中式香肠和腊肉在加工过程中游离脂肪酸的变化

本文利用气相色谱对中式香肠和腊肉中游离脂肪酸(Free Fatty Acids, FFA)组分及其在加工过程中的变化进行了研究.结果表明中式香肠中的游离脂肪酸组分主要是棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸,其中仅油酸就占到总FFA的47.8%.在烘烤过程中,不饱和脂肪酸占总FFA的百分比由53%上升至60%,饱和脂肪酸则由47%降为40%; 总FFA的数量由烘烤前的7.1 mg/g干重上升为烘烤52h后的13.7mg/g干重,成品中FFA含量达干重的1%以上.腊肉肥肉中的FFA组分主要是棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸和亚麻酸,其中油酸占总FFA的40%以上;在加工过程中,各主要FFA的变化不明显.腊肉瘦肉中的FFA组分主要是棕榈酸和硬脂酸,在加工过程中亚油酸含量有明显的上升.     

火腿风味调味料加工过程中脂解的变化研究

以复合蛋白酶和中性脂肪酶为发酵剂在微控条件下生产火腿风味调味料,研究了此生产过程中脂解的变化。通过比较不同时期样品的气相色谱结果发现:从鲜肉到酶解后游离脂肪酸均以棕榈酸,油酸,硬脂酸和亚油酸为主,且含量不断积累;整个加工过程中,脂肪酸的释放速率为硬脂酸>棕榈酸>亚油酸>油酸;后期的加工过程中,油酸和亚油酸发生氧化降解,分别从水解后的1.638%、0.8276%,下降到氧化后的1.218%、0.5975%;而饱和脂肪酸含量几乎不变。     

山核桃加工过程脂肪酸氧化及抗氧化能力变化研究

试验选取浙江临安山核桃加工过程样品。研究了山核桃原料脂肪酸组成和相对质量分数以及加工过程中4种主要脂肪酸氧化规律及抗氧化能力变化情况。结果表明:山核桃脂肪酸组分共确认13种,其中油酸(C18∶1)、亚油酸(C18∶2)、棕榈酸(C16∶0)、亚麻酸(C18∶3)为山核桃中最主要的4种脂肪酸;加工过程4种主要脂肪酸含量均呈缓慢下降趋势,其中亚油酸、亚麻酸在蒸煮阶段下降速度最快,棕榈酸则在第一次炒制阶段含量下降最快;蒸煮工序对抗氧化能力影响最大;山核桃细胞脂滴在蒸煮后即发生破裂,之后随着加工过程扩散融合。试验结果显示山核桃脂肪酸氧化在加工过程持续发生,长时间高温促进氧化加剧,自身抗氧化能力则逐渐下降,细胞结构破坏。     

籽用南瓜种子发育过程中脂肪酸积累模式

以籽用南瓜品种银辉一号为材料对南瓜种子发育过程中脂肪酸的累积过程进行了分析。结果表明,成熟的南瓜种子中可检测到8种脂肪酸,按含量高低依次为：油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、豆蔻酸、棕榈油酸、亚麻酸。南瓜种子粗脂肪含量的积累模式呈现升-降-升的Z字型变化模式。在累积过程中除了C18∶1和C18∶2有负相关性外,其它脂肪酸相互之间显示了高度的正相关性。     

质谱法分析研究山楂中多元酸和高级脂肪酸

采用硫酸甲酯化处理山楂果样品,二氯甲烷作萃取剂,用气相色谱-质谱联用法对山楂果中的多元酸和高级脂肪酸进行了全面分析。共分离、鉴定出25种酸性成分,其中多元酸4种,主要是柠檬酸、苹果酸和丁烯二酸;高级脂肪酸21种,主要是棕榈酸(C16∶0)、油酸(C18∶1)、亚油酸(C18∶2)、亚麻酸(C18∶3)和硬脂酸(C18∶0)等。     

采收期对“鄂选2号”山桐子果实成分及脂肪酸组成变化影响

为探寻木本油料山桐子果实及种子中油脂的积累动态规律,对不同采收期的预选品种“鄂选2号”的山桐子果实的整果、果肉和种子中的基本化学成分含量进行比较,并运用气相色谱-质谱联用对不同部位的油脂中的脂肪酸组成进行测定。结果表明,“鄂选2号”山桐子油料最佳采收期为盛花期后128 d左右,此时山桐子全果平均含油率为40.25%,果肉中的平均含油率为44.60%,种子中的平均含油率为30.55%。果实各部位的主要脂肪酸组成主要为肉豆蔻酸(C14∶0)、棕榈酸(C16∶0)、棕榈油酸(C16∶1)、珍珠酸(C17:0)、硬脂酸(C18∶0)、油酸(C18∶1)、亚油酸(C18∶2)、γ亚麻酸(C18∶3n6)、花生酸(C20∶0)、山嵛酸(C22∶0),其中种子油脂中亚油酸质量分数高于整果和果实,高达61.43%。     

火腿风味料加工过程中游离脂肪酸的变化

以复合蛋白酶和复合脂肪酶为发酵剂。在微控条件下生产火腿风味调味料,研究了此生产过程中游离脂肪酸的变化。通过比较不同时期样品的色谱结果发现:从鲜肉到酶解后游离脂肪酸均以棕榈酸,油酸,硬脂酸和亚油酸为主。且含量不断积累;整个加工过程中,脂肪酸的释放速率为硬脂酸>棕榈酸>亚油酸>油酸;后期的加工过程中,油酸和亚油酸发生氧化降解,分别从水解后的1.638%、0.8276%.下降到氧化后的1.218%、0.597 5%;而饱和脂肪破含量几乎不变。     

GC-MS法测定宣威火腿中脂肪酸组成

以宣威火腿为对象,通过提取成熟宣威火腿的肌间脂肪和皮下脂肪,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)对宣威火腿肌间脂肪与皮下脂肪中脂肪酸的组分进行探讨。结果表明:宣威火腿肌间脂肪中含11种饱和脂肪酸,占总脂肪酸的34.75%,15种不饱和脂肪酸,占总脂肪酸含量的64.78%,主要的脂肪酸为油酸(C18∶1)、棕榈酸(C16∶0)、硬脂酸(C18∶0)、亚油酸(C18∶2),含量分别为33.44%、23.37%、8.44%、20.55%;皮下脂肪中含11种饱和脂肪酸,占总脂肪酸的36.23%,15种不饱和脂肪酸,占总脂肪酸含量的63.47%,主要的脂肪酸为油酸(C18∶1)、棕榈酸(C16∶0)、硬脂酸(Cl8∶0)、亚油酸(C18∶2),含量分别为31.47%、21.90%、11.13%、22.39%。     

不同品种燕麦的油脂组成及与其它营养物质相关性研究

对我国12种燕麦的主要营养成分,尤其是油脂及其脂肪酸的组成进行了系统研究,并探讨它们之间的相关性。研究结果表明,我国12种燕麦的油脂含量存在较大的差异,并且油脂含量与颗粒重、淀粉呈负相关,而与蛋白质、维生素E呈正相关。燕麦油脂中的脂肪酸主要是由棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸和亚麻酸组成。燕麦油脂的含量与脂肪酸组成有一定的相关性,与硬脂酸和油酸呈正相关,而与棕榈酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸呈负相关。燕麦中性油脂(NL)中含有较多的油酸,而糖脂(GL)和磷脂(PL)中含有更多的棕榈酸和亚油酸。     

木薯蚕蛹油中脂肪酸成分分析

采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)和气相色谱法(GC)分析木薯蚕蛹油中脂肪酸的组分及含量。通过GC-MS定性测定,木薯蚕蛹油中含有11种脂肪酸,通过面积归一法分析。各脂肪酸含量为α-亚麻酸43.41%,棕榈酸21.15%,油酸11.59%,亚油酸10.28%,硬脂酸8.08%,棕榈油酸1.88%,豆蔻酸0.93%,十五碳酸0.31%,反式6-油酸0.24%,月桂酸0.16%和9,10-甲基十九烷酸0.16%;通过GC定量测定,木薯蚕蛹油含α-亚麻酸57.63%,棕榈酸20.62%,油酸7.68%,亚油酸6.28%和硬脂酸3.38%。木薯蚕蛹中含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,特别是较多的α-亚麻酸。     

Composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue of dry-cured pork forelegs as affected by desalting and boiling: The effects of vacuum-packaging

The effects of desalting and boiling, with or without vacuum-packaging, on the composition of the subcutaneous adipose tissue of dry-cured pork forelegs were investigated. The adipose tissue contained 7.1% water and 91.0% lipids. The main fatty acids in glycerides (about 89% of total lipids) were oleic (39.6%), palmitic (23.9%), linoleic (13.7%) and stearic (12.6%) acids. The main fatty acids in free fatty acids (about 11% of total lipids) were oleic (36.0%), linoleic (28.4%) and palmitic (13.1%). The culinary treatment (desalting and boiling) caused significant decreases in dry matter and lipid contents. These decreases were not as great in vacuum-packaged samples because the lipid losses were prevented during the boiling stage. No significant changes in lipid fraction proportions (glycerides and free fatty acids) were observed. The samples boiled with vacuum-packaging showed higher contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids than did the samples boiled without vacuum-packaging.     

Effect of castration and cryptorchidism on fatty acid content of ovine adipose tissue

Fatty acid analyses of perinephric and subcutaneous adipose tissue were made on 50 of Mehraban and Bakhriari breeds lambs to determine the effect of castration and cryptorchidism on ovine lipid composition. The level of stearic acid was significantly higher (p < 0·05) in cryptorchids than in wethers. Rams were also higher (p < 0·05) in the percentage of linoleic acid of the internal adipose tissue than wethers. The percentage of palmitic acid of subcutaneous tissue was higher (p < 0·05) in cryptorchid than rams. There was a tendency toward less saturated (palmitic and stearic) acids, but more unsaturated (oleic and linoleic) acids in rams than in wethers. The perinephric fat was more saturated than subcutaneous fat.     

Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on CLA isomers content and fatty acid composition of dry-cured Parma ham

To evaluate the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 isomer content and on the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue and intramuscular lipids of biceps femoris, the lipids of 24 dry cured Parma hams, obtained from Large White pigs fed isoenergetic diets supplemented with either 0 (CON) or 0.25% (T1) CLA from 97 to 172kg live weight, were analysed by Ag(+)-HPLC and capillary GLC. The dietary treatment had no influence on lipid content of BF and subcutaneous adipose tissue but increased (P<0.01) the content of both isomers, more markedly in the latter tissue. CLA supplementation increased (P<0.01) myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic and total saturated fatty acids, and decreased oleic and eicosenoic acids in both tissues. In adipose tissue, an increase (P<0.05) in stearic acid content was observed. Supplementing the finishing diet of heavy pigs with CLA has thus shown to be an effective tool for increasing the CLA content in cured ham and, also, the saturated:unsaturated ratio of the lipids, a positive effect from a technological point of view. From a human nutritional standpoint, the changes occurring in fatty acid composition negatively affect the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes, but probably these changes are of no particular concern, as they would only partly offset the progressive increase in the degree of unsaturation of heavy pig lipids that has occurred in recent years, as a consequence of reduced adipose depots in carcasses.     

宣威火腿与金华火腿中游离脂肪酸组成比较分析

以两年宣威火腿和金华火腿为对象,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分别对宣威火腿和金华火腿的皮下和肌内脂肪中游离脂肪酸的组成进行分析。结果表明:宣威火腿和金华火腿的肌内脂肪和皮下脂肪中均检测出22种游离脂肪酸,含量较高的脂肪酸为棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、油酸(C18:1n9c)与亚油酸(C18:2n6c),且不同火腿及不同部位间的脂肪酸组成含量存在明显差异;金华火腿肌内及皮下脂肪中总游离脂肪酸含量分别为29.24、102.68 μg/mg,分别比宣威火腿高34.58%(p<0.05)、29.09%(p>0.05);宣威火腿和金华火腿肌内脂肪中饱和脂肪酸含量高于不饱和脂肪酸含量,皮下脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸含量高于饱和脂肪酸含量。金华火腿肌内、皮下游离脂肪酸含量均高于宣威火腿相应部位游离脂肪酸含量。     

Lipid characteristics of subcutaneous adipose tissue and M. longissimus thoracis of Angus and Wagyu steers fed to US and Japanese endpoints

We hypothesized that the concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and cholesterol of adipose tissue and M. longissimus thoracis would not differ between Angus and American Wagyu steers when fed to a typical US live weight, but would diverge when fed to a Japanese live weight. To test this, 8 steers of each breed type were assigned to a high-energy, corn-based diet, and another 8 steers of each breed type were fed coastal bermuda grass hay diet, supplemented with the corn-based diet to achieve a daily gain of 0.9 kg/d. Targeted final body weights were 525 kg for steers fed for 8 or 12 mo the corn- or hay-based diets, respectively, and were 650 kg for steers fed for 16 or 20 mo the corn- or hay-based diets. Digesta concentrations of stearic (18:0) and trans-vaccenic acid decreased, whereas linoleic acid (18:2n-6) increased between the US and Japanese endpoints (all P ? 0.03). α-Linolenic acid (18:3n-3) increased in digesta only in the hay-fed steers during this time. Plasma concentrations of palmitic (16:0) and palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), and the 16:1:18:0 ratio, were higher in Angus steers than in Wagyu steers. Also, the plasma 16:1:18:0 ratio was decreased by hay feeding in Angus steers, but increased in Wagyu steers, when fed to the Japanese endpoint. Concentrations of oleic (18:1n-9), linoleic, α-linolenic, and 18:2trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid all were higher in Wagyu than in Angus subcutaneous (s.c.) adipose tissue, whereas myristic (14:0) and palmitic acid were higher in Angus s.c. adipose tissue (P ? 0.05). All MUFA increased, and saturated fatty acids decreased, between the US and Japanese endpoints. Slip points of lipids in s.c. adipose tissue were over 10 °C lower (P = 0.01) in Japanese-endpoint steers than in US endpoint steers, consistent with the overall increase in MUFA with time on feed. The concentration of cholesterol in the M. longissimus thoracis increased with time, which may have been related to the increase in oleic acid. Because the breed × endpoint interaction was not significant for cholesterol or any of the adipose tissue fatty acids, we conclude that our original hypothesis was incorrect. Of the three factors tested (breed type, diet, and slaughter age endpoint), endpoint had the greatest effect on adipose tissue lipid composition.     

风鸭加工过程中肌内和皮下脂肪水解特性研究

研究了控温控湿现代化工艺加工中风鸭肌内和皮下脂肪的甘油酯、磷脂、游离脂肪酸、理化指标的变化规律及内在相关性。采用三氯甲烷-甲醇溶液提取脂肪,固相萃取法分离脂肪,通过毛细管气相色谱分析游离脂肪酸的含量。结果显示:肌内脂肪中磷脂和游离脂肪酸含量比皮下脂肪变化显著,肌内脂肪水解是风鸭脂类物质变化的主体;肌内游离脂肪酸尤其油酸(18∶1)和亚油酸(18∶2)主要来自于肌内磷脂的降解,而皮下甘油酯和磷脂对皮下游离脂肪酸积累都有一定的贡献;棕榈酸(16∶0)、硬脂酸(18∶0)、油酸(18∶1)和亚油酸(18∶2)是风鸭游离脂肪酸主体成分。     

广式香肠烘烤过程中游离脂肪酸的变化研究

利用气相色谱对广式香肠中游离脂肪酸 (freefattyacid ,FFA)组分进行色谱分析。广式香肠游离脂肪酸中主要是十六碳和十八碳的脂肪酸 ,其中 ,不饱和脂肪酸占的比例较大。烘烤过程中广式香肠FFA组成发生变化 ,不饱和脂肪酸的质量分数由 53%升至 6 0 % ,饱和脂肪酸的质量分数则由 4 7%降为 4 0 % ;烘烤过程中FFA含量逐渐增加 ,由未烘时的 7 12 9mg/g干重上升为 52h时的 13 74 6mg/ g(干重 ) ,成品中FFA含量达干重质量的 1%以上。各游离脂肪酸组分含量增加的程度不同 ,增加的速率为 :亚油酸 >油酸 >棕榈油酸 >硬脂酸 >棕榈酸     

Fatty acid composition of water buffalo meat

The fatty acid composition of intramuscular lipids of Longissimus dorsi (LD), Psoas major (PM), Biceps femoris (BF), Semitendinosus (ST) muscles and liver of water buffalo male calves was determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. The content of total lipids in the LD muscle was found to be maximum, followed by PM, BF and ST in decreasing order (1·03, 0·99, 0·66 and 0·55g/100g of fresh muscle). Liver contained 2·65 g of total lipids per 100 g of fresh tissue. Following the anatomical location, intramuscular lipids contained 44-55% of saturated fatty acids, of which the major components were stearic and palmitic acids. Mono-unsaturated fatty acids (31-40%) composed mainly oleic acid (90%). The PUFA contents in PM, LD, ST and BF were, respectively, 11%, 12%, 13% and 16%. The predominant PUFA were linoleic (66%) and arachidonic (25%). The significance of difference of PUFA content between muscles is discussed. Liver contained 48%, 27% and 22% saturated, monosaturated and PUFA, respectively. The PUFA in liver were linoleic (36%), C20 (47%) and C22 (9%).     

Changes in lipid composition,fatty acid profile and lipid oxidative stability during Cantonese sausage processing

Lipid composition, fatty acid profile and lipid oxidative stability were evaluated during Cantonese sausage processing. Free fatty acids increased with concomitant decrease of phospholipids. Total content of free fatty acids at 72 h in muscle and adipose tissue was 7.341 mg/g and 3.067 mg/g, respectively. Total amount of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (SFA, MUFA, and PUFA) in neutral lipid exhibited a little change during processing, while the proportion of PUFA significantly decreased in the PL fraction. The main triacylglycerols were POO + SLO + OOO, PSO (P = palmitic acid, O = oleic acid, L = linoleic acid, S = stearic acid), and a preferential hydrolysis of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid was observed. Phosphatidylcholines (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) were the main components of phospholipids and PE exhibited the most significant degradation during processing. Thiobarbituric acid values (TBARS) increased while peroxide values and hexanal contents varied during processing.