基于讨价还价能力的双渠道供应链定价模式选择

针对由网络直销渠道和电子零售渠道组成的双渠道供应链进行研究。基于制造商和零售商之间的谈判能力对比, 通过博弈建模分析了三种零售价定价模式下供应链成员的价格决策和物流服务水平决策。研究表明, 在制造商谈判能力较弱的情况下, 制造商统一定价模式是最优模式; 在制造商谈判能力较强的情况下, 以直销价格为协商基础的分别定价模式是最优模式; 在最优模式下, 制造商和供应链的利润都显著占优, 电子零售商提供的物流服务水平也相应最高, 但电子零售商的利润受定价模式的影响不显著, 最优模式也是双方接受的均衡策略。     

考虑服务的零售商渠道选择与定价策略

面对强势制造商控制网络直销渠道和批发价格，零售商在此不利局面下如何改善自身绩效，针对该问题，构建了零售商提高服务水平和开辟网络渠道的最优定价决策模型。在集中式和Stackelberg分散式两种供应链情形下，研究了零售商开辟和未开辟网络渠道下服务水平对定价策略和各成员利润的影响。研究表明，零售商提高服务水平有利于零售商和制造商以及整个供应链的绩效；开辟网络渠道会提升零售价格，增加零售商和制造商以及整个供应链的利润。     

考虑搭便车的双渠道供应链定价与减排决策

分析碳排放对于企业产品的可持续管理具有重大意义。在部分集中双渠道模式下,消费者偏好在传统零售渠道享受实体服务然后在网络直销渠道以低价购买产品。以中性税收和低碳经济为背景,考虑了碳税补贴给零售商和碳税共同分担两种碳税模式,研究了两种模式下消费者的搭便车行为对双渠道供应链的定价和企业碳减排努力程度的影响。算例部分研究了两种模式下搭便车行为和税率对供应链决策的影响,通过对比分析得出政府在中性税收背景下,应该采取碳税返还零售商的补贴方式,而且收取较高的税率既可以加强环境保护还可以减少搭便车行为给供应链带来的利益损失。     

考虑参照价格效应的双渠道供应链协调机制设计

考虑参照价格效应对双渠道供应链运作的影响,构建制造商和实体店间的Stackelberg博弈模型,探讨参照价格效应影响实体店销售价格和网店直销价格的机理,并在此基础上设计一个改善供应链运作的协调机制.研究结果表明:与集中决策模式相比,分散决策模式下的供应链整体利润水平会降低;参照价格效应的存在能够缓解渠道间价格的竞争程度,提升供应链的运作效率;合理设计的两部定价契约能够作为协调双渠道供应链的有效机制.     

考虑谈判能力的旅游O2O供应链定价与服务策略

考虑在线旅行社(OTA)和旅游运营商(TO)通过佣金模式合作共创的旅游O2O供应链,研究两种佣金谈判模式下OTA和TO的最优定价与服务策略:FU模式, OTA与TO的佣金谈判基准为线下销售价格,且线下销售价格是TO的私有信息; N模式, OTA与TO的佣金谈判基准为线上销售价格,且线上销售价格是公共信息.分析线上渠道市场份额和谈判能力的影响,探讨TO和OTA的佣金谈判模式选择问题.结果表明:在N模式下线上渠道市场份额越高越有利于OTA,在FU模式下过高或过低的线上渠道市场份额不利于OTA.而且,过强或过弱的谈判能力不利于OTA,但过高或过低的线上渠道市场份额或越强的TO谈判能力都对TO和整个旅游O2O供应链有利.对OTA、TO和整个旅游O2O供应链而言, N模式是较优选择.     

双渠道供应链中服务对定价和需求的影响研究

研究了集中式决策和基于Stackelberg博弈这两种情况下的双渠道供应链的定价、服务及需求的关系。制造商和零售商提供的服务对价格、需求会产生影响,渠道商改善服务有利于本渠道价格的提高,同时会影响到另一渠道的定价,影响程度与双渠道决策模式相关。与服务对定价的影响不同,渠道商提供的服务对本渠道需求产生的影响是双向的,当服务水平在一定的范围内,改善服务可以增加本渠道市场需求,降低另一渠道需求;当服务水平过高,继续改善服务不仅不能增加需求反而减少需求,同时对另一渠道的需求产生影响,这种影响与消费者市场类型存在密切关系。当消费者市场属于价格敏感型时,服务水平存在一个帕累托区间,任一渠道商改善服务都会促进双渠道需求的增加。     

考虑线上线下零售商竞争的制造商双渠道定价策略

根据现有的不同电商销售平台模式,将制造商双渠道销售模式划分为自营模式、平台模式和混合模式.分析在制造商主导的双渠道供应链中,3种不同渠道模式下价格竞争系数和佣金比例系数对其他经济变量的影响,以及制造商的最优定价决策与渠道选择问题.通过模型和数值分析发现,在平台模式和混合模式中,当制造商保证佣金比例系数在一定范围内,制造商利润随佣金比例系数的增加而减少,传统零售商、网络零售商和供应链总利润随佣金比例系数的增加而增加.在3种渠道模式中,混合模式对传统零售商和制造商利润增加更有利,平台模式对网络零售商和供应链总利润增加更有利.     

考虑消费者参考效应的双渠道乳制品供应链协调机制设计

将消费者对乳制品新鲜度的参考效应引入第三方物流(third party logistics,TPL)服务商参与的双渠道乳制品供应链中,考虑到乳制品新鲜度受到制造商加工水平和TPL服务商物流服务水平的共同影响,构建分散式、集中式以及引入基于二部定价的成本共担契约下的微分博弈模型,求解并比较3种情形下供应链成员的最优均衡策...     

考虑社会责任的绿色双渠道供应链决策

在原制造商、零售商和专利授权下进行再制造的第三方再制造商组成的双渠道闭环供应链中,原制造商为Stakelberg博弈领导者且承担社会责任,消费者具有绿色偏好,由此确定各最优定价决策和对环保的影响,并以集中决策为基准采用二部定价契约对供应链进行协调.研究表明,原制造商承担社会责任时,随着承担比例增加,消费者总剩余会增加且...     

A dual-channel network design model in a green supply chain considering pricing and transportation mode choice

A green supply chain with a well-designed network can strongly influence the performance of supply chain and environment. The designed network should lead the supply chain to efficient and effective management to meet the efficient profit, sustainable effects on environment and customer needs. The proposed mathematical model in this paper identifies locations of productions and shipment quantity by exploiting the trade-off between costs, and emissions for a dual channel supply chain network. Due to considering different prices and customers zones for channels, determining the prices and strategic decision variables to meet the maximum profit for the proposed green supply chain is contemplated. In this paper, the transportation mode as a tactical decision has been considered that can affect the cost and emissions. Lead time and lost sales are considered in the modeling to reach more reality. The developed mathematical model is a mixed integer non-linear programming which is solved by GAMS. Due to NP-hard nature of the proposed model and long run time for large-size problems by GAMS, artificial immune system algorithm based on CLONALG, genetic and memetic algorithms are applied. Taguchi technique is used for parameter tuning of all meta-heuristic algorithms. Results demonstrate the strength of CLONALG rather than the other methods.     

考虑市场细分的闭环供应链生产与定价策略

基于市场细分建立闭环供应链模型,分析了决策变量随外生变量的变化规律,并比较了闭环供应链与不回收再制造情形的决策.结果表明:新制造和再制造产品的批发价随回购价的增加而增加,随回收价的增加而减少,零售价随回收价和回收努力程度的增加而增加;产品总量随消费者偏好系数的增加而增加,随再制造成本、回收努力程度及回收价的增加而减少;闭环供应链的新制造产品批发价和零售价均比不回收再制造时高;消费者偏好系数高于临界值时,回收再制造对于闭环供应链有利.     

考虑生活垃圾可利用率的闭环供应链差别定价决策

基于可回收垃圾的可利用程度与消费者对其再制品的偏好性不同的实际情况,建立闭环供应链的差别定价模型,从而分析闭环供应链总利润随废品可利用率和消费者偏好的变化规律。结果发现,当再制品和残值单位总价值大于新产品的单位成本价格偏好时,总利润随着消费者偏好系数的增大而增大。但在分散决策情形下,会造成各企业节点之间效率的流失。据此,提出以集中决策下的均衡结果作为标准,建立了一种协调契约收益共享机制。最后通过算例分析,得到收益共享比例的具体取值范围,实现了供应链中各节点之间的有效协调。     

Optimal pricing decisions in a fuzzy dual-channel supply chain

This paper analyzes the pricing decisions of a dual-channel supply chain including one retailer and one manufacturer who produces a product and sells it to the end customer through retailer or directly. Both the manufacturing cost and the customer demand are considered as fuzzy variables. Two pricing models, including centralized decision model and manufacturer-leader Stackelberg game, with consideration of different market power structures are adopted. Optimal decisions on wholesale price and retail prices are determined using game theoretical approach and fuzzy set theory for each model. Finally, a numerical example is solved to illustrate the effectiveness of models and provide some managerial insights from analysis.     

Research on pricing and coordination strategy of green supply chain under hybrid production mode

In order to investigate the pricing and coordination issues of single-period green supply chain, we base our work on the market demand that green product and non-green products co-exist with and substitute each other, and examine respectively the equilibrium results for two production modes in cooperative game and non-cooperative game. Theoretical analysis indicates that different production costs will post impact on the choice of production modes by manufacturers when consumers have different valuations of the products. Furthermore, system performance in cooperative game is apparently better than that in non-cooperative game. The cooperative pricing strategy coordinated by Rubinstein bargaining can realize the pareto optimization of supply chain system profits and member profits under different production modes, with a 33.3% increase in system profits from that in non-cooperative game. The numerical examples further validate the validity of this coordinated pricing strategy.     

滞后效应影响下低碳供应链减排投入与零售定价

考虑减排投资效果滞后效应的影响,构建低碳供应链纵向合作减排微分博弈模型.运用微分对策理论,得到分散式决策和集中式决策下低碳供应链的最优减排努力投入、宣传努力投入和零售定价策略,以及分散式决策下制造商的合作减排支付比例,并对不同决策机制下供应链成员的均衡策略进行比较分析.研究发现:集中式决策下,制造商减排努力投入和零售商宣传努力投入均高于分散式决策下的相应值;滞后时间存在一个阈值,只有滞后时间低于该阈值时,集中式决策才能提升整个供应链系统的经济绩效.     

The impact of consumer behavior on preannounced pricing for a dual‐channel supply chain

This study discusses a dual‐channel supply chain in which a manufacturer sells a regular‐priced product through dual channels in the normal sales period and only sells overstocked products through the direct channel in the discounted sales period in the presence of strategic consumers. The manufacturer acts as a Stackelberg leader to adopt a preannounced pricing policy. This study first proposes demand functions for a two‐period dual‐channel model by incorporating consumer utility functions. Based on the demand functions, optimal pricing strategies for both manufacturer and retailer are established. The results show that the manufacturer prefers to raise prices in both periods for consumers with a short delivery lead time. However, counterintuitively, the selling prices set by the manufacturer do not decrease as the degree of consumer patience increases. Finally, there is a Pareto zone under a certain condition where both the manufacturer and the retailer in the two‐period dual‐channel model outperform their counterparts in terms of profit in the single‐period dual‐channel model.     

考虑消费者质疑的电商供应链销售模式及区块链应用决策

区块链技术能够有效缓解线上销售导致的消费者对绿色产品的质疑,而不同销售模式会影响制造商的区块链应用决策.基于此,分别在转销和代销模式下,构建制造商未应用/应用区块链的4种电商供应链决策模型,分析消费者质疑下的制造商销售模式选择及区块链应用策略,以及区块链应用对环境及社会福利的影响.研究发现,电商平台拓展市场能力及消费者环保意识的增强,均有利于减弱因消费者质疑以及区块链应用成本增加导致的消极影响.制造商与电商平台仅在佣金率适中时同时倾向代销模式,且消费者质疑与区块链应用成本的增加均会使得双方共同偏好代销模式的可能性变小.只有当区块链应用成本较小或消费者质疑程度较高时,制造商与电商平台才能从区块链应用中获益,并且转销模式下双方获益的阈值区间始终更大.即使制造商应用区块链能够提高产品绿色设计水平及其利润,也不一定能起到减弱产品环境总影响以及增加社会福利的作用.     

考虑公平关切和制造商竞争的平台型供应链定价、低碳水平和服务水平决策

随着网络购物的普及和消费者低碳偏好的增强,同时考虑到公平关切对制造商竞争最优决策的影响,构建一种由普通制造商、低碳制造商及电商平台组成的平台型供应链决策模型,分析普通制造商在不具有公平关切、具有有利不公平厌恶和不利不公平厌恶情形下的均衡决策,并在不利不公平厌恶下提出服务成本共担契约来改进供应链.研究发现:1)低碳制造商...