高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料的研究进展及应用

高延性水泥基复合材料(engineered cementitious composite,ECC)是经系统的微观力学设计,在拉伸和剪切荷载下呈现高延展性的一种纤维增强水泥基复合材料.综述了ECC的研究进展,介绍了配筋ECC结构的耐久性、安全性及可持续性等混凝土必须满足的关键性能.根据ECC近来的应用情况及在工程上推广应用的需要,总结了ECC长期性能方面的研究结果.     

高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料的微观力学设计、性能及发展趋势

高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(ECC)是近20年发展起来的一种新型纤维增强水泥基复合材料。ECC在受力过程中,由于开裂处纤维的桥联作用以及纤维与基体间传递应力时裂缝能够稳定扩展,使得ECC表现出明显的多缝开裂特性和应变硬化行为。因此,ECC相对于传统的纤维增强水泥基复合材料具有更好的力学性能和耐久性。本文对ECC的微观力学设计理论、基本力学性能、耐久性以及工程应用进行了综述,介绍了4种具有特殊性能的新型ECC,最后就ECC所存在的材料选取、制备工艺和测试方法等方面的不足进行了评述和展望。     

工程水泥基复合材料动态力学性能及抗爆抗冲击能力研究进展

工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)是一种基于微观力学设计的新型纤维增强水泥基材料,它通过连续稳态开裂过程表现出超高延性和韧性,从而克服了普通水泥基材料抗拉能力弱、易开裂的缺点。本文综述了ECC设计机理、动态力学性能及其在抗爆抗冲击方面的研究现状,分析了材料组分设计、高应变率和高温环境对ECC性能的影响,对ECC材料在抗爆抗冲击领域的进一步研究和发展提出了建议。     

高吸水性树脂对高延性水泥基材料性能的影响

分别采用干拌与预吸水拌合两种方式将高吸水性树脂(SAP)加入高延性水泥基材料(ECC)浆体，分析不同掺量及拌合方式下SAP对ECC的极限拉伸应变、抗拉强度、约束收缩和韧性等性能的影响。结果表明：以干拌方式加入SAP可以显著提升ECC浆体的塑性黏度，降低浆体流动性，以预吸水拌合方式加入SAP会降低ECC浆体的塑性黏度，增加浆体流动性，更易于成型；以干拌方式加入SAP的ECC试件初裂强度和抗拉强度更高，韧性更优异，以预吸水拌合方式加入SAP的ECC试件极限拉伸应变更高，对约束收缩性能的改善效果更好；加入SAP可以明显提高ECC试件的拉伸应变能力和韧性，所有掺入SAP的ECC试件均具有良好的延性，极限拉伸应变均在3%以上，加入SAP的ECC试件极限拉伸应变相比对照组提高了62.0%～99.0%。     

化学外加剂对砂浆流变性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

研究了水胶比、聚羧酸减水剂(PCE)分子结构、高吸水性树脂(SAP)及阴离子型黏度调节剂(VMA)对砂浆流变性能的影响。结果表明:提升水胶比能降低砂浆的屈服应力和塑性黏度并提高其流动度保持能力。PCE的掺入可显著降低砂浆的屈服应力且PCE侧链的空间位阻作用是一个主要原因。侧链抑制PCE在水泥颗粒表面的吸附。增加PCE侧链长度对水泥浆初始流变性影响较小。SAP通过降低砂浆中自由水含量来提高其屈服应力和塑性黏度,其作用机理与降低水胶比的作用相似。VMA在低掺量下通过桥接作用提高砂浆的屈服应力,但对塑性黏度影响不大;高掺量下,VMA的桥接作用减弱却能大幅提高液相的黏度,因而对砂浆屈服应力的提升作用减弱而大幅提高其塑性黏度。     

高延性水泥基材料纤维分布及其影响因素研究进展

纤维在基体中的分布和取向情况对高延性水泥基材料(ECC)的应变硬化、多缝开裂、裂缝自愈合等特征具有显著影响。在归纳近年来有关ECC纤维分布研究的基础上,简要介绍了纤维分布的表征参数和方法,从微观和宏观的层面详细阐述了纤维分布对ECC材料力学性能的影响,从纤维本体特征、基材特征及成型工艺等3个方面重点分析了ECC纤维分布的关键影响因素。最后,对目前ECC纤维分布研究中存在的问题进行评述,并提出了对未来研究的建议。     

化学外加剂对砂浆流变性能的影响

研究了水胶比、聚羧酸减水剂(PCE)分子结构、高吸水性树脂(SAP)及阴离子型黏度调节剂(VMA)对砂浆流变性能的影响。结果表明:提升水胶比能降低砂浆的屈服应力和塑性黏度并提高其流动度保持能力。PCE的掺入可显著降低砂浆的屈服应力且PCE侧链的空间位阻作用是一个主要原因。侧链抑制PCE在水泥颗粒表面的吸附。增加PCE侧链长度对水泥浆初始流变性影响较小。SAP通过降低砂浆中自由水含量来提高其屈服应力和塑性黏度,其作用机理与降低水胶比的作用相似。VMA在低掺量下通过桥接作用提高砂浆的屈服应力,但对塑性黏度影响不大;高掺量下,VMA的桥接作用减弱却能大幅提高液相的黏度,因而对砂浆屈服应力的提升作用减弱而大幅提高其塑性黏度。     

钢-PVA混杂纤维水泥基复合材料抗压力学性能及经济性研究

纤维增强延性水泥基材料(ECC)造价昂贵,在实际工程应用中尚未被推广。在传统ECC体系中加入钢纤维,并按照不同体积分数(0%、25%、50%、75%、100%)将国产PVA纤维替代日产PVA纤维,制备极具性价比的钢-PVA混杂纤维增强延性水泥基材料,通过立方体轴心抗压试验研究混杂纤维延性水泥基材料的单轴受压力学性能。结果表明：随着国产PVA纤维的增加,钢-PVA混杂纤维水泥基复合材料的抗压强度先减小后增加,抗压韧性指数先增强后减弱,而峰值应变提升效果较为显著;相较于普通水泥基材料,钢-PVA混杂纤维水泥基复合材料具有更好的完整性和延性;综合材料抗压性能与材料造价,国产PVA纤维替代日产PVA纤维配制钢-PVA混杂纤维水泥基复合材料可以实现功能价值和经济价值的协同最大化。     

粗骨料超高性能混凝土流变与稳定性EI北大核心CSCD

为提升粗骨料超高性能混凝土(CA-UHPC)的流变与物相稳定性能,研究了硅灰、粗骨料和纤维用量对CA-UHPC流变性能的影响规律;建立了流变参数、纤维、骨料分布间的关系。结果表明:CA-UHPC呈剪切变稀行为,Modified bingham模型具有更准确的流变参数拟合结果,测试流动度宜控制在450~690mm。增加硅灰用量,屈服应力增大而黏度减小,剪切变稀现象弱化;增加粗骨料用量,屈服应力和黏度先降低后增加,剪切变稀现象加剧;增加钢纤维掺量,屈服应力和黏度均增加,并加剧了剪切变稀现象。硬化后试件从上至下,纤维分布减少,而骨料分布增多。粗骨料的整体均匀分散程度随骨料用量的增加而提升,但纤维会劣化粗骨料的均匀分散程度,且随纤维掺量增加,纤维和粗骨料均匀分布程度先升高后降低。     

高延性水泥基复合材料的断裂性能分析

实验测试了不同纤维掺量下的高延性水泥基复合材料的载荷—挠度曲线,并对试件加载过程中的声发射信号进行收集,分析了试件断裂后的裂纹分布及纤维在基材中的破坏形式。结果发现:(1)当纤维体积掺量2.0%时,水泥基材的极限挠度、极限抗弯承载力分别可达20.16mm、19.47MPa;(2)高延性水泥基复合材料破坏主要来自于微裂纹的萌生、扩展以及损伤积累过程,试件从加载至完全破坏的时间为素水泥基复合材料破坏持续时间的2~5倍;(3)高延性水泥基复合材料中纤维的破坏以纤维被拔出和纤维被拉断两种模式,试件表现出明显的多缝开裂特征。     

锂渣掺量对水泥-减水剂浆体流变特性和混凝土性能的影响

本文研究了锂渣掺量对水泥-减水剂浆体流变特性、新拌混凝土工作性及硬化混凝土强度的影响。从紧密堆积理论和固体颗粒体积分数角度解释了锂渣掺量对水泥-减水剂浆体流变性能的影响。结果表明：锂渣水化初始的屈服应力和塑性黏度均随锂渣掺量的增加而增大，流变性能劣化。新拌混凝土的工作性与锂渣掺量呈负相关；随锂渣掺量的增加，7 d抗压强度不断降低，28 d抗压强度呈现出先增后降的趋势。     

Effects of local metakaolin addition on rheological and mechanical performance of self-compacting limestone cement concrete

Various mineral additions are used in the manufacture of self-compacting concrete (SCC) to reduce the cement content and hence the CO₂ emissions and also to enhance the performance of concrete. In this paper, the results of fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting limestone cement mortar (SCLCM) and concrete (SCLCC) with metakaolin (MK) as cement replacement are reported. SCLCM properties investigated include spread flow, V-funnel flow time, yield stress, plastic viscosity and heat evolution. SCLCC fresh properties include slump flow, V-funnel flow time, J-Ring, L-Box and sieve segregation. Compressive strength of the hardened SCLCC was measured at the ages of 1, 3, 7, 28, 90, and 180?days. Moreover, water porosity, water absorption by capillarity and dynamic modulus of elasticity (E_d) tests were conducted. Test results indicated that the produced MK is of sufficient pozzolanic activity and contributes to improve the performances of concrete in particular at later stages. The addition of MK to SCLCM mixes exhibits lower heat evolution, lower yield stress, higher plastic viscosity and higher V-funnel flow time. The addition of MK to SCLCC mixes improves the rheological properties (flowability, passing ability and segregation resistance) as well as the mechanical and durability performance.     

Effect of compound mineral powders on workability and rheological property of HPC

The compounding effect of silica fume (SF) with phosphorus slag (PS) or limestone (LS) powder is investigated in this paper. It is found that such a compounding can achieve various rheological behavior of HPC. The compound powders of PS with SF lower plastic viscosity and yield stress of fresh concrete, but increase the slump and promote continuous flowability of concrete greatly. However, the compounding of LS with SF increases the yield stress, but decreases both slump and slump flow of concrete, although the viscosity remains broadly unchanged compared with the concrete containing LS only. It is demonstrated that rheological property can be highly correlated with the surface characteristic of each component of the compound powders. Based on the experimental work, the appropriate fractions of the components in these compounds, especially the optimum content of SF, have been suggested for improving rheological property of HPC.     

Rheological properties of cement mixes: III. The effects of mixing procedures on viscometric properties of mixes containing superplasticizers

The effects of mixing procedures upon rheological properties of cement mixes with and without superplasticizing admixtures have been investigated. The results are discussed in terms of the dispersion of structures. The effects upon yielding stress, plastic viscosity and hysteresis were studied by a co-axial viscometer. In the absence of admixture, yielding stress and plastic viscosity decreased substantially with increasing intensity of mixing, which caused a breakdown of particulate aggregates. However, with admixture present, the rheological properties of already well-dispersed mixes did not change much with increasingly intense mixing.     

基于流变特性的粗骨料级配优化设计

采用ICAR流变仪测试了三级配粗骨料不同比例组成时新拌混凝土的性能,在宾汉姆模型的基础上,得到了流变参数.探究了粗骨料级配对扩展度、屈服应力和塑性粘度的影响,进而综合评述屈服应力和塑性粘度的最优范围,对混凝土三级配粗骨料组成进行了优化.结果表明,改变粗骨料的级配组成能够明显影响混凝土的流动性和流变参数,另一方面,通过控制新拌混凝土流变参数,可以确定不同级配粗骨料的最优组配.因此,通过限定适宜的流变参数范围,可以指导混凝土的组成设计.     

新拌石灰石粉-偏高岭土-水泥系统流变特性研究

石灰石粉和偏高岭土复掺可以替代部分水泥,有效降低水泥制品的碳排放。采用安东帕MCR 302旋转流变仪测试了新拌石灰石粉-偏高岭土-水泥浆体系统的流变特性。通过单纯形重心法对石灰石粉-偏高岭土-水泥砂浆系统进行了试验设计,利用Viscometer 5型混凝土流变仪对不同配比砂浆的流变特性进行了测试。结果表明：随着偏高岭土掺量的增加,水泥浆体的屈服应力和塑性黏度显著增大;随着石灰石粉掺量的增加,水泥浆体的屈服应力和塑性黏度呈先增大后减小的趋势;改变砂浆胶凝材料的配比能够显著影响砂浆的流动性以及流变参数。     

Yield stress and viscosity equations for mortars and self-consolidating concrete

The rheological behavior of flowable concrete, such as self consolidating concrete is closely influenced by concreting temperature and the elapsed time. The variation of the plastic viscosity and the yield stress with the elapsed time and temperature must be accurately quantified in order to forecast the variation of workability of cement-based materials. A convenient method to study the variation of these rheological parameters is proposed, using the mortar of the concrete. This latter is designed from the concrete mixture, taking in account the liquid and solid phases with a maximum granulometry of 315 μm. Different SCC and mortars proportioned with two types of high range water reducing admixtures (HRWRA) were prepared at temperatures ranging from 10 to 33 °C. Test results indicates that the yield stress and the plastic viscosity of the mortar mixtures vary in a linear way with the elapsed time while an exponential variation of these rheological parameter is seen on SCC. In order to enhance robotization of concrete, general equations to predict the variations of the yield stress and plastic viscosity with time are proposed, using the corresponding mortar initial yield stress and plastic viscosity. Such equations, derived from existing models, can easily be employed to develop concrete design software. Experimental constants which are related to the paste fluidity or the aggregates proportioning can be extracted from a database created with either mortar or aggregates test results.     

水泥浆体屈服应力和黏度与其测试分析影响因素研究

采用RHEOLAB QC型旋转黏度计,分别以转速与剪切速率为控制变量测定了水泥浆体稳态流变曲线,分别用Couette转换与流变模型研究了水泥浆体屈服应力和黏度与测试及分析影响因素之间的关系.结果表明:Couette转换能反映测试条件变化对屈服应力和黏度的影响;增大试样筒与转子的间距,由转速转化的剪切速率增大,颗粒迁移作用增强,动态屈服应力递减,塑性黏度递增;增大试样筒外壁的摩擦系数,浆体与外筒壁间相对运动情况不发生变化,对动态屈服应力与塑性黏度基本无影响;依据拟合相关系数,流变模型中Herschel-Bulkley模型的吻合程度最好;依据结果标准差,Herschel-Bulkley模型的动态屈服应力结果稳定性最好,Bingham与改进Bingham模型的塑性黏度结果的稳定性相差不大.     

粒度分布对超低水泥刚玉质浇注料流变性的影响

用浇注料流变仪研究了粒度分布对超低水泥刚玉质浇注料流变性的影响。结果表明 :粒度分布对超低水泥浇注料的流变性影响较大。随着粒度分布系数 (q)的减小 (从 0 .2 9、0 .2 6到 0 .2 3) ,浇注料的剪切应力、粘度和屈服应力增加 ,需水量上升 ,说明流变性变差。以 2 %的SiO2 微粉等量替代q =0 .2 3的浇注料中的Al2 O3微粉后 ,试样的流变性得到明显改善 ,更适合用于泵送施工 :浇注料的需水量减少 ,自流值提高。     

粒度分布与氧化铁凝聚悬浮体系的流变性

应用LVDV-Ⅲ＋型可编程流变仪测定了粒度分布与微米级氧化铁水悬浮液凝聚处理后的流变特性的关系。实验结果表明,在一定的固相体积分数下,悬浮液的表观粘度随悬浮液中颗粒中位径的增大而减小。颗粒半径越小,溶剂化导致的体积增加越多,颗粒在悬浮体系中所占的体积分数也越大,结果是运动阻力增大,悬浮液粘度增加。悬浮液固相体积分数从3...