大型汽轮发电机组动静碰摩故障特征分析与现场处理

介绍了大型汽轮发电机组动静碰摩产生的原因以及振动信号的特征,并结合现场启机过程中发生碰摩的实际数据,给出了现场动静碰摩故障振动特征信号及诊断处理方法。     

汽轮发电机组转子碰摩振动的理论分析及实例

从理论上详细分析了汽轮发电机组碰摩振动的机理，并列举了一起典型的汽轮发电机组碰摩案例，对汽轮发电机组碰摩的故障诊断具有很大的参考价值。图4参8     

旋转机械径向碰摩模型分析

转子系统动静碰摩是汽轮发电机组等大型旋转机械时常出现的故障之一。对碰摩故障的深入研究和准确诊断是确保汽轮发电机组安全运行的重要技术手段。对转子系统动静碰摩的研究主要包括两个方面:精确的模型和有效的振动诊断特征信息。分析了转子与定子发生径向碰摩的各种物理模型和力学模型。通过对刚性支承和弹性支承等碰摩的物理模型和碰摩的各种法向力和切向力模型的对比,分析了各个模型的特点及其应用范围。介绍了动静碰摩的系统动力学模型,指出建立多参数、通用、精确的法向力和切向力模型以及精确的系统动力学模型是碰摩振动故障研究的发展方向。     

汽轮发电机组动静碰摩的奇异谱理论与小波分析诊断方法研究

作者利用奇异谱对汽轮发电机组转子动碰摩的振动信号进行了分析,剔除信号中因不平衡等邦联所产生的平滑部分、抑制噪声;并运用连续小波变换对信号进行分析。通过多尺度分析形成等高线图,使碰摩故障特征在相应的等高图上得以体现出来。作者还比较了相似频谱特征的两类故障信号的小波变换等高线特征,总结了碰摩故障小波变换等高线分析特征,得到了理想的分析结果,为汽轮发电机组碰摩故障识别提供了新的思路;同时讨论了运用小波变     

大型汽轮发电机组碰磨故障分析与处理

汽轮发电机组部件动静碰磨是现场最为常见而又非常难以准确诊断的一类故障,由于碰磨故障的不确定性给现场诊断和处理增大了难度.从原因、机理、振动特征和现场处理等方面对动静碰磨作了理论分析,同时通过大量的案例分析,发现在汽轮发电机组中汽轮机发生碰磨故障的概率最高,而对于汽轮机来说低压缸发生碰磨的概率较高,另外分析发现发生碰磨的部位主要集中在机组的油挡和汽封处.同时结合国内660MW机组在升速和空载过程中发生碰磨故障的案例,分析了汽轮发电机组碰磨故障对应的振动特征,现场采用了“磨合”方式进行故障消除,并取得了良好效果,可以为实际机组碰磨故障的现场分析处理提供参考.     

汽轮机转子动静碰摩理论分析及判别特征

通过对汽轮发电机组动静碰摩故障的原因分析、理论分析,提出了动静碰摩故障时汽轮机组对应的各种故障特征以及敏感参数,为现场运行人员、诊断人员提供了有力的诊断依据,提高了动静碰摩故障诊断的准确性.     

汽轮发电机组轻微碰摩故障的诊断

动静碰摩是汽轮发电机组的常见故障。通过对轻微碰摩故障的仿真计算得出该故障的特征,并将其应用到现场的故障诊断中,获得了很好的效果,有较强的工程价值。     

基于工程实践的汽轮发电机组不稳定振动的研究

统计分析了十年来30台次的大型汽轮发电机组发生的不稳定振动故障的实例,对发生不稳定振动故障来源阶段及形式进行了统计分析,同时统计分析了引起机组不稳定振动故障的主要原因占比,结合现场实际案例阐述了机组发生不稳定振动故障所表现的特征及处理措施,为大型汽轮发电机组的安全运行提供了技术参考与依据。     

汽轮机组动静碰摩引起振动故障的判断和对策

分析了汽轮发电机组在运行中,由于动静部分碰摩导致机组发生振动可能表现出来的现象,指出,出现哪些振动现象时可判定汽轮发电机组可能产生动静部分碰摩以及发生动静部分碰摩以后应当如何处理。     

浮动油档引起的汽轮发电机组不规则振动分析

针对近几年频发的汽轮发电机组浮动油档引起的不规则振动,结合了某350MW调试机组同类故障实例,通过分析不规则振动特征和碰摩机理,指出浮动环材质不达标和安装位置不合理是引起浮动油档碰摩振动的主要因素,容易造成浮动环与转子干摩擦,导致转子热弯曲。最后总结了该类故障发生在机组冲转和机组运行过程中的不规则振动特征。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

<正>~~     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.