偏高岭土配制高性能自密实混凝土的研究

偏高岭土是一种高活性人工火山灰材料,在水泥水化产物Ca(OH)2的作用下发生火山灰反应,起辅助胶凝材料的作用.偏高岭土单掺时最大掺量为7%,粉煤灰和偏高岭土双掺时二者的最佳掺量分别为15%、7%,此时混凝土的流动性和强度均得到提高.     

偏高岭土改性超高强混凝土的强度构成分析

以偏高岭土、矿粉和粉煤灰为矿物掺合料进行单掺、二元和三元复掺配制偏高岭土改性超高强混凝土。为了研究偏高岭土改性超高强混凝土的抗压强度及其强度构成、矿物掺合料的活性,分别对龄期为3d、28d、56d的混凝土试件进行抗压试验,并利用混凝土火山灰效应数值分析方法,对三种矿物掺合料的活性指数及其火山灰效应强度贡献率、水泥水化反应强度贡献率进行了计算分析。结果表明:28d龄期时,混凝土的抗压强度达到了100MPa,且三元复掺时混凝土的抗压强度最高;三种矿物掺合料中偏高岭土的活性指数最高;依据矿物掺合料的活性指数及其火山灰效应强度贡献率、水泥水化反应强度贡献率,计算出具体贡献的强度值,得出了偏高岭土改性超高强混凝土的强度构成。     

矿物掺合料对蒸养水泥净浆性能的影响研究

试验研究了蒸养条件下粉煤灰、矿渣的掺量对水泥净浆化学结合水量和抗压强度的影响,揭示了矿物掺合料对蒸养水泥净浆水化性能和力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,与标准养护相比,蒸汽养护更有利于激发粉煤灰和矿渣的火山灰活性,促进水泥的早期水化,提高水泥浆体的早期强度;但无论是蒸汽养护还是标准养护,随着矿物掺合料掺量的增加,复合胶凝材料的水化性能和力学性能明显减弱,因此矿物掺合料掺量不宜太大。     

矿物掺合料对蒸养水泥净浆性能的影响

研究了蒸养条件下粉煤灰、矿渣的掺量对水泥净浆化学结合水量和抗压强度的影响,揭示了矿物掺合料对蒸养水泥净浆水化性能和力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,与标准养护相比,蒸汽养护更有利于激发粉煤灰和矿渣的火山灰活性,促进水泥的早期水化,提高水泥浆体的早期强度;但无论是蒸汽养护还是标准养护,随着矿物掺合料掺量的增加,复合胶凝材料的水化性能和力学性能明显减弱,因此矿物掺合料掺量不宜太大。     

粉煤灰与矿渣的早期火山灰反应放热行为及其机理

针对大体积混凝土绝热温升计算中粉煤灰与矿渣的火山灰反应放热问题,利用微量热仪法测试了不同掺量粉煤灰和矿渣对水泥水化热及放热速率的影响规律,分析了粉煤灰和矿渣水化3d以前的火山灰反应放热行为,采用X射线衍射与差示扫描量热–热重法研究了粉煤灰与矿渣对水泥早期水化及其火山灰放热行为的影响机理。结果表明：粉煤灰与矿渣水化3d时火山灰反应热分别约为3～5J/g和15～16J/g。粉煤灰对水泥水化的阻碍作用在水化24h前最为明显,其火山灰效应主要发生于水化24h之后;矿渣对水泥水化有促进作用,自加水开始即表现出一定的火山灰效应。粉煤灰与矿渣掺入后有助于水泥水化产物中钙矾石的稳定,钙矾石抑制了水泥水化,Ca（OH）2生成量减少,因而粉煤灰与矿渣的火山灰反应也受到影响。     

煤系偏高岭土对混凝土力学性能及微观结构的影响机理

将600目(23μm)和1 000目(13μm)煤系偏高岭土按照0%、5%、10%、15%(质量分数)的掺量分别掺入混凝土,通过强度测试、XRD、TG-DTG、SEM-EDS和氮吸附试验等研究了煤系偏高岭土细度和掺量对混凝土力学性能和微观结构的影响。结果表明：偏高岭土的掺入显著提高了混凝土的力学性能,当偏高岭土细度为1 000目、掺量为15%时,混凝土的抗压强度最大,90 d抗压强度达到了81 MPa;水化产物主要由氢氧化钙、钙矾石、类水滑石及水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶等组成,掺入偏高岭土并未改变水化产物种类,但是增加了水化产物中C-S-H凝胶的产生量,同时降低了氢氧化钙的含量。偏高岭土与水泥水化产物氢氧化钙发生二次水化生成C-S-H凝胶,提高混凝土致密性,这是偏高岭土能够增强混凝土力学性能的主要原因。     

超细矿渣粉和偏高岭土对硫铝酸盐水泥水化和强度的影响

掺入矿物掺合料是改善硫铝酸盐水泥(CSA)混凝土凝结硬化性能和降低生产成本的主要技术途径之一。研究了水胶比为0.4时,单掺超细矿渣粉(UFS)、偏高岭土(MK)与复掺超细矿渣粉、偏高岭土对硫铝酸盐水泥凝结时间、流动度、电阻率、抗压强度的影响,并对其1 d、28 d龄期时的水化产物进行XRD半定量分析。结果表明,单掺和复掺缩短了水泥浆体的凝结时间,但单掺偏高岭土时的缩短效果更明显,且水泥浆体的流动度随着超细矿渣粉和偏高岭土掺量的增加而减小。掺入超细矿渣粉、偏高岭土缩短了水泥浆体电阻率变化速率曲线峰值出现的时间,峰值大小与掺量成递减关系。当掺量从0%(质量分数,下同)增大到20%时,单掺超细矿渣粉试样的28 d抗压强度减小了24.7%,单掺偏高岭土试样的28 d抗压强度减小了17.7%,两者复掺试样的28 d抗压强度减小了17.3%。超细矿渣粉和偏高岭土对水泥水化产物没有明显影响,但促进了硅酸二钙(β-C₂S)的早期水化。     

微量磷酸盐对蒸养混凝土强度增效作用的影响

研究了微掺量(0.05%之内)磷酸盐对蒸养混凝土强度的影响,对比不同掺量氯化钙和硫酸钠,并进行微观分析.结果表明,当磷酸盐掺量为0%~0.05%时,随磷酸盐掺量的增加,蒸养混凝土强度先升高后降低.当掺量为0.01%时,脱模强度提高14.7%,28 d强度提高15.3%,当掺量为0.05%时,对蒸养混凝土强度增长不利,微掺量氯化钙与硫酸钠对蒸养混凝土强度基本无影响.在0.01%掺量下磷酸盐能促进水泥地水化作用,同时使得水化产物晶体形貌生长规整和分布更加均匀,有利于强度增长;当掺量为0.05%时,磷酸盐会阻碍水泥水化,对蒸养混凝土强度增长不利.     

大掺量矿渣粉-水泥基复合胶凝材料的蒸养强度与水化特性

通过试验和数值分析确定70%矿渣掺量的基准配合比。研究了蒸汽养护下矿渣粉掺量为70%的胶凝体系的强度,并采用差热-热重分析(TG-DTA)和扫描电镜微观测试技术(SEM),研究了蒸养大掺量矿渣粉-水泥基胶凝材料的水化特性。结果表明:即使矿渣粉在掺量为70%时,与标准养护条件相比,40℃蒸养条件下依然可以促进3~28 d龄期抗压强度大幅度增长;矿渣大量掺入时,氢氧化钙、钙矾石的数量明显减少,但在蒸养硅酸盐水泥(PC)和矿渣水泥(SC)各自的胶凝体系内,3~28 d氢氧化钙的含量均逐渐增多,且浆体结构更加致密。这有利于硬化浆体的强度和耐久性能。     

辅助胶凝材料对预应力高强混凝土管桩强度及工艺的影响

为优化混凝土管桩生产工艺,以硅灰(SF)和偏高岭土(MK)作为辅助胶凝材料,研究硅灰和偏高岭土对不同蒸养时间下混凝土抗压强度的影响,并使用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描式电子显微镜结合能量色散谱(SEM-EDS)分析其水化产物及微观结构。通过Design-Expert8.0软件设计Box-Behnken试验,以硅灰掺量、偏高岭土掺量和蒸养时间三个因素为自变量,蒸养混凝土抗压强度为响应值,构建多因素回归方程模型。结果表明:硅灰掺量为胶凝材料质量分数8%时,对抗压强度略有提高,提高幅度为6.2%,达到83.6 MPa;5%、8%和10%(质量分数)掺量的偏高岭土均可提高蒸养混凝土的抗压强度,蒸养4 h、8 h、12 h时,10%掺量的偏高岭土对混凝土抗压强度的提升幅度依次为15.6%、13.2%和13.6%,蒸养4 h、8 h和12 h对混凝土抗压强度影响不大。XRD和SEM-EDS结果表明,硅灰和偏高岭土均消耗了Ca(OH)₂,提升了水泥早期水化程度,可以改善内部孔结构。通过响应面法建立模型可以预测,当硅灰质量分数为6.6%、偏高岭土质量分数为10%、蒸养时间为8.6 h时,混凝土抗压强度最高,达到104.8 MPa,且具有较高置信度。     

多元矿物掺合料对珊瑚砂混凝土性能的影响

因珊瑚砂混凝土成型初期吸水量大,引起强度波动,影响混凝土耐久性,本文采用矿物掺合料对其进行改性研究.将5wt％偏高岭土(MK)、15wt％粉煤灰(FA)、15wt％矿粉(GGBS)分别以单掺、复掺和三掺形式加入珊瑚砂混凝土中,研究多元矿物掺合料对其抗压强度、抗氯离子渗透性能及体积稳定性的影响,利用XRD、SEM对其机理进行研究.结果表明,矿物掺合料能优化水泥浆体的水化产物组成与亚微观孔结构,增强浆体与骨料间的结合,通过不同的组合方式加入到珊瑚砂混凝土中,其28 d抗压强度提高17.7％～21％;氯离子渗透系数降低66.7％～71.0％;干燥收缩率降低36.7％～57.0％.     

Steam-cured concrete incorporating mineral admixtures

This paper explores the potential benefits of steam-cured concrete, particularly on mixes incorporating mineral admixtures. Twenty mixes with various combinations of Portland cement, fly ash (FA), slag and silica fume (SF) were investigated. For each mix, specimens were either standard-cured in a water bath of 27 °C or steam-cured at 55 °C maximum temperature over 8 h. For the materials and test conditions reported in this study, it was found that steam-cured concretes were more porous as indicated by the much higher sorptivity values compared with standard-cured specimens. Mixes with SF have the best performance and hold promise in precast manufacturing due to their high early strength development and low sorptivity values.     

Early hydration of clinker–slag–metakaolin combination in steam curing conditions, relation with mechanical properties

High strength can be obtained at early ages for precast concrete elements by the use of CEMI 52.5R cement (OPC) and thermal treatment (steam curing). To compensate for the announced withdrawal of CEM I cements because of high CO₂ emissions during their production and the ecotax that this will imply, one attractive alternative is the use of composed cements resulting from the combination of clinker with mineral admixtures. In steam curing conditions, previous studies have shown an increase in the compressive strength at one day of age for mortars incorporating an OPC/blast furnace slag (GGBS)/metakaolin (MK) combination, in comparison with mortars incorporating OPC only. The present study investigates the connection between the compressive strength, at one day of age, of steam cured mortars made with various binders and the hydration of these binders. The progress of the hydration was characterised by means of XRD, thermal and microprobe analyses. The results indicate that the increase in compressive strength when MK is incorporated (OPC/MK or OPC/MK/GGBS) can be explained by an increase in the amount of C-S-H, C-A-H, C-A-S-H phases, a decrease in the amount of CH and a change in the chemical nature of the matrix (decrease in C/S ratio). The decrease in compressive strength of OPC/slag-based material can be explained by a reduction in the amount of hydrated phases (particularly C-S-H) and compactness.These are promising results for precast concrete manufacturers who are concerned about preserving the environment.     

Sorptivity and strength of air-cured and water-cured PC-PFA-MK concrete and the influence of binder composition on carbonation depth

The paper reports the influence of the composition of Portland cement-pulverised fuel ash-metakaolin (PC-PFA-MK) binders on sorptivity and strength development of PC-PFA-MK concrete cured both in air and in water and on carbonation depth, and relates this to measured changes in sorptivity of the concrete. Concrete mixtures covering four different total cement replacement levels (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) for PC-PFA-MK concrete with various MK/PFA proportions, water and air cured for up to 18 months, were investigated. The change in compressive strength and sorptivity with age at all cement replacement levels under both water and air curing are compared with those of the control PC concrete. The results presented in this paper form part of an investigation into the optimisation of a ternary blended cementitious system based on ordinary PC, PFA and MK for the development of high-performance concrete.     

Enhanced mechanical properties of wood ash and fly ash as supplementary cementitious materials

The incorporation of fly ash (FA) and wood ash (WA) in concrete as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) was studied. The chemical composition of ordinary Portland cement, FA and WA was determined according to ASTM C-114. SEM and optical microscopy were used for the analysis of concrete. Setting time, compressive strength, water absorption and acid resistance of the concrete with different percentages of SCM ranging from 0 to 60% were evaluated. The results obtained showed that setting time and rate of water absorption increased with the increase in percentage of SCM. After 7 and 28 days, the compressive strength of concrete with 20% FA as SCM was higher than that with substitution with 20% WA. Resistance of concrete against sulphate attack increased with an increase in the percentage of FA. It was found that incorporating more than 20% WA resulted in a decrease in sulphate attack resistance.     

Combined effects of mineral admixtures and curing conditions on the sorptivity coefficient of concrete

The effect of mineral admixture and curing condition on the sorptivity of concrete are investigated. In the present work, the maximum particle size and the grading of coarse aggregate, the cement content and water/cement ratio of the concrete are kept constant. Then, in the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 42.5 concrete, a portion of the sand is replaced by a mineral admixture such as fly ash (FA), limestone filler, sandstone filler or silica fume (SF). This paper presents the results of both the sorptivity coefficient and the compressive strength of OPC 42.5 concretes with these mineral admixtures, and concretes with OPC 32.5, blended cement (BC) or trass cement (TC). The results obtained indicate that the sorptivity coefficient of concrete decreases as the compressive strength of concrete increases. It is also shown that the sorptivity coefficient of concrete is very sensitive to the curing condition. The effect of curing condition on the sorptivity coefficient of concrete seems to be higher in low-strength concretes.     

Compressive behavior of fiber reinforced high-performance concrete subjected to elevated temperatures

In this paper, the effects of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength stress–strain relationship (stiffness) and energy absorption capacities (toughness) of concretes are presented. High-performance concretes (HPCs) were prepared in three series, with different cementitious material constitutions using plain ordinary Portland cement (PC), with and without metakaolin (MK) and silica fume (SF) separate replacements. Each series comprised a concrete mix, prepared without any fibers, and concrete mixes reinforced with either or both steel fibers and polypropylene (PP) fibers. The results showed that after exposure to 600 and 800 °C, the concrete mixes retained, respectively, 45% and 23% of their compressive strength, on average. The results also show that after the concrete was exposed to the elevated temperatures, the loss of stiffness was much quicker than the loss in compressive strength, but the loss of energy absorption capacity was relatively slower. A 20% replacement of the cement by MK resulted in a higher compressive strength but a lower specific toughness, as compared with the concrete prepared with 10% replacement of cement by SF. The MK concrete also showed quicker losses in the compressive strength, elastic modulus and energy absorption capacity after exposure to the elevated temperatures. Steel fibers approximately doubled the energy absorption capacity of the unheated concrete. They were effective in minimizing the degradation of compressive strength for the concrete after exposure to the elevated temperatures. The steel-fiber-reinforced concretes also showed the highest energy absorption capacity after the high-temperature exposure, although they suffered a quick loss of this capacity. In comparison, using PP fibers reduced the energy absorption capacity of the concrete after exposure to 800 °C, although it had a minor beneficial effect on the energy absorption capacity of the concrete before heating.     

偏高岭土、矿渣和赤泥对高性能混合水泥性能影响的研究

通过用硅酸盐水泥、偏高岭土等混合材、膨胀剂及减水剂等制备混合水泥的研究发现：偏高岭土和赤泥的加入使水泥的凝结时间缩短,矿渣的加入延长了水泥的凝结时间;偏高岭土和矿渣对水泥的胶砂流动性影响较小,赤泥的加入使得水泥胶砂流动性显著降低;适量偏高岭土的加入对水泥的3d和28d强度均有增强作用,适量矿渣的加入使水泥抗折强度降低,抗压强度增大;少量的赤泥对水泥强度特别是早期强度有一定的增强作用,但掺量超过20％后水泥强度迅速降低;偏高岭土对水泥微膨胀的产生有促进作用,矿渣和赤泥对水泥微膨胀有抑制作用。用80％～90％的硅酸盐水泥、10％～20％的偏高岭土以及少量的膨胀剂和减水剂能够制备出具有较优流动性、较高的强度以及微膨胀的高性能混合水泥。     

Absorption characteristics of metakaolin concrete

The water absorption (WA) by total immersion and by capillary rise of concrete containing metakaolin (MK) is investigated. Cement was partially replaced with up to 20% MK. The results show that the presence of MK is greatly beneficial in reducing the WA by capillary action. There is a systematic reduction in absorption by capillary action with the increase in MK content in concrete. This reduction is further supported by visual examination of specimens. The absorption by total immersion, however, tends to increase slightly with the increase in MK content. Between 14 and 28 days curing, there is a slight increase in absorption by total immersion and by capillary rise for all MK concretes. Correlation between the absorption characteristics, dynamic modulus of elasticity (E_d), strength and pore size distribution was conducted.