碳纤维增强复合材料叶轮风机的振动试验研究

减振降噪一直是风机设计与应用单位研究的一项重点内容。碳纤维增强复合材料因优异的阻尼性能而使其在结构减振设计上具有重要的作用。采用层合结构碳纤维增强复合材料设计叶轮,并针对同一型号风机仅仅更换不同材料叶轮后进行了风机振动试验。结果表明,与铝合金材料叶轮风机相比,碳纤维材料叶轮风机全频段的结构振动加速度级降低幅度明显,减振效果显著。     

铺层参数对碳纤维复合材料板的隔振性能影响研究

碳纤维复合材料铺层参数对其振动特性影响很大。以碳纤维复合材料板为研究对象,从理论上分析了碳纤维复合材料板在自由振动下的模态特性,并运用有限元模型分析了铺层参数(铺层角度,铺层厚度,铺层顺序)对碳纤维复合材料板隔振性能影响特点。结果表明,在单一铺层中,±45°的铺层隔振性能更好;铺层厚度对碳纤维复合材料板隔振性能影响不大;与循环铺层方式相比,对称铺层方式更有利于提升碳纤维复合材料板的隔振性能。     

碳纤维增强复合材料在空间光学结构中的应用

测试了碳纤维/环氧复合材料的力学性能,设计并测试了热膨胀系数,然后测试了空间辐射后的材料性能,并研究了在空间光学结构中应用碳纤维/环氧复合材料制品的工艺方法。研究表明:碳纤维/环氧复合材料具有高的比强度和比刚度,较铝合金结构可以减重30%以上;碳纤维/环氧复合材料的热膨胀系数可以根据需要进行设计,在需要的方向上可以设计成 "零"或负的热膨胀系数;在空间辐射条件下,碳纤维/环氧复合材料性能良好,其总质量损失为0.15%、可挥发的冷凝物质为7.66×10^-5 g/g、24 h水汽回吸率为0.12%。结果表明,碳纤维/环氧复合材料具有优良的性能指标,在空间光学结构中有广泛的应用。     

碳纤维复合材料超声钻孔的研究

为碳纤维复合材料构件钻孔研制成一套旋转超声钻新技术。讨论了小型化超声振动系统的设计要点及试验分析；电流反馈式搜索电流最大值，超声波发生器的频率自动跟踪；轴向力约束型适应控制以及工具的等阻抗匹配。已将此超声振动钻孔系统制成便携式旋转超声钻，加工碳纤维复合材料效果良好。     

聚乙烯亚胺修饰碳纤维对环氧树脂复合材料性能的影响

为提高碳纤维与环氧树脂的界面结合性能,从而提高复合材料的摩擦学性能,用聚多巴胺和聚乙烯亚胺对碳纤维进行表面修饰,利用光谱分析仪和扫描电子显微镜分析修饰前后碳纤维表面的化学组成和微观结构,利用万能材料试验机和摩擦磨损试验机考察碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能和摩擦学性能。结果表明：碳纤维经表面处理之后的粗糙程度和活性官能团增多,改善了纤维与树脂之间的界面结合,使得复合材料的弯曲强度和拉伸强度得到不同程度的提高;与未修饰碳纤维增强的环氧树脂复合材料相比,表面修饰碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的耐磨性能得到了很大程度的提高,复合材料的磨损机制也由疲劳磨损转变为磨粒磨损。     

基于碳纤维复合材料的空间相机高比刚度主承力板优化设计

提出了复合材料和金属预埋件互嵌整体成型的设计方法。根据同轴三反光学系统中光学元件的空间布局和碳纤维复合材料的工艺特点和材料属性,设计了一种碳纤维基体与钛合金预埋件互为镶嵌的相机主承力板。首先,以碳纤维复合材料基体为核心,优化设计了基体的筋格形式和厚度,并对金属预埋件进行了布局和轻量化设计;然后,分析了碳纤维主承力板的模态和变形;最后,进行了振动环境试验,验证了设计及分析的准确性。检测和试验表明,纤维主承力板的最大外接圆直径为Φ870 mm,厚度为130 mm,质量为15.6 kg,平均体密度仅为0.313 g/cm3,主承力板一阶频率达到479.2 Hz,满足了空间相机的高动态刚度、轻质量、高安装精度要求。     

便携式旋转超声振动钻研究

为碳纤维复合材料的构件的钻孔，研制出一种便携式旋转超声钻，设计了小型化超声振动系统，并对其主要性能进行了试验分析，对于超声波发生器，提出电流反馈式的搜索电流量大值来实现频率的自动跟踪，还介绍了用步进电机作为驱动元件，兼有压力检测的约束型适应控制。     

碳纤维增强铝基复合结构抗弯强度研究

碳纤维作为新型非金属复合材料在工程结构加固中具有重要作用,其加固后复合结构力学性能的研究对结构的安全性具有重要意义。利用三点弯试验研究了碳纤维增强铝基复合材料的弯曲性能,明确了碳纤维的加固特性。得出了复合材料极限承载力与碳纤维层厚度之间的数量关系,为工程加固提供数据支持。     

振动时效技术机理

（接上期） 4 振动时效对零件抗变形能力的影响 零件的变形不仅取决于残余应力的大小和分布,还与松驰刚性和抗变形能力有关。振动时效不仅能减小和均化残余应力,还可提高材料的抗变形能力。振动处理后工件的加静载和加动载试验,可证实这一点。 某种精密车床床身铸件,外廓尺寸为1160mm×232mm×190mm,材料为HT3054,重105kg,导轨经表面淬火处理。采用振动时效消除残余应力并稳定其尺寸精度,其振动时效的工艺参数为：动应力——±0.75kgf/mm2,时间——累积时间为60min。振动后把它与未经振动的同种床身铸件进行抗变形能力的对比试…     

层合板和蜂窝夹心结构复合材料敲击特性研究

制备了层合板结构和蜂窝夹心结构两种不同结构的复合材料损伤试块,基于有限元理论对这两种典型复合材料损伤结构的振动特性进行了分析,发现损伤尺寸对碳纤维蜂窝材料固有频率的影响显著优于碳纤维层合板的固有频率。采用啄木鸟智能检测仪对两种不同结构的复合材料损伤试块进行了敲击试验,试验结果表明,蜂窝夹心结构损伤试块的敲击检测脉宽损伤差异率为50.5%,而层合板损伤试块的敲击检测脉宽损伤差异率为31.5%,敲击检测对碳纤维蜂窝复合材料的损伤检测灵敏度显著大于层合板结构复合材料。     

基于碳纤维框架天基目标探测二维跟踪转台结构优化

为满足某星载太阳辐照度光谱仪对太阳的跟踪指向技术要求,设计了一种二维转台系统.本文对该转台进行了结构的拓扑优化设计、有限元仿真及试验验证.首先,通过研究和比较现有的转台方案,确定以基本地平式作为转台的结构形式,选择性能优良的M55J碳纤维复合材料作为转台结构的主要材料,配合TC4镶嵌件来连接部件.根据拓扑优化结果和工程...     

碳纤维表面金属化工艺

表面金属化的碳纤维是最好的电磁干扰（EMI）屏蔽填充物。介绍了碳纤维化学镀的前处理工艺及化学镀工艺流程，该法获得的碳纤维镀层均匀、致密、结合力好。     

Characteristics of fretting of carbon fibre reinforced plastics

Fretting between carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) and mild steel was investigated. The wearing properties are significantly affected by the direction of sliding. This phenomenon regarded as a tribological anisotropy of CFRP fretting is dependent upon carbon fibre resistance to reciprocating sliding. The best resistance against fretting was found when the steel specimen slid in a direction parallel to the unidirectionally oriented carbon fibres, and within a region about 30° from the carbon fibre axis.     

On the Effect of Counterface Material and Aqueous Environment on the Sliding Wear of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)

Carbon fibre reinforced Polyetheretherketone (PEEK/CF) was exposed to unidirectional sliding at a speed of 28 mm/s against various counterparts. Some of these tests were repeated in water. The bearing steel produced the worst results. In this case, the carbon fibre reinforcement even increased the wear compared to unreinforced PEEK. Most other counterparts led to wear rates almost a factor 100 lower. Chemically inert hard counterparts performed best. The lowest wear rates were found against DLC. An aqueous environment usually accelerated the wear process. Only in case of alumina and DLC counterparts, the water lubrication reduced the wear rate. The addition of graphite plus Polytetraflourethylene (PTFE) to PEEK/CF reduced the sensitivity to the operation conditions.     

Analysis, design and development of a carbon fibre reinforced plastic knee-ankle-foot orthosis prototype for myopathic patients

A traditional knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) for myopathic patients has been studied for the assessment of loads and fatigue resistance. Starting from this basis a thermoplastic matrix carbon fibre reinforced plastic composite (CFRP) KAFO has been developed in order to reduce the weight. A finite-element simulation programme for deformation analysis was used to compare the behaviour of conventional and CFRP orthosis. There were no breakages either of the prototype or of its parts. The CFRP orthosis allows a weight reduction of more than 40 per cent.     

Interface compatibility in Nicalon-fibre reinforced metal and ceramic composites

Microstructural characteristics of the fibre–matrix interface of two composite systems which utilize Nicalon fibre reinforcement are analysed and discussed. An Al-based composite produced by liquid-metal infiltration was found to contain crystals of aluminium carbide and alumina at the fibre–matrix interface, which produced a strong interfacial bond, restricted fibre pullout, and resulted in an essentially brittle composite. A ceramic-matrix composite based upon calcium aluminosilicate and produced by hot pressing exhibited substantial fibre pullout during testing; microstructural analysis of the interface showed the presence of a C-rich layer. Treatment of the composite in air over a range of temperatures (600–1200°C) progressively oxidized the carbon and formed silica ‘bridges' between fibre and matrix, which resulted in increased brittleness. Electron-probe microanalysis combined with electron microscopy of the Nicalon fibre showed that approximately half the material consisted of microcrystalline β-SiC and the remainder was free carbon and silicon oxycarbide. Thus the carbon constituent was largely responsible for carbide formation in the Al-based material, which restricted fibre pullout, whilst free carbon, plus the additional free carbon formed by chemical reaction between silicon carbide in the fibre and the calcium aluminosilicate matrix, provided the interfacial carbon layer which gave enhanced fibre pullout in the ceramic-based composite; the decreased fibre pullout and increased brittleness of the latter after heat treatment in air could thus be explained by the removal of the carbon layer and the development of silica bridges between fibre and matrix.     

Measurements of fibre direction in reinforced polymer composites

High-quality data on the three-dimensional (3-D) spatial distributions of glass and carbon fibres in fibre-reinforced polymer composites are important for both process control and the modelling of the mechanical and thermal properties of these composites. The advent of economical, high-speed, image analyser systems has enabled numerous research groups to measure directional distributions of fibre samples. Specimens are microtomed and polished and, using optical reflection microscopy, thousands of elliptical fibre images may be analysed within a short period of time. From the eccentricity of the fibre images, estimation of the angles (θ, φ) of each fibre relative to the vertical axis and within the measurement plane is deduced. However, this measurement is subject to considerable error. The confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM), operating in fluorescence mode or reflection mode, is capable of improving the angular resolution (δθ, δφ) for all fibre directions. The ability of the CSLM to optically section glass and carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites down to depths of 20 or 30 μm allows the user to determine accurate fibre directions from the apparent movement of fibre profiles. The CSLM has the potential for standardizing measurements of 3-D fibre directions in polymer composites and providing the quality directional data which are required for the theoretical modelling of composite processing and composite strength.     

Analysis of SiC fibres and composites using Raman microscopy

The application of Raman spectroscopy in the analysis of the microstructure of SCS-6 silicon carbide fibres using a Renishaw Raman microscope is described. It is demonstrated that the technique allows a detailed study to be made of the point-to-point variation in microstructure across a fibre section. It has been possible to monitor the variation of the concentration of SiC and carbon in the fibre microstructure and to detect differences in the forms of carbon present. It is also shown that Raman spectroscopy can be used to follow the micromechanics of both the deformation of silicon carbide fibres and of the fibres within a model composite. Well-defined Raman spectra have been obtained from a variety of Nicalon and Tyranno fibres and the positions of the Raman bands shown to shift on the application of stress or strain. From such stress-induced Raman band shifts, the point-to-point variation of axial fibre stress or strain along an individual fibre in an epoxy matrix can be determined. An example is given of the use of the technique to map the distributions of axial fibre strain in a Nicalon/epoxy fragmentation test specimen and to model the failure processes at the fibre/matrix interface.     

Lubrication of carbon fibre-reinforced polymers part I—Water and aqueous solutions

An examination has been made of the friction and wear properties of carbon fibre-reinforced polymers sliding against metals in water, sea water and other aqueous solutions. The conditions of sliding were chosen to minimize hydrodynamic effects. All the fluids inhibit the formation of transfer films of carbon/polymer debris on the counterface and the wear rates are generally greater than those obtained in dry conditions. The topography and type of counterface play a major role in the wear process and corrosion by the fluid is also important. Type II fibre composites generally exhibit lower wear than those containing Type I fibre, and compare favourably with existing materials. Additions of small amounts of finely divided abrasive to carbon fibre composites are very effective in reducing wear in water. Wear rates in sea water and other aqueous solutions on some counterfaces can be significantly lower than in pure water.     

Solid particle erosion of unidirectional fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites

In the present study, the solid particle erosion behaviour of neat PEEK matrix and unidirectional glass fibre (GF) and carbon fibre (CF) reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) composites has been studied. The erosion experiments have been carried out by using silica sand particles (200 ± 50 μm) as an erodent. Steady state erosion rates of these composites have been evaluated at different impact angles and impact velocities. The neat PEEK exhibited peak erosion rate at 30° impingement angle whereas the composites exhibited a semi-ductile behaviour with peak erosion rate at 60° impact angle. The erosion rate of the glass fibre reinforced composites was higher than that of the carbon fibre reinforced composites. The results show that the fibre orientation has a significant influence on erosion rate only at lower impact angles. The erosion rate of the composites was higher when the particles impact perpendicular to the fibre direction than parallel to the fibres. The morphology of eroded surfaces was observed under scanning electron microscope and damage mechanisms were discussed.