The Economic Order Quantity for Freight Discount Costs

In this note we give algorithms to solve an important practical problem, the classical E.O.Q. model with set-up cost including a fixed cost and freight cost, where the freight cost has a quantity discount (economies of scale).     

短生命周期产品的延期交货和价格折扣模型

用斜坡型函数来描述短生命周期产品需求变化特征,用持有成本不断增加表示短生命周期产品无形变质所带来的损失,研究在允许缺货情况下,如何设置合理价格折扣来控制订单的流失,确定各周期的最佳延迟供货量、最优价格折扣、最优订货时间和订货量,从而实现企业总成本的最优。给出了一种迭代逼近的方法来寻求在有限时域内的最优订购策略,通过数值分析验证了该模型的有效性和可操作性,对相应的参数做出了灵敏度分析。该模型能够确定出企业最佳的价格折扣以挽留住更多的顾客,使其总利润达到最优。     

巧包装开辟商品畅销路

近年来，企业和商家对包装越来越重视。如今，无论你迈进哪一家商店，首先映入眼帘的是那些五颜六色、琳琅满目的各种商品包装，让你看得眼花缭乱、目不暇接。在市场经济竞争日益激烈的今天，包装已经与产品和服务形成了一个有机的整体，并充当着无声推销员的角色。     

随机折现因子分析

介绍了资产定价理论的产生和发展,主要分析了随机折现因子模型(SDF)及其实证研究。现代金融学的许多经典问题,如套利定价原理以及风险中性定价等都可以用随机折现因子模型理解,随机折现因子模型是资产定价模型的统一框架。     

基于价格折扣机制的VMI系统

由于一般的VMI策略不一定能保证供应链整体的最优化,主要研究如何在VMI策略中配合合理的价格折扣机制,从而VMI策略能使供应链整体得到最优化,并使供应商和零售商的利润在VMI策略下比在传统的RMI策略下得到Pareto改进.探讨了在一般的VMI策略下零售商的订货量可能大于或小于供应链整体最优时的订货量,研究了基于价格折扣机制的VMI策略如何使零售商的订货量等于供应链整体最优时的订货量,并给出了价格折扣的表达式和取值范围.     

供应链中基于供应商的折扣策略

为研究供应链中供需双方的协调机理,从完全不合作和完全合作两个角度出发,采用数学解析和博弈分析集成的方法对折扣问题进行了研究,提出完全不合作条件下供需双方纳仕均衡点的计算公式,以及完全合作条件下的最优订货策略和供需双方可选择的折扣区间的计算公式,为供应链供需双方折扣协调问题提供了解决依据.     

Some Problems in the Use of a Discount Rate for Constrained Capital Budgeting

Widely advocated mathematical programming models for constrained capital budgeting call for the maximization of total net present value of undertaken projects. However, very little attention has been given to the problem of choosing a suitable discount rate. Baumol and Quandt concluded that, if reference is limited to the model itself, a meaningful choice of rate cannot be made. Recent proposals of Mao and of Lusztig and Schwab contradict that conclusion. This paper supports Baumol and Quandt including their alternative of using externally specified utilities in the objective function. Using the dual model, it is shown that correct discounting factors cannot be specified independent of these external utilities.     

The optimal sales format for green products considering downstream investment

With the increasing public awareness of environmental protection and the popularisation of suppliers' green production, a growing number of e-tailers are also investing in green products or services. The greenization of an e-tailer brings additional sales to the online channel but weakens the bargaining power of the supplier and further complicates the supplier's online channel format choice. This study focuses on the interaction between the e-tailer's green investment strategy and the supplier's choice of online channel format. First, we find that the e-tailer's investment forces the supplier to consider a new factor, the supplier's investment efficiency, which the supplier does not consider when the e-tailer does not invest and completely changes the e-tailer's own preferences. Second, we obtain the counterintuitive result that the supplier does not always benefit from the e-tailer's greenization; in the reseller channel, a supplier with a high investment efficiency is made worse off due to the increased retail price resulting from the e-tailer's investment. Additionally, the e-tailer will go green only when the upstream investment efficiency is high, regardless of the online channel format. The intuition behind this result hinges on each player wanting to free ride but worrying that the other has the same idea.     

Packaging strategy definition for sales kits within an assembly system

Packaging is typically the last task in a production process, especially in an assembly system. If an assembled product is sold as a single unit, its packaging is normally performed by the last workstation, in order to obtain a ready-for-sale product. Moreover, assembled product often comes with its accessories, packaged all together and supplied to the customer as a single unit: a sales kit. Due to the variety of products and accessories, the variety of kits is continuously increasing, requiring a complex definition of the best packaging strategy to adopt. The present paper aims to analyse the packaging problem in a production system, identifying and comparing the packaging strategies. These strategies provide, through a comparison model of total cost functions, a decision-making procedure for operations managers. Through a simulative study, a set of convenience areas for each analysed packaging strategy is derived. The findings from an industrial case study are also reported to validate the proposed methodology.