ATH和APP对聚乳酸/竹粉复合材料阻燃抑烟性能的影响

利用竹粉和聚乳酸为原料复合制备聚乳酸/竹粉复合材料,分别采用氢氧化铝(ATH)和聚磷酸铵(APP)阻燃剂对聚乳酸/竹粉复合材料进行阻燃抑烟处理并对阻燃处理后的复合材料进行性能测试。结果表明,两种阻燃剂的加入均使复合材料高温下的成炭率提高了约2倍,分别达到了24.7%和25.6%;ATH和APP的加入均有效提高了聚乳酸/竹粉复合材料的阻燃性能;其中,APP对复合材料燃烧过程中热量释放的抑制明显,其热释放速率在燃烧100s以后下降了近2倍,约为150kW/m2,但生烟量大;而ATH对复合材料的抑热效果不及APP,但抑烟效果显著,平均烟释放速率只有约0.02m2/s。     

聚磷酸铵制备及性能研究

聚磷酸铵是一种性能优良的无卤阻燃剂,其聚合度的大小直接影响其与阻燃基材的相容性.本文研究了以磷酸二氢铵和尿素为原料生产聚磷酸铵的工艺过程及工艺条件.通过单因素和正交实验,讨论了反应时间、反应温度、配料比等因素对聚磷酸铵性能的影响.得到的较优工艺条件为:反应温度210℃,反应时间1.5h,原料配比(磷酸二氢铵与尿素的质量...     

硅灰改性膨胀型阻燃剂的阻燃机理

以聚磷酸铵、季戊四醇、尿素为阻燃体系,聚酯树脂为基料,加入不同掺量的硅灰,制备硅灰改性膨胀型阻燃剂.通过锥形量热仪、扫描电子显微镜及热重分析仪,对硅灰改性膨胀型阻燃剂的阻燃性能、微观形貌及阻燃机理进行分析,确定最佳硅灰掺量.结果表明:硅灰掺量为2 wt％时样品的阻燃效果最佳,其可使热释放速率峰值和平均热释放速率值最小,火焰强度最低,耗氧量最少,二氧化碳释放量最少;分析样品燃烧后的微观形貌可知硅灰有助于形成更加致密平滑的炭层,其中硅灰掺量为2 wt％时炭层结构最致密完整;热重结果表明硅灰改性膨胀型阻燃剂具有耐高温性,即硅灰的加入能有效降低失重温度,减少试样质量损失,提高其阻燃性能.     

膨胀型阻燃剂对聚丙烯性能的影响

选用尼龙6（PA6）／聚磷酸铵（APP）／三聚氰胺（MEL）制成膨胀型阻燃剂,讨论了阻燃剂各组分对聚丙烯力学性能的影响;并对制得的阻燃聚丙烯进行了热重分析（GTA）和氧指数等其他阻燃性能的测试,最终获得具有一定阻燃性能、力学性能良好的膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯材料的配方。     

三聚氰胺包覆聚磷酸铵阻燃环氧树脂的研究

研究了三聚氰胺包覆聚磷酸铵(MPP)与季戊四醇(PER)阻燃环氧树脂的燃烧性能。通过热重分析初步探讨了MPP/PER阻燃剂对环氧树脂的阻燃机理。结果表明:MPP/PER对环氧树脂具有很好的阻燃作用,能有效提高环氧树脂的氧指数和垂直燃烧性能,降低环氧树脂的热释放速率,使燃烧过程变得稳定,降低环氧树脂的火灾危险性。热重分析表明:添加了阻燃剂以后,环氧树脂的初始分解温度降低,残炭量显著增加,阻燃剂发挥了凝聚相阻燃的作用。     

不同聚合度成炭剂在膨胀阻燃聚丙烯中的应用研究

以三聚氯氰、乙胺、乙醇胺和乙二胺为原料,通过控制物料比合成了4种不同聚合度的成炭-发泡剂(CFA)。将合成的CFA与聚磷酸铵(APP)及纳米二氧化硅复配成膨胀阻燃剂并添加到聚丙烯(PP)中,制备阻燃PP材料。通过热重分析、氧指数、垂直燃烧和力学性能测试研究了材料的热稳定性、阻燃性能和力学性能。结果表明:随着CFA聚合度的增加,膨胀阻燃体系对PP材料的阻燃效率相应提高;阻燃剂的加入提高了PP材料的热稳定性,CFA聚合度的变化对阻燃PP材料的力学性能影响不大。当CFA的聚合度为40时,阻燃PP材料的阻燃性能和热稳定性能均达到最佳。     

无机磷系阻燃剂

无机磷系阻燃剂包括红磷（微胶囊化红磷）、聚磷酸铵、磷酸盐（如磷酸氢二铵、磷酸二氢铵、磷酸铵等）。介绍了红磷、聚磷酸铵、磷酸盐等无机阻燃剂的性质、生产过程、产品标准和用途等。概括了无机磷系阻燃剂生产、性能和阻燃应用研究情况。     

精品聚磷酸铵阻燃剂的应用研究

以湿法磷酸为原料,通过制备磷酸二氢铵提纯后再与尿素缩合反应生产精品聚磷酸铵阻燃剂,具有成本低和纯度高的特点。可用于聚烯烃类的阻燃,对其在聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯电缆料中的应用作了探讨。     

长链聚磷酸铵的制备

<正> 长链聚磷酸铵,由于具有磷、氮含量高,不易吸潮,而且近于中性等优点。近年来在国外被大量用作复合肥料,广泛用于塑料、纤维、纸张等的阻燃剂并用于配制防潮耐火涂料。1969年,Shen等人提出用尿素作氯化缩聚剂与磷酸二氢铵一起经高温脱水聚合制备聚磷酸铵,为难溶性长链聚磷酸铵的制备,开辟了广阔前景。本文作者对以石蜡为介质,以尿素和磷酸二氢铵为原料制备长链聚磷酸铵进行了研究,确定了最佳反     

PP纳米复合材料阻燃性研究

以多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)作为纳米阻燃材料,同时加入了磷酸三苯酯和聚磷酸铵协同阻燃,使用熔融共混法制备了PP阻燃样品。采用氧指数仪和微型量热仪研究了MWCNTs和阻燃剂对PP阻燃性能的影响,当MWCNTs与协同阻燃剂共同阻燃PP时,材料的氧指数(LOI)明显提高,热释放速率大幅下降,同时力学强度也有所提高。     

尼龙6/弹性体合金的阻燃改性研究

分别采用环保阻燃剂十溴二苯乙烷(DBPE)/三氧化二锑(Sb2O3)和聚磷酸铵(APP)对PA6/POE-g-MAH合金进行阻燃改性,同时以纳米有机蒙脱土(OMMT)作为辅助阻燃剂,讨论了阻燃剂种类、用量和配比对合金燃烧性能和力学性能的影响.结果表明:DBPE/Sb2O3在该体系中具有比APP更高的阻燃效率;OMMT与DBPE/Sb2O3和APP在合金的阻燃改性方面具有一定的协同效应;所有阻燃成分对合金的韧性均产生负面影响;DBPE/Sb2O3和APP使得体系的拉伸强度下降,而OMMT发挥了一定的补强作用;当DBPE/Sb2O3与APP组成的复配阻燃体系中二者的用量分别为10份和40份时,合金具有较好的综合性能.     

膨胀型阻燃剂的疏水改性及对水性阻燃涂料性能的影响

为了提高水性阻燃涂层的耐水性,以环氧树脂(EP)作为包覆材料,分别采用单一组分和混合组分改性两种工艺对阻燃剂〔聚磷酸铵(APP)、三聚氰胺(MEL)和季戊四醇(PER)〕进行包覆改性,制备出了改性阻燃剂及水性阻燃涂层。借助FTIR分析阻燃剂表面基团;采用SEM观察其微观结构;测量阻燃剂的接触角,并对其粒度分布进行统计;借助TG对阻燃剂及水性阻燃涂层进行测试;并参考国标GB/T1733—1993对涂层耐水性进行了测试。结果表明:两种工艺制备的阻燃剂其表面均包覆EP,且EP用量为阻燃剂质量的15%时,疏水效果达到最佳;阻燃剂经改性后其溶解度降低,接触角增大,使水性阻燃涂层耐水性显著提高,且阻燃剂采用混合组分改性效率更高;聚磷酸铵与EP发生交联生成不饱和富碳结构,加固残炭碳骨架的稳定性及增加涂层残余物的质量。     

膨胀型阻燃剂组份配比对阻燃性能的影响

本文分别选取聚磷酸铵、季戊四醇、尿素及聚酯树脂为膨胀型阻燃剂中的酸源、碳源、气源及成膜剂,基于正交试验,依据小室燃烧和氧指数测试法探索各个组分对阻燃性能的影响主次顺序,衡量在不同配方下的阻燃效果,结果表明组份影响顺序为m(聚磷酸铵)>m(聚酯树脂)>m(尿素)>m(季戊四醇);得到具有最优阻燃性能的阻燃剂,即9#配方A3B3C2D1,经该配方处理的试样,其氧指数明显提升至38%;同时,通过热重和电镜扫描分析其燃烧过程,解释阻燃机理.     

High-efficiency ammonium polyphosphate intumescent encapsulated polypropylene flame retardant

The flame retardant polypropylene containing the micro-envelope core-shell structure flame retardant, which encapsulated ammonium polyphosphate into melamine-formaldehyde resin and sodium silicate through in situ polymerization was prepared with polyamide 6, added as a carbon-forming agent. The composition of ammonium polyphosphate, encapsulated ammonium polyphosphate with melamine-formaldehyde resin and the micro-envelope core-shell structure flame retardant were characterized. The fire safety and thermal stability were investigated and showed an improvement including limiting oxygen index, thermogravimetric analysis, vertical burning tests, and microscale combustion calorimeter. The burned compounds were also studied to confirm the burning mechanism. The results showed the flame retardant performance had been greatly improved, while polyamide 6 had better char-forming effect. Besides, the water solubility of flame retardants and their influence on the mechanical properties of polypropylene were also investigated. The results on the effects of additives demonstrated a high efficiency flame retardant to polypropylene. A core-shell flame retardant that sodium silicate and melamine-formaldehyde resin-coated ammonium polyphosphate had been constructed. The effect of the built flame retardant system on the combustion performance of polypropylene was studied from the mechanism and performance. The LOI of the most flame retardant polypropylene reached 28.6%, and UL-94 reached the V-0 level.     

Influence of thermal behavior of phosphorus compounds on their flame retardant effect in PU rigid foam

Phosphorus‐containing compounds have been widely used as flame retardants for polyurethane rigid foam (PURF). In this work, a number of phosphorus compounds were utilized and studied as flame retardants for PURF, including ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol phosphate, triethyl phosphate, and dimethyl methyl phosphonate. The thermal behavior of flame retardants was thoroughly investigated, such as degradation, vaporization, and the properties of degraded products. The influence of thermal behavior of phosphorus flame retardants on PURF was examined and analyzed. The results indicated that the effect of flame retardant was highly related to their thermal behavior. Phosphorus compounds for gas phase flame retardants were very effective in decreasing the heat release rate and increase limited oxygen index of PURF, while condensed phase flame retardants showed better comprehensive flame retardant effect, such as reducing the toxicity of combustion product. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

竹材液化墙体泡沫材料的阻燃改性

为提高竹材液化产物所制备的高轻发泡墙体材料的防火性能,分别采用材料内部添加和表面浸泡的方法进行阻燃改性,并评价不同阻燃剂及其添加量对发泡材料阻燃性能的影响。实验结果表明：在材料内部或表面添加选择的阻燃剂不会对材料自身形貌或组分产生明显影响,对材料的力学性能亦不会造成破坏,在材料内部添加3 g膨胀型凝胶-二氧化硅/聚磷酸铵核壳阻燃剂（MCAPP）后压缩强度达到了0.37 MPa,在材料表面浸泡聚硅氧烷后压缩强度达到了0.58 MPa,同时能提高材料的阻燃性能,在材料内部添加聚磷酸铵（M-APP）后极限氧指数提高到33.2%,比改性前提高3%。在材料表面浸泡膨胀型壳聚糖-蒙脱土-聚磷酸铵（CMAp）后点燃时间明显延长,极限氧指数最高达到了31.5%。     

Flammability testing of pure and flame retardant-treated cotton fabrics

A Controlled-atomosphere cone calorimeter was used to investigate the burning of pure and flame retardant-treated cotton fabrics. The condensed-phase flame retardants used were Morguard (containing ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and diammonium hydrogen phoisphate) and Nochar (containing ammonium sulfate and a sodium salt). The fabrics were tested at 25 kW m^?2 incident heat flux in environments containing 15–30% oxygen. The flame retardants increased the time to ignition, residue yield, and CO and CO₂ yields. The flame retardants decreased the peak and average mass loss rates, the peak and average heat release rates, the effective heat of combustion at peak heat release rate, and the propensity to flashover. The effect of oxygen concentration on the burning of pure and flame retardant-treated cotton fabrics has also been investigated. The flame retardants had better performance when the treated fabrics burned in the lower oxyge concentrations. The result of this study indicate that the controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter is a good tool for studying the effect of flame retardant and oxygen concentration on the burning of materials.     

Intumescent flame retardant TPO composites: Flame retardant properties and morphology of the charred layer

Intumescent flame retardant thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) composites were prepared to study the relationships between their structure of charred layer (including of the multicellular intumescent layer and the charry layer) and flame retardant properties. They were characterized using the LOI and UL‐94 test, which indicated that the best fire retardant behavior (V‐0 rating and LOI reach to 28.1%) was obtained at the formulation of TPO/ammonium dihydrogen phosphate/starch (100/60/20). Thermal gravimetric analysis demonstrated that the presence of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate/starch promoted the esterification and carbonization process in lower temperature range while enhancing the thermal stability of intumescent flame retardant TPO in high‐temperature range. Scanning electron microscope and optical microscope were shown that, with combustion time prolonged, the intumescent layers obtained greater number of cells, and the charry layer became more compact while the size of the carbon granules became smaller on the surface. Introduction of starch had an obvious effect on the structure of the intumescent and charry layers. The charry layer of the composites with the content of 20 phr starch was more compact and uniform than that of the composites with 50 phr. The weight ratio of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate to starch in the intumescent flame retardant was fixed as 3 : 1 which cooperated with each other well to promote a compact charry layer and to obtain the better flame retardancy performance. Therefore, the better the charred layers produced, and the better flame retardant properties they obtained. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

新型膨胀型阻燃剂阻燃聚丙烯的研究

以五氧化二磷、磷酸、季戊四醇和三聚氰胺为原料,合成了一种新型的膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）并和聚磷酸铵（APP）聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）复配对聚丙烯（PP）进行阻燃,用热重法（TG）对阻燃PP的热性能进行了研究,利用氧指数仪测定了阻燃PP的极限氧指数（LO I）值,用垂直燃烧法测试了其燃烧等级,当阻燃剂含量为24%时,LO I值为30.9%。用锥形量热仪对阻燃PP的燃烧性能进行了分析,并用扫描电镜（SEM）对阻燃聚丙烯（FR-PP）的残炭结构进行了研究,结果表明,该复配阻燃剂能够促进PP的成炭性,具有优良的阻燃PP性能。