors and reviewers about family cohesion and power.

Replies to the comments of J. Youniss (see record 1990-04932-001) on issues of validity and the use of spatial techniques rather than interviews to assess family members' perceptions of family cohesion and power (S. S. Feldman et al; see record 1990-04366-001). Spatial techniques are not as vulnerable to social desirability as interviews. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The practice of science in the family.

Responds to comments by B. D. Forman (see record 1990-29006-001), S. A. Kirschner (see record 1990-29011-001), and M. Rohrbaugh (see record 1990-29019-001) on the present authors' (see record 1990-29009-001) work on the use of paradoxical interventions with couples. Focus is on (1) the subjectivist and objectivist research approach; (2) language, relationship, and content analysis; and (3) the relevancy of science to practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Replies to Danet, Lubin, and Hurvitz.

Responds to comments on Shostrom's (see record 1990-55846-001) work on televised group psychotherapy by B. N. Danet (see record 1990-55869-001); B. Lubin (see record 1990-55870-001); and N. Hurvitz (see record 1990-55871-001). Topics discussed include (1) the equivalence of focused audiovisual feedback vs televised "open' group therapy, (2) the .50 level of "significance' reported by Shostrom, and (3) the preference for educational vs commercial TV presentation. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comments on "The test of homogeneity for 2?×?2 contingency tables: A review of and some personal opinions on the controversy" by G. Camilli.

G. Camilli (see record 1990-27291-001) defended R. A. Fisher's (1956 [1973]) approach to the problem of testing for association in a 2?×?2 table. I highlight some of the issues addressed by Camilli from the frequentist (or Neyman–Pearson) viewpoint. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavioral Aspects of the Ecocrisis.

This item addresses natural resource depletion and comments that four articles in the American Psychologist's January 1972 edition [APA Task Force on Psychology, Family Planning, and Population Policy (see record 1990-56949-001); R. Buckhout (see record 1972-22841-001); S. H. Newman and M. F. Kelty (see record 1990-56950-001) and M. B. Smith (see record 1972-22844-001)] are heartening evidence of psychology's growing concern with ecology. All of these articles examined the issues of family planning and population density. Briefly, the task is to adjust humans to a world in which there is zero population growth, zero economic growth, and essentially perfect recycling. This author asserts that it would be helpful if APA formally resolved opposition to further growth in population and national product, as well as to reduce its paper consumption. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment in turnover models: A reanalysis using latent variable structural equation methods.

A review of recent models of organizational commitment (e.g., J. H. Morris and J. D. Sherman; see record 1981-33773-001) and turnover (e.g., W. H. Mobley et al; see record 1979-29973-001) indicates that the causal relation between job satisfaction and organizational commitment had been overlooked and that attempts to identify the antecedents of these variables had suffered from conceptual and methodological limitations. To examine these 2 issues, structural equation methodology was used to reanalyze path analysis data from C. E. Michaels and P. E. Spector (see record 1982-10938-001) and A. C. Bluedorn (see record 1982-22265-001). Four causal models were examined. Across both samples, support was obtained for relations between personal/organizational characteristics and job satisfaction and between satisfaction and commitment. Commitment was also an important determinant of turnover intentions. Results suggest that the path analysis technique does not allow for the simultaneous examination of the effects of exogenous variables on 2 or more endogenous variables. (44 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reactions diagnosed.

Responds to comments of J. R. Bergan (see record 1989-10250-001), B. Y. Wong (see record 1989-10319-001), and G. Alessi (see record 1989-10243-001) on the article by the present author (see record 1989-10292-001). Four issues are discussed: conceptions of behavior focused on the individual's characteristics, norm-referenced vs process assessment, think-aloud analysis, and premature dissemination. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Jacobson.

In the article "A Component Analysis of Behavioral Marital Therapy: The Relative Effectiveness of Behavior Exchange and Communication/Problem-Solving Training" by Neil S. Jacobson (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1984, Vol. 52, pp. 295-305; see record 1984-21130-001), there was an omission to the caption for Figure 1 on p. 304. A correction to the caption is included here. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

More remarks on social desirability.

Comments on R. Hogan and R. A. Nicholson's (see record 1989-00097-001) article on the meaning of personality test scores, noting that the article elicited a recounting and evaluation of the history of a 25-yr-old controversy over social desirability by 2 of its central participants, A. L. Edwards (see record 1990-13700-001) and J. A. Walsh (see record 1990-13747-001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"On the intricacies involved in the study of similarity judgments: Comment on Ritov, Gati, and Tversky": Reply.

G. Keren's (see record 1990-27344-001) alternative interpretation is refuted by the data in Table 14 of I. Ritov et al's (see record 1990-27355-001) article on differential weighting of common and distinctive components. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Further considerations for behavior-genetic analysis of humans.

Replies to R. Plomin and T. Foch's (see record 1986-00486-001) disagreement with the present authors and P. A. Rothbaum's (see record 1984-11539-001) presentation of 5 specific points in a critique of Plomin and Foch's (see record 1981-25190-001) earlier behavior-genetic analysis of personality. Rather than replying point–counterpoint to Plomin and Foch, the present authors discuss basic issues that put both critiques into a perspective useful to the application and interpretation of genetic analysis. Three relevant issues in experimental behavior-genetic studies as they apply to correlational behavior-genetic studies of human personality are described. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

About postmodernism: Reply to Gergen and others.

In his reply, M. B. Smith comments on the issues between K. J. Gergen (see record 1994-37275-001) and himself (see record 1994-37277-001) and replies to comments by R. L. Russell and M. D. Gaubatz (see record 1995-36714-001); B. Denner (see record 1995-36711-001); D. Mente (see record 1995-36713-001); and D. White and A. Wang (see record 1995-36716-001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Change in job strain and progression of atherosclerosis: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 16(2) of Journal of Occupational Health Psychology (see record 2011-06502-001). The order of authorship was listed incorrectly. The correct order is listed in the correction.] Evidence of the association between job strain, that is, a combination of high psychological demands and low job control, and markers of atherosclerosis is mixed, but few studies with repeat measures are available. The purpose of this study was to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between job strain and atherosclerosis. The participants were 335 men and 374 women from the prospective Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study (mean age 38.5 years). Two sequential measurements of job strain and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were analyzed. No cross-sectional or longitudinal association between job strain and IMT was observed in women. In men, a cross-sectional association was found in 2001, but not in 2007. No dose-response effect was visible, nor a simple association between progression of job strain and progression of IMT. Instead, a more complex pattern of correlation was found in men with large decreases in job strain being associated with slower progression of IMT and combined decreases in job control and demands (a change toward passive jobs) being associated with greater IMT progression. These data suggest that temporal changes in job demands and control are associated with IMT in men via multiple mechanisms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Diatribe is not dialogue: On selected attempts to attack and defend behaviorism.

Describes the emotional nature of responses to M. J. Mahoney's (see record 1990-03226-001) discussion of the differences between scientific psychology and radical behaviorism. Responses are offered to comments from R. W. Proctor and D. J. Weeks (see record 1991-06227-001), E. K. Morris (see record 1991-06224-001), C. J. Lonigan (see record 1991-06220-001), and W. J. Wyatt (see record 1991-06231-001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A more human psychology at the crossroads.

Comments on articles by S. F. Schneider (see record 1990-18681-001) and M. B. Smith (see record 1990-20955-001). Neither article directly mentions Division 32 (Humanistic Psychology) of the American Psychological Association. The importance of this division in the discipline is stressed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some facets of consistency: Replies to Epstein, Funder, and Bem.

Identifies convergences and substantive differences in the comments made by S. Epstein (see record 1983-23443-001), D. C. Funder (see record 1983-30290-001), and D. J. Bem (see record 1984-04001-001) regarding the present authors' (see record 1983-05642-001) reanalysis of some issues and proposals in the search for cross-situational consistency in social behavior. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)