铜硫化矿熔炼:过去的成就与目前的挑战(上)

过去30年,铜硫化矿熔炼和吹炼中提高氧的用量,以及实行计算机在线控制,导致冶炼强度和精矿处理能力大幅度提高,降低了熔炼能耗并改善了烟气SO,的回收.一台熔炼炉年处理精矿量100万t是新的工业标准.顶部浸没式氧枪熔炼近年已成为一个重要的生产方法,两个新的连续吹炼法在上世纪90年代已经工业化.然而,由于转炉吹炼作业的改进和转炉规格的加大,PS转炉吹炼仍然保持着技术上的主导地位.过去30年,世界铜熔炼企业已经发生重大改组.受快速经济增长的刺激以及对基础材料的大量需求,在中国、印度以及其他亚洲一些国家已经建立了许多现代大型的铜冶炼厂.其他地区铜的熔炼和电解能力仅有适度的增长.而在美国阴极铜产量正出现实质性下降.本文作者查阅了最近的技术进步和工业发展以及一些突出问题,如将要成为讨论焦点的能源消耗问题和相应的温室气体排放问题.     

铜硫化矿冶炼:过去的成就和目前的挑战

过去的三十年,硫化铜熔炼、吹炼氧气消耗量的增加,以及计算机过程控制的实现,提高了工艺强度和冶炼厂的精矿处理能力,降低了冶炼的能源消耗,提高了从工艺气流中捕收SO_2的能力。粗炼炉年产100万吨精矿已成为新的工业标准。近年来,顶吹浸没喷枪熔炼技术已成为一种重要的工艺方法。过去的三十年,世界铜冶炼发生了重大调整。受经济快速增长及时基本原材料需求大幅增加的刺激,许多现代大型铜冶炼厂纷纷在中国、印度以及其他亚洲国家建厂,其余地区的熔炼及电解精炼增长缓慢。此外,美国ER铜阴极产量已大幅下降。本文作者讨论了新近的技术进展、行业变化以及一些关注问题,如能源消耗及相应的温室气体排放问题将成为未来讨论的焦点。     

铜熔炼工艺的吹炼技术选择

硫化物吹炼技术的改进已落后于一次熔炼工艺。在过去的几十年中，新的熔炼工艺得到了迅速发展．如：奥托昆普闪速工艺、Inco闪速工艺、三菱连续熔炼工艺、诺兰达反应器。喷干精矿的特尼恩特工艺（CMT）、艾萨熔炼工艺和CCNTOP法。所有这些工艺都被证明在工业上是可行的。另一方面，PS转炉及其改进型（霍博肯和茵斯皮雷欣）已经成为成熟的吹炼转炉。本文探讨了针对每种熔炼工艺的吹炼选择，制定了一套供吹炼工艺选择的标准，此标准不仅适合于现有工艺，而且也适用于具有发展潜力的新工艺的选择。     

国外提高炼铜转炉产量的途径

近十年来,国外一些炼铜厂所处理的精矿,含铜品位下降4～7％,随之冰铜品位也相应降低。为保持冶炼厂的原有产量,必须提高转炉的处理能力。据资料报道,国外提高转炉产量的途径有三:富氧吹炼铜精矿;扩大转炉炉口面积和加大风口直径;空气吹炼铜精矿。     

铜熔炼工艺的吹炼技术选择

硫化物吹炼技术的改进已落后于一次熔炼工艺。在过去的几十年中，新的熔炼工艺得到了迅速发展，如：奥托昆普闪速工艺，Ｉｎｃｏ闪速工艺、三菱连续熔炼工艺、诺兰达反应器、喷士精矿的特尼恩特工艺（ＣＭＴ）、艾萨熔炼工艺和ＣＣＮＴＯＰ法。所有这些工艺都被证明在工业上是可行的。另一方面，ＰＳ转房租主其改进型（霍博肯和茵斯皮雷欣）已经成熟的吹炼转炉。本文探讨了针对每种熔炼工艺的吹炼选择，制定了一套供吹炼工艺选择的标     

铜硫化矿熔炼过程的能源消耗(上)

利用热化学模型和工业数据,对以下工艺方法铜硫化矿熔炼过程中能源消耗进行计算:a)闪速熔炼+闪速吹炼;b)艾萨熔炼+PS转炉吹炼;c)三菱法连续铜熔炼和吹炼;d)诺兰达/特尼恩特连续熔池熔炼+PS转炉吹炼。对于这些方法,作业的范围包括渣中有价金属的回收,工艺过程中烟气的热回收,以及工艺过程中烟气和环保烟气中SO2的回收,在此项研究中采用了单元计算法,因此可以快速评估其他工艺流程,如"闪速熔炼+PS转炉吹炼"。尽管天然气是用于计算的重要燃料,但该模型也可很容易计算出替代燃料所产生的影响。     

铜硫化矿熔炼过程的能源消耗(下)

利用热化学模型和工业数据,对以下工艺方法铜硫化矿熔炼过程中能源消耗进行计算:a)闪速熔炼+闪速吹炼;b)艾萨熔炼+PS转炉吹炼;c)三菱法连续铜熔炼和吹炼;d)诺兰达/特尼恩特连续熔池熔炼+PS转炉吹炼。对于这些方法,作业的范围包括渣中有价金属的回收,工艺过程中烟气的热回收,以及工艺过程中烟气和环保烟气中SO2的回收,在此项研究中采用了单元计算法,因此可以快速评估其他工艺流程,如"闪速熔炼+PS转炉吹炼"。尽管天然气是用于计算的重要燃料,但该模型也可很容易计算出替代燃料所产生的影响。     

特尼恩特转炉——一项处于领先地位的火法冶金技术

过去5年智利国家铜公司特尼恩特分公司卡勒托内斯冶炼厂用于铜精矿自热熔炼的特尼恩特转炉技术经历了一个重要而卓有成效的发展过程. 两台新型的大型反应器(φ5m×22m)取代了分别自1977年和1978年以来投产的两台设备。这里介绍的最重要的技术改进是自1988年6月以来,适用于将干透了的精矿(以下简称干精矿)给入反应器的所谓“精矿浸没熔炼”。目前“熔池熔炼”和“精矿浸没熔炼”技术均在使用中.加入反应器的精矿。55%以上是用气流输送注入的。由于这项技术的开发.增加了自热熔炼的能力.并降低了操作费用. 特尼恩特转炉的热平衡表明.使一定的精矿(按其化学成分)达到连续的熔炼状态而不必添加冰铜是可能的。这种生产系统设置的特尼恩特转炉是铜精矿熔炼和吹炼过程中最有效的设备之一. 本文介绍了近年来的改进、采用“精矿浸没熔炼”技术之后,熔炼能力的预测及特尼恩特转炉的能耗预测。     

炼铜转炉吹炼技术的发展

正铜精矿火法冶炼熔炼产出的冰铜需要吹炼到含铜大于97%以上,再进行阳极炉精炼。近年来连续炼铜技术得到了较大的应用和发展,但由于连续吹炼技术存在粗铜含S高、高品位大块冷料处理的难题,因此,今后一段时间内转炉吹炼仍将存在。本文着重论述了近年来转炉吹炼工艺改进、转炉大型化以及配套新技术的应用等。铜精矿火法冶炼一般熔炼产出冰铜,冰铜吹炼成粗铜,粗铜精炼成阳极铜。铜精矿熔炼工艺经几十年的发展,闪     

铜火法冶金典型工艺单位产品排气量的比较分析

采用闪速熔炼+闪速吹炼、闪速熔炼+PS转炉吹炼、熔池熔炼+PS转炉吹炼这3种典型工艺的铜冶炼企业主要大气污染物排放环节的单位产品排气量均满足《铜镍钴工业污染物排放标准》中单位产品基准排气量的要求,按照单位产品废气排放量由小到大依次排序为闪速熔炼+闪速吹炼工艺、闪速熔炼+PS转炉吹炼工艺和熔池熔炼+PS转炉吹炼工艺。对各主要大气污染源排气量的对比分析结果表明,闪速熔炼、闪速吹炼具有环保、节能的优点,配合其生产能力大、工艺先进的特征,有利于现有和新建铜冶炼企业在扩大规模的同时还能满足日益严格的环保要求。     

Design and optimisation of charging ingredients and structure in an ironmaking system (Part II)

In order to maximise the reduction of pig iron cost in an ironmaking process, and at the same time ensure the output and quality of the pig iron, a design and optimisation system for the charging ingredients and structure in an ironmaking system was established using metallurgical theory. The system includes six modules, namely, sinter metallurgical performance testing and analysis, sintering burdening design, sinter component and property prediction, blast furnace burdening design, blast furnace batching calculation and ironmaking system burden optimisation. Based on actual production, testing and material balance theory, the system integrated these modules on VB and MATLAB using a series of intelligent algorithms, such as the BP neural network, multiple objective linear programming, genetic algorithms and so on. As a result, the optimum burden composition and structure of the sinter and blast furnace that satisfied all the constraint conditions could be obtained. Standing as a pinnacle of the global ironmaking production, the system can design and optimise not only the sintering burden, but also the blast furnace burden. Compared with the traditional production testing and hand calculation in the ironmaking system, the project can greatly reduce the production risk and greatly increase the calculation accuracy. Industrial application shows that the system is especially beneficial to reduce the ironmaking cost and at the same time ensure the output and quality.     

Impressions of psychotherapists' offices.

For counseling settings, research suggests that softness, personalization, and order might affect the experience and the perceived expertness, trustworthiness, and social attractiveness of the therapist. This article discusses exploratory studies on college students' perception of the counseling office environment and whether the likely client experience was associated with the softness/personalization and order of the office. As stimuli, the studies used 30 color photographs of psychotherapists' offices viewed from the client's perspective. After obtaining ratings of the characteristics of each office, we obtained ratings from different groups of students of the quality of care and comfort expected in each office (Study 1) and how qualified, bold, and friendly the therapist in the office would be (Study 2). Additional studies examined the likelihood of choosing a therapist based on the office, and the first thought or feeling that came to mind about the office, the therapist, and the patient experience. There were strong correlations in response between groups (by whether they had experienced therapy; their level in school; their gender; and their major, location, and school size). The quality of care, comfort, therapist boldness, qualifications of the therapist, and the likelihood that one would choose a therapist based on the office improved with increases in the office's softness/personalization and order. Friendliness improved with increases in softness/personalization. The office choices, open-ended responses, and reported reasons for the ratings confirmed the importance of softness (comfort) and order. Research should test longer term exposure and behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Lunar Astronomical Observatories: Design Studies

The best location in the inner solar system for the grand observatories of the 21st century may be the Moon. A multidisciplinary team including university students and faculty in engineering, astronomy, physics, and geology, and engineers from industry is investigating the Moon as a site for astronomical observatories and is doing conceptual and preliminary designs for these future observatories. Studies encompass lunar facilities for radio astronomy and astronomy at optical, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. Although there are significant engineering challenges in design and construction on the Moon, the rewards for astronomy can be great, such as detection and study of Earth‐like planets orbiting nearby stars, and the task for engineers promises to stimulate advances in analysis and design, materials and structures, automation and robotics, foundations, and controls. Fabricating structures in the reduced‐gravity environment of the Moon will be easier than in the zero‐gravity environment of Earth orbit, as Apollo and space‐shuttle missions have revealed. Construction of observatories on the Moon can be adapted from techniques developed on the Earth, with the advantage that the Moon's weaker gravitational pull makes it possible to build larger devices than are practical on Earth.     

矿热炉自动配料控制系统设计

针对矿热炉配料系统工艺流程复杂、可靠性及性价比要求高的特点,系统利用Modbus通信和工业以太网技术构建了由上位监控层、下位控制层和现场设备层组成的总体网络架构,设计出以S7-1200PLC为核心的稳定、高效和经济实用的分布式控制系统。通过合理的硬件、软件和监控界面设计,有效解决了生产效率与配料精度之间的矛盾,实现了称量、配料自动化。该系统自投入使用以来,性能稳定,工作可靠,具有较高的性价比,能够满足实际生产需求,达到了预期设计的目标。     

低碳高效高炉的设计研究

高炉炼铁的物理本质是铁素物质流在碳素能量流的驱动和作用下,按照设计的流程网络和运行程序,经过一系列复杂物理化学冶金反应过程,将铁矿石转变/转化为液态生铁的过程。碳素不仅是铁矿石还原过程的能量驱动源,也是生成铁水的重要非金属合金元素。面向全球“碳达峰”“碳中和”的发展形势,传统高炉必须在已有工艺技术的基础上进行改进、优化和创新,努力实现低碳化、高效化、绿色化、智能化等多重目标。提出了未来高炉在实现高效低碳的同时,必须从功能设计、装备设计和流程设计入手,遵循节能减排、低碳绿色新的发展理念,通过工艺优化、结构优化和技术开发,使传统高炉更加适应于炉料结构和燃料结构的变革,减少焦炭消耗和对其依赖,在碳素能量输入降低的条件下,形成新的耗散结构体系,进而实现高炉低碳高效炼铁的工程演进和技术发展。     

Development Model for Competitive Construction Industry in the People’s Republic of China

This paper identifies and analyzes the open-policy trend of the Chinese construction industry, which is characterized by trade liberalization, the underlying principle of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Compared to the construction industries in the United States, Japan, and the U.K., the construction industry in China is less developed in its legal framework, industrial structure, technological level, and international market share. To develop a competitive construction industry, the Chinese construction industry needs not only to accommodate appropriate international practice, but also to adapt and adopt it according to the market environment in China. A model to enhance the performance of the Chinese construction industry is proposed. The model consists of six modules: defining government’s role, opening up the construction market and establishing a competitive mechanism, promoting design institutes’ services and empowering professional bodies, encouraging technological innovations, upgrading employees’ educational level, and adopting multiprocurement routes. Recognizing China’s recent accession to the WTO and the attendant boost to its economy and industry development, the paper gives a timely evaluation of the post-WTO Chinese construction industry and proposes a model for its development. The model may serve the needs of academics, Chinese construction policymakers, construction enterprises, design institutes, and foreign contractors.     

ICP-AES法测定硅铝钡铁合金中Al、Ba等9种元素含量

采用电感偶合等离子体分析技术,通过优化电感偶合等离子体光谱仪的工作参数、分析条件,选取仪器最佳分析参数和分析条件,以HNO3、HF、HClO4处理样品,稀盐酸浸取,完成硅铝钡、硅钙钡和硅钙钡铝铁合金中Al、Ba、Fe、Ca、Mn、Cu、Cr、Ni、P9种主次量元素成分的同时测定,方法的回收率达96%～104%,相对标准偏差〈1.5%,能够满足快速分析的要求。     

Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for Psychologists.

Presents the Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists. These guidelines reflect the continuing evolution of the study of psychology, changes in society at large, and emerging data about the different needs of particular individuals and groups historically marginalized or disenfranchised within and by psychology based on their ethnic/racial heritage and social group identity or membership. These guidelines reflect knowledge and skills needed for the profession in the midst of dramatic historic sociopolitical changes in US society, as well as needs of new constituencies, markets, and clients. The specific goals of these guidelines are to provide psychologists with (a) the rationale and needs for addressing multiculturalism and diversity in education, training, research, practice, and organizational change; (b) basic information, relevant terminology, current empirical research from psychology and related disciplines, and other data that support the proposed guidelines and underscore their importance; (c) references to enhance ongoing education, training, research, practice, and organizational change methodologies; and (d) paradigms that broaden the purview of psychology as a profession. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Attachment in psychotherapy.

Reviews the book, Attachment in psychotherapy by David J. Wallin (see record 2007-05421-000). This intellectual and clinical tour-de-force is what we have been waiting for: a book that is on the one hand a coherent, creative, thoughtful, and remarkably integrated view of contemporary psychoanalysis, with attachment, and attachment processes, at its core, and on the other a reflection on our daily, complex, work with patients. The book has three broad aims: first, to ground the reader in attachment theory and research, second, to broaden the reach of attachment theory by building bridges to other aspects of contemporary psychoanalytic theory and science, and third to apply this broader, deeply psychoanalytic, clinical attachment theory to understanding the dynamics of an individual patient and the dynamics of clinical work. This book should be essential reading for anyone interested in contemporary psychoanalysis. Few writers have the ability to write so directly and clearly about complex science and theory; his scholarship and reach are extraordinary. This book is also a book for therapists at all levels of experience. Throughout every section of the book, Wallin writes about his work with patients, about the therapeutic process, about the therapeutic situation, and about the therapeutic relationship, in all its complexity. In the end, he creates a truly contemporary vision of human development, affect regulation, and relational processes, grounded in the body and in the brain, and in the fundamental relationships that make us who we are, as therapists, as patients, and as human beings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)