2024铝合金异形孔渐进成形工艺研究

目的 研究材料的渐进成形翻边性能。方法 使用一种硬铝合金AA2024-O,进行渐进成形圆孔翻边实验和异形孔翻边实验,并且研究了不同成形路径的多道次渐进成形对异形孔翻边零件的影响。结果 AA2024-O渐进成形翻边的极限翻边系数是0.89,材料渐进成形的翻边成形性能高于冲压翻边成形性能;异形孔翻边零件各段的高度和减薄率存在差异。结论 压缩类翻边区域和直线段翻边区域的翻边高度较高,减薄率较小,不易发生破裂;而内曲圆弧部分属于伸长类翻边,在厚度方向减薄严重,容易破裂;内曲圆弧半径越小,变形越大,越容易破裂;成形角改变的多道次异形孔翻边件破裂严重,而成形深度改变的多道次异形孔翻边件质量比单道次翻边的翻边件质量要好。     

锥状凸模与柱形凸模圆孔翻边的比较分析

通过对锥状凸模与柱状凸模圆孔翻边应力应变分布的对比分析,阐明了采用锥状凸模进行圆孔翻边,可降低制件开裂处的周向应力,提高材料的极限变形程度和减少壁厚变簿.     

工艺参数对AZ31B镁合金单点渐进翻边精度的影响

目的 以AZ31B镁合金板为研究对象,研究初始成形角、工具直径、成形温度及层间距对单点渐进圆孔翻边精度的影响规律。方法 使用有限元软件对2 mm厚的镁合金板材进行数值模拟,通过计算翻边直壁处的平均回弹量,得出不同工艺参数对单点渐进圆孔翻边直壁轮廓的影响规律。通过正交实验分析了交互作用下工艺参数对圆孔翻边直壁处平均回弹量的影响,通过极差分析确定了最优工艺参数组合,并通过实验对所得结果进行了验证。结果 随着初始成形角的增大、工具直径的增大、成形温度的升高及层间距的减小,圆孔翻边制件直壁处的成形精度提高,各因素按影响程度由大到小的顺序依次为:成形温度、初始成形角、工具直径和层间距。成形精度最高的工艺参数组合如下:初始成形角为30°、工具直径为10 mm、成形温度为275 ℃、层间距为0.5 mm。结论 采用仿真模型模拟单点渐进圆孔翻边过程具有较高的准确性,使用优化后的工艺参数得到翻边零件直壁区域的最小厚度以及平均回弹量与仿真结果误差均在3%以内,升高温度可以明显提高单点渐进圆孔翻边的制件精度。     

5182铝合金椭圆孔电磁翻边数值模拟研究

目的 研究异形孔电磁翻边成形规律及不同预制孔尺寸对翻边质量的影响.方法 基于电磁成形平台实现椭圆孔电磁翻边试验,建立三维电磁成形仿真模型对3种预制孔的翻边过程进行模拟.通过显微硬度值、翻边轮廓、翻边高度及端部厚度等指标分析异形孔电磁翻边规律.结果 3种预制孔的翻边高度均表现为从长轴到短轴不断增大,随着预置高度从15 m...     

基于数值模拟的极限凸翻边研究

为了提高薄板冲压成形零件的疲劳寿命,将半手工操作的落锤压制(冲压)方法改为高压橡皮成形(静压)方法而进行的工艺研究试验;同时,为高压橡皮半模成形确定最合适的工艺过程设计(CAPP)进行计算机仿真.运用自行开发的静-动力有限元软件分析橡皮成形凸模圆角半径和板料厚度对凸翻边成形极限的影响,并建立预测橡皮成形凸翻边成败的t极限翻边高度Hmax、凸模圆角半径r凸、板料厚度t的关系曲面.根据所得数值模拟的极限凸翻边高度Hmax模与7.7万吨橡皮囊液压机的试验结果Hmax实的对比,吻合很好;数值模拟将凸翻边起皱-压贴的真实过程描述得很清楚,而理论计算结果与物理实验结果有一定的差值.     

翻边系数及材料参数对空调面板成形的影响

用DYNAFORM软件对空调面板零件的成形过程进行了有限元模拟.研究分析了圆孔翻边系数和材料参数对翻边成形的最大应变值和厚度减薄率的影响规律,建立了翻边系数与材料参数的关系.研究结果对翻边成形的选材具有重要的意义.     

车用千斤顶上支成形有限元分析及工艺优化

目的 解决千斤顶上支外缘不规则曲面混合翻边成形过程中容易出现的破裂等缺陷问题。方法 基于Dynaform软件对千斤顶上支进行冲压仿真模拟,分析凸凹模圆角半径、凸凹模间隙、压边力对千斤顶上支成形的影响规律,并结合成形极限图、厚度变化云图等,采用控制变量法、正交实验对其工艺和参数进行优化。结果 经有限元分析和正交优化的千斤顶外缘曲面翻边工艺如下:凸模圆角为过渡圆角结构,其齿顶大圆角和边缘小圆角半径分别为3.5 mm和0.7 mm,凹模圆角半径为3.5 mm,凸凹模间隙为2.8 mm,压边力为50 000 N。结论 采用最佳工艺方案可生产出合格制件,实际成形件的减薄情况与模拟结果基本一致,所得成形工艺参数对制件的影响规律可为研究不规则曲面混合翻边成形提供一定的参考。     

B550CL高强钢轮辐反拉深-翻边复合成形损伤开裂研究

针对高强钢汽车轮辐在实际生产过程中经常出现反拉深-翻边复合工序中中心孔翻边开裂这一问题,采用有限元数值模拟的方法,建立了有限元模型,并通过试制轮辐验证其可靠性.模拟获得了新型高强钢材料B550CL在用于轮辐翻边成形时的应力应变的分布和变化规律,并进一步对轮辐的损伤和壁厚分布情况进行了分析.研究表明:反拉深-翻边复合工序中翻边区在成形过程中应力应变集中明显,变形量较大;同时,材料的损伤和壁厚减薄在翻边区域也比较严重,导致实际成形中翻边区可能出现开裂等缺陷.     

等面积法确定翻边预冲孔直径

介绍了钢板翻边工艺中预冲孔直径的等面积计算与工艺验证结合的确定方法.采用这种方法,可以保证翻边成形后工件的尺寸要求,对于精度高、批量大的产品加工很有意义.     

密封盖内外翻边模具改进

通过密封盖零件的翻边成形,介绍了密封盖翻边模具结构及工作过程,分析了黑色金属材料在翻边成形过程中产生划伤的原因,提出了采用硬质合金材料制造模具,解决了零件在翻边成形过程中,外表面产生划伤、划痕等问题。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...