超低密压裂支撑剂的制备及性能研究

以二级铝矾土(65wt％Al2O3)和钾长石为原料,在添加不同含量的白云石的基础上制备了超低密高强的压裂支撑剂,并研究了白云石的添加量对烧成温度和石油压裂支撑剂性能的影响.结果表明:在原料中加入适量的钾长石,不仅可以降低烧结温度,同时还能降低压裂支撑剂的密度;添加白云石能有效降低支撑剂的烧结温度和破碎率,同时白云石和钾长石共同作用,促进了烧结致密化的进行,有利于棒状莫来石的生长发育,从而提高了支撑剂的强度.当白云石的添加量为2wt％,烧结温度为1330 ℃时,所制备的压裂支撑剂性能最优,其体密仅为1.30 g/cm3,52 MPa下的破碎率为4.51wt％.     

高强度低密度陶粒支撑剂的研究

以铝矾土为原料,白云石为辅料,添加一定量的复合添加剂,经粉磨、成球和烧成,制备了性能优良的高强度低密度陶粒支撑剂,讨论了复合添加剂掺量及烧成温度对陶粒支撑剂材料性能的影响。结果表明,当白云石掺量为2%,复合添加剂的掺量为6%,烧成温度在1330℃时,制备出的陶粒支撑剂的视密度为2.61g/cm-3,体积密度为1.55g/cm-3,52MPa闭合压力下的破碎率为6.70%。     

添加铁粉制备低密度中强度陶粒支撑剂及性能研究

低密度中强度陶粒支撑剂的开发,既可以提高低渗透油气藏的开发效率又能显著降低油气开采成本。以Al2O3含量为63%的二级铝矾土为主要原料,以铁粉取代部分锰矿粉制备了低密度中强度陶粒支撑剂。结果表明:添加铁粉2%,锰矿粉3%、白云石1%时,在1 350℃下煅烧1h,有利于陶粒支撑剂中生成均匀分布的直径为0.3~1.0μm棒状莫来石晶相,棒状莫来石起到纤维增韧作用,提高支撑剂的强度,使其在52MPa的闭合压力下破碎率为5.29%,体积密度为1.63g/cm~3。随着铁粉添加量的增加,基体中液相大量增加,晶粒生长速度过快未能有效排除气孔,导致大量气孔包在晶粒之间,容易构成应力集中点而形成裂纹源,降低了支撑剂的密度和强度。     

煤矸石对焦宝石基低密度高强度陶粒支撑剂性能的影响

采用焦宝石、煤矸石为主要原料制备了低密度高强度陶粒支撑剂,研究了煤矸石加入量及烧结温度对陶粒支撑剂视密度及破碎率的影响,并利用XRD、SEM等手段对不同温度烧结的陶粒支撑剂的物相组成和微观形貌进行了分析。结果表明:煤矸石的加入促使支撑剂内部形成大量闭气孔,使得视密度和抗破碎能力均呈下降趋势。陶粒的主晶相为莫来石相和石英相,随着烧结温度的升高,材料中气孔被排除,致密化程度提高,有助于提高陶粒的抗破碎能力。在过高的烧成温度下,液相增多,会导致抗破碎能力下降。当煤矸石加入量为15 wt%,烧成温度为1410°C时,陶粒支撑剂的视密度为2.65 g/cm~3,69 MPa下的破碎率为7.9%,产品具有低密度、高强度、低成本的特点。     

烧结温度对添加镁渣制备陶粒支撑剂性能的影响

采用山西阳泉铝矾土和煤矸石为主要原料,工业废弃物镁渣为添加剂,在1180～1350℃下烧结制备陶粒支撑剂.对比分析各温度下陶粒体积密度,视密度和破碎率的变化趋势,利用XRD和SEM对陶粒的物相及微观形貌进行了表征.探讨了烧结温度对添加镁渣制备陶粒支撑剂性能的影响,同时明确了最好性能陶粒支撑剂对应的最佳烧结温度.结果表明:烧结温度为1250℃时,陶粒支撑剂的体积密度为1.39 g/cm3,视密度为2.84 g/cm3,48 MPa闭合压力下破碎率为6.87％,52 MPa闭合压力下破碎率为8.64％.在该温度下,陶粒的性能较好,烧结致密度很高.     

低成本石油压裂陶粒支撑剂的研究

以废氧化铝吸附剂为主要原料,高岭土、白云石、菱镁矿等为辅助原料,制备了石油压裂陶粒支撑剂,研究了配方体系中氧化铝含量和烧成温度、保温时间等因素对视密度、破碎率、酸溶解度的影响。结果表明:当氧化铝含量为90~92%,烧成温度为1520℃,保温时间为3 h时,陶粒支撑剂69 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率为1.74%,酸溶解度为2.42%,性能指标优于中国石油天然气行业标准要求。     

低密度高强度覆膜陶粒支撑剂的制备与性能研究

以工业废料粉煤灰为主要原料,以MnO2和钾长石作为助熔剂,采用传统造粒方法和高温烧结技术,结合树脂覆膜的方法,制备了低密度高强度的树脂覆膜陶粒支撑剂.研究了MnO2的加入量、烧结温度、保温时间对陶粒支撑剂性能的影响规律,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对陶粒支撑剂中主要晶相和显微结构进行了分析.研究结果表明:当加入2wt％的MnO2时,显著降低了支撑剂的烧成温度,促进烧结提高了致密度.通过树脂覆膜大幅提高了支撑剂的性能,覆膜后,其52 MPa破碎率最多下降了87.3％,视密度也显著下降.     

添加陶粒砂废料对制备支撑剂的影响

陶粒支撑剂废料,混合铝矾土粉、黏土为原料,采取逐步添加的方法研究了废料的加入量对支撑剂性能的影响。结果表明,其半成品体积密度增高,同一烧结温度下,成品体积密度也增高,破碎率增大,强度降低。     

烧结温度对莫来石/石英质经济型陶粒支撑剂性能的影响

以阳泉长青Ⅲ级铝矾土和砂土为原料,在1420~1540℃下烧结制备了莫来石/石英质经济型陶粒支撑剂,研究了烧结温度对莫来石/石英质经济型陶粒性能的影响,并与目前市场上的支撑剂进行了详细的对比,得出这是一种性能优于天然石英砂、成本低于人造陶粒支撑剂的一种经济型陶粒支撑剂;并采用XRD和SEM等手段对陶粒支撑剂的性能和物相形貌进行了表征和分析。结果表明:在1510℃下烧结制备的陶粒支撑剂体密度为1.39 g·cm-3,视密度为2.78 g·cm-3,35 MPa下的破碎率为5.54%;在该温度下,莫来石晶相已经发育完全,且石英颗粒填充在莫来石形成的网络空间结构中,烧结致密化程度较高。     

以ZnO作添加剂覆膜陶粒支撑剂的制备与性能研究

以低成本的高岭土为主要原料,以ZnO作为添加剂,结合常压烧结技术,制备出低密度高强度的陶粒支撑剂。研究了ZnO的添加量、烧结温度对陶粒支撑剂性能的影响。采用树脂覆膜的方法进一步优化了陶粒支撑剂的性能,使其适用于更高要求的油气井。研究结果表明,当加入2%的ZnO并且烧结温度为1 300℃时,陶粒支撑剂的体积密度为1.42 g/cm~3,视密度为2.61 g/cm~3,35 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率为7.28%。当环氧树脂的用量为支撑剂的12%,固化剂的用量为环氧树脂的14%时,覆膜支撑剂的体积密度为1.32 g/cm~3,视密度为2.27 g/cm~3,69 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率仅为1.16%。     

不同熔炼工艺对电熔方镁石的影响

为了提高电熔方镁石品位,合理利用资源,以菱镁矿为原料制备电熔方镁石。研究了不同石墨电极（分别是直流空心电极、直流实心电极、交流空心电极和交流实心电极）对电熔方镁石的影响。通过对电熔方镁石的体积密度、显气孔率、物相组成和显微结构进行分析,结果表明：电熔方镁石坯体在靠近皮砂位置结晶最好,晶体发育比较完整;使用空心电极制备出的电熔方镁石结构致密,晶粒尺寸大。用交流空心电极制备出的电熔方镁石体积密度最大、显气孔率低、晶界平直,形成了较大尺寸的方镁石晶粒。     

焦宝石基喷涂料的研制

以焦宝石、叶蜡石、硅微粉和铝酸钙水泥为原料制备了焦宝石基喷涂料,对比分析了焦宝石基喷涂料与焦宝石-铝矾土基喷涂料的物理性能。结果表明:焦宝石基喷涂料与焦宝石-铝矾土基喷涂料的性能相当,但是该喷涂料成本较低,可部分替代焦宝石-铝矾土基喷涂料修补高炉的衬里,使用效果良好。     

EARTHENWARE BODIES AND GLAZES1

Effect of body composition on crazing .—-Six bodies of each of 2 standard clay compositions were prepared with variable clay and flint content and after biscuiting at cone 8 were glazed with 21 earthenware glazes and glost fired at cones 4 and 6. The results indicated that the variability of the silica content of clays would not be great enough to produce crazing in a well-balanced glaze. Effect of proportion and composition of frit .—-A standard whiteware glaze was compounded in 6 different ways and several other glazes in 2 ways. It was found that the method of compounding had no effect on crazing but it affected the gloss and fusibility. Increase in the percentage of material fritted increased the gloss and fusibility. With the same percentage of frit the best glost and highest fusibility were obtained when the flint and part of the clay were included in the frit. Effect of some variations in glaze composition .—-Substitution of CaO by Na₂O, pound for pound, as well as direct addition of Na₂O, increased crazing, improved gloss and increased the fusibility. Direct addition of feldspar increased crazing slightly and diminished gloss, but did not noticeably affect the fusibility. Substitution of 1½1/2 parts of feldspar for one part of flint to maintain the same fusibility increased crazing and diminished gloss. Direct addition of CaO improved gloss, increased fusibility and slightly reduced crazing.     

火箭发射台用焦宝石基涂抹料的研制与应用

以焦宝石、堇青石、硅微粉和高铝水泥为原料,制备出一种用于火箭发射台的焦宝石基涂抹料.结果表明:焦宝石基涂抹料具有良好的物理性能,以及良好的耐烧蚀性能和隔热性能,并且满足沿海火箭发射基地高温高湿、高盐雾、高紫外线照射等特殊自然环境的需求.将所研制的焦宝石基涂抹料在国内某火箭发射台上进行使用,使用结果表明:该焦宝石基涂抹料能够承受火箭发射时的燃气流冲刷,涂层的脱落面积不超过总涂覆面积的5%.所研制的焦宝石基涂抹料可以在火箭发射台上使用,并且效果良好,起到了保护火箭发射台的作用.     

烧成工艺对花岗岩基轻质隔热材料性能的影响

以花岗岩废料、黏土、长石为主要原料制备了花岗岩基轻质隔热材料。研究了不同烧成工艺制度(烧成温度、保温时间、升温速率)对该隔热材料性能的影响,确定最优烧成制度,制备出表观密度小、抗压强度高、常温导热系数小的高性能隔热材料。结果表明,以5 ℃/min从常温升至1 000 ℃,再以3 ℃/min升至1 200 ℃并保温30 min,在此烧成工艺制度下制备的隔热材料试样的表观密度为0.6 g/cm³,常温抗压强度18.11 MPa,常温导热系数为0.2 W/(m·K),综合性能最好。     

Effects of sand addition on production of lightweight aggregates from Tunisian smectite-rich clayey rocks

Smectite-rich claystone–marlstone samples from 12 outcrops located in the Southern Atlas domain of Tunisia were investigated with regard to manufacture of lightweight aggregates (LWAs). The clayey materials mainly consist of smectite, kaolinite and illite, together with quartz, calcite, dolomite and feldspars as accessory components. 10–12 mm pellets were prepared from wet paste and initially heated to 600 °C, 700 °C or 800 °C (depending on the raw material) for at least 2 h in order to avoid any explosion of the aggregate. The pellets were then subjected to a quick firing process at 1180 °C. The addition of 15% of quartz sand (< 250 μm grain size) to the raw materials was found to improve some required pre-treatments and give better expansion properties to some of the aggregates. The addition of 1% used automobile oil to the clay and quartz sand mixtures caused the formation of more gas and a drop in bloating temperature. The obtained LWAs were characterized by physical properties such as apparent density, mechanical resistance, water absorption and expansion. The laboratory results were comparable to those of two commercial LWAs from France (Argidécor®) and Portugal (LECA®) and provide new openings for the utilization of Tunisian claystone in civil engineering work or in agricultural applications.     

铝酸钙水泥对焦宝石基喷涂料性能的影响

以焦宝石颗粒及细粉为主要原料，铝酸钙水泥为结合系统。分别研究了不同铝酸钙水泥含量对焦宝石基喷涂料性能的影响。结果表明．焦宝石基喷涂料的抗折强度随着铝酸钙水泥含量的增加呈上升趋势。但经过600℃、1000℃和1300℃烧结后的焦宝石基喷涂料的耐压强度随着铝酸钙水泥含量的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势。     

Development of a method of production of porous fillers from refractory clays and kaolins

Conclusions The basic production parameters were developed for production of chamotte porous fillers with an apparent density of 0.35–1.3 g/cm³ by expansion of refractory clays and kaolins in the 1500–1700°C range.It was established that DN2 clay expands sufficiently effectively with a heating rate of not less than 20°C/min and KV-2 kaolin with a rate of 60°C/min.The specified apparent density of the filler is obtained by varying the temperature, the hold, and the expanding addition content. At 1500–1700°C the maximum expansion effect is observed in the first 1–5 min. The optimum time for obtaining a constant volume filler is determined by the form of the clay raw material, the sulfate addition content, and the expansion temperature.A necessary condition for high-quality production of a porous filler is conformance of the hold and the size of granulated material to the selected expansion temperature.Testing of the method developed in small rotating kilns showed the possibility of production of a porous refractory filler with an apparent density of 1.2–1.3 g/cm³.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 7, pp. 32–36, July, 1985.     

Development of fireclay aluminosilicate refractory from lithomargic clay deposits

Lithomargic clay until now has not been utilised to produce refractory bodies due to its low plasticity. In this work, the development and evaluation of fireclay refractory material produced from lithomargic clay deposit has been studied by addition of clay binder. Three formulations were prepared by mixing, semi-dry moulding, drying and firing at temperatures ranging from 1200 to 1400 °C. The fired samples were investigated to determine their physical properties such as bulk density, apparent porosity, linear firing shrinkage, and cold crushing strength. The chemical and mineralogical compositions were also determined. The results show that the linear firing shrinkage values were within limits acceptable for refractory clays. The cold crushing strength increases as temperature increased to 1400 °C. Cold crushing strength increased with increasing binder content. The increase of the highly refractory phases (cristobalite and mullite) and the densification of the bricks due to the presence of fluxing agents were responsible for the high cold crushing strength values. The investigated properties indicate that lithomargic clay underlying bauxite deposits could be used to produce fire clay aluminosilicate refractories.