SAPO-34催化剂上甲醇制烯烃反应——催化反应失活动力学

甲醇制烯烃(MTO)催化剂SAPO-34在反应过程中存在失活现象,为了合理设计MTO反应器,需要了解该反应的本征动力学以及催化剂的失活规律,为此在固定床等温积分反应器内进行了甲醇制烯烃反应失活动力学的研究。通过测定不同催化反应时间下反应物和各产物的浓度,考察了催化剂不同使用时间后的催化活性,研究了SAPO-34催化剂的失活规律,建立了5集总反应和失活动力学模型,该模型充分考虑到水和积炭对反应过程的影响。根据实验测定的动力学数据拟合得到了失活反应的动力学常数,该动力学模型预测得到的SAPO-34催化剂上MTO反应产物组成随反应时间的变化规律与实验值吻合很好,说明了获得的动力学模型的可靠性。     

乙炔法气相合成醋酸乙烯工业固定床反应器优化操作的研究

在该反应的宏观反应动力学研究的基础上，对新型Ｚｎ（ＡＣ）２－活性炭催化剂上合成醋酸乙烯的失活学进行了实验研究，对催化剂失活的原因进行了分析探讨。地实验数据进行计算机模拟的结果表明，在实验条件范围内催化剂的失活符合独立的失活的机理，即催化剂的的失活速率与反应物的浓度无关，只与反应的温度和时间，以及催化剂本身的活性高低有关。由此导出了有关的失活动力学方程，为工业固定床反应器的优化操作提供了有关的基础方     

乙炔法气相合成醋酸乙烯工业固定床反应器优化操作的研究Ⅱ乙炔醋酸在Zn（AC）_2—活性炭催化剂上合成醋酸乙烯反应的失活动力学

在该反应的宏观反应动力学研究的基础上，对新型Ｚｎ（ＡＣ）２—活性炭催化剂上合成醋酸乙烯的失活动力学进行了实验研究，对催化剂失活的原因进行了分析探讨。对实验数据进行计算机模拟的结果表明，在实验条件范围内催化剂的失活符合独立失活的机理，即催化剂的失活速率与反应物的浓度无关，只与反应的温度和时间，以及催化剂本身的活性高低有关。由此导出了有关的失活动力学方程，为工业固定床反应器的优化操作提供了有关的基础方程和数据。     

环戊烯合成环戊基甲醚的反应动力学研究

研究了甲醇与环戊烯合成环戊基甲醚(CPME)的宏观反应动力学。环戊烯与甲醇摩尔比为1∶1,温度区间为115¹30℃,采用离子交换树脂催化剂,反应在固定床反应器内发生,在液相条件下得到了相应的动力学数据。结果表明,甲醇优先紧紧地吸附在催化剂的活性位上,环戊烯吸附在相同的催化剂活性位上参与反应,反应呈现明显的一级反应的特征。采用非线性曲线拟合方法处理实验数据,建立了环戊烯醚化反应动力学方程。用动力学模型求得的计算值与实验值的相对误差均在5%以内,说明所建动力学模型能较好的描述环戊烯醚化反应,具有良好的外推性。     

环戊烯合成环戊基甲醚的反应动力学研究

研究了甲醇与环戊烯合成环戊基甲醚(CPME)的宏观反应动力学。环戊烯与甲醇摩尔比为1∶1,温度区间为115~130℃,采用离子交换树脂催化剂,反应在固定床反应器内发生,在液相条件下得到了相应的动力学数据。结果表明,甲醇优先紧紧地吸附在催化剂的活性位上,环戊烯吸附在相同的催化剂活性位上参与反应,反应呈现明显的一级反应的特征。采用非线性曲线拟合方法处理实验数据,建立了环戊烯醚化反应动力学方程。用动力学模型求得的计算值与实验值的相对误差均在5%以内,说明所建动力学模型能较好的描述环戊烯醚化反应,具有良好的外推性。     

新鲜SAPO-34催化剂上甲醇制烯烃反应动力学

在固定床反应器内进行了甲醇制烯烃反应动力学研究,借助集总动力学的概念,充分考虑到水和积炭对反应过程的影响,建立了5集总反应动力学模型,并进行了求解,最终获得了新鲜催化剂上可计算各集总组分反应速率的动力学方程.模型计算值与实验值吻合较好,表明模型预测效果很好.     

HZSM-5催化剂在MTG反应中的积炭失活

在固定床不锈钢反应器中进行了HZSM-5分子筛催化甲醇制汽油(MTG)反应的催化性能和失活实验。采用热重、X射线衍射、FT-IR、低温氮吸附-脱附、色谱-质谱联用仪等方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,在反应进行到336 h时,甲醇转化率为40%,汽油收率低至12.6%,催化剂严重失活,但在700℃有氧再生后活性恢复,且保持了完整的MFI结构。积炭是催化剂失活的主要原因,大部分积炭沉积在分子筛微孔中,积炭物种主要是带有双键的聚合态化合物和稠环芳烃。     

超临界流体对固定床甲醇合成反应促进作用的研究

为了阐明超临界流体对甲醇合成反应的促进作用,在固定床反应器中实验考察了超临界正己烷中合成气制甲醇反应。结果表明:忽略催化剂内扩散阻力时,氮气中甲醇合成反应的反应器出口甲醇浓度低于平衡值,而超临界正己烷介质中甲醇合成反应的反应器出口甲醇浓度远高于平衡值。此外,建立了固定床反应器内超临界正己烷中甲醇合成反应的浓度分布模型,模拟考察了甲醇四缔合体的存在对反应结果的影响,发现由于甲醇分子间的氢键缔合大大降低了催化剂表面单体甲醇浓度,促进平衡向着甲醇合成反应方向进行,使得固定床出口甲醇浓度大于平衡值。     

乙炔法气相合成醋酸乙烯工业固定床反应器优化操作的研究（Ⅰ）乙炔、醋酸在Zn（Ac）2—活性炭催化剂上合成醋酸乙烯反应的宏观动力学

用非等温固定床反应器，参照工业生产条件（反应温度为１６０～２１０℃、进口乙炔气与醋酸的摩尔比为５～９），对新型Ｚｎ（Ａｃ）２—活性炭催化剂上合成醋酸乙烯的宏观动力学进行了实验研究。对实验数据进行计算机模拟的结果表明，在实验条件范围内乙炔与醋酸在新鲜催化剂上的反应速率仅与乙炔的分压有关，并且假设该反应为１级反应时，实验数据的拟合精度能充分满足要求。由此导出了相应的宏观反应动力学方程，为进一步研究该反应的失活动力学和建立工业固定床反应器模型提供了有关的基础方程和数据。     

乙炔法气相合成醋酸乙烯工业固定床反应器优化操作的研究

用非等温固定反应器，参照工业生产条件，对新型Ｚｎ（Ａｃ）２一活性炭催化剂上合成醋酸乙烯的宏观动力学进行了实验研究。对实验数据进行计算机模拟的结果表明，在实际条件范围内乙炔与醋酸在新鲜催化剂上的反应速率仅与乙炔的分压有关，并且假设该反应为１级反应时，实验数据的拟合精度能充分满足要求。由此导出了相应的宏观反应动力学方程，为进一步研究该反应的失活动力学和建立工业固定床反应器模型提供了有关的基础方程和数据     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。