环氧树脂改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫的制备与性能表征

以环氧树脂、聚醚多元醇和与多亚甲基多苯基多异氰酸酯(PAPI)为主要原料合成了环氧树脂改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫材料(简称改性PIR泡沫),研究了改性PIR泡沫耐热性能和力学性能的影响因素。结果表明，聚醚多元醇用量的增加会降低泡沫材料的玻璃化转变温度(T_g),但可以提高改性PIR泡沫材料的压缩破坏形变，显著改善其韧性。随着固化温度的升高，改性PIR泡沫材料的T_g增加，泡沫材料的耐热性能和高温力学性能得到明显改善。密度为200 kg/m³的PIR泡沫在80℃的导热系数不超过0.05 W/(m·K),表现出优良的隔热性能。     

腰果酚用量对酚醛泡沫性能的影响

以酚醛树脂为原料,对甲苯磺酸为固化剂,研究了腰果酚用量对酚醛泡沫性能的影响。结果表明:腰果酚的引入可以明显改善酚醛泡沫的力学性能和粉化度,当腰果酚用量为5份时,酚醛泡沫的压缩强度达到最高值1.12 MPa,粉化度明显降低。     

石墨烯/腰果酚改性酚醛树脂基碳纤维纸基复合材料制备及性能研究

利用石墨烯和腰果酚对酚醛树脂进行改性,制得石墨烯/腰果酚改性酚醛树脂(GCP),并将自制碳纤维原纸浸渍于此树脂中,制备得到石墨烯/腰果酚改性酚醛树脂基碳纤维纸基复合材料(GCPC)。利用热重分析仪对GCP进行了分析;并利用四探针测试仪、万能试验机和多孔材料分析仪,研究了GCPC的电学性能、力学性能、孔径分布以及孔隙率。结果表明,随着石墨烯和腰果酚用量的增加,GCPC的力学强度和导电性能得以提高;随着石墨烯用量的增加,孔隙率下降,小孔比例增加;而随着腰果酚用量的增加,孔隙率上升,小孔比例减少,且当腰果酚的质量分数为20%时,碳纤维纸基复合材料的拉伸强度为38.17 MPa,体积电阻率为18.46 mΩ·cm,孔隙率67.46%。     

腰果酚改性酚醛树脂的合成及其模塑料的性能

资源化、环保化与低成本化是传统材料的重要发展方向,本文在硼酸的辅助下,采用腰果酚对酚醛树脂进行改性,探讨了腰果酚和硼酸的引入及其用量对树脂性能的影响,以改性树脂为基体制备了酚醛模塑料,并对其性能进行的测试。结果显示：腰果酚的引入和用量会显著影响树脂的性能,高的替代量使树脂软化点和热稳定性下降,在硼酸的辅助下,则能够实现对改性树脂性能的有效调控,并且以该改性树脂制备的模塑料显示出较好的韧性和热稳定性。     

热老化和自然老化对酚醛泡沫性能的影响

以酚醛树脂为原料,对甲苯磺酸为固化剂,石油醚为发泡剂制备了酚醛泡沫,并制得了腰果酚增韧改性的酚醛泡沫。研究了热老化和自然老化对酚醛泡沫压缩强度、导热系数等性能的影响。结果表明,热老化作用后,酚醛泡沫中酚羟基在受热的作用下生成醌类结构,使得酚醛泡沫外观颜色加深呈深红色,热老化后两种酚醛泡沫压缩强度都有降低,导热系数有所提高;但热老化对腰果酚增韧改性的酚醛泡沫性能的影响较未改性酚醛泡沫性能小,腰果酚增韧改性后的酚醛泡沫导热性能、压缩强度等性能对热老化的稳定性较好,且压缩强度、保温性能得到改善。自然条件放置时,两种酚醛泡沫的压缩强度都随放置时间的延长而降低,导热系数都随放置时间的延长而提高;但腰果酚增韧改性后的酚醛泡沫其压缩性能和导热性能均比未改性的酚醛泡沫更加优异,综合性能更好。     

腰果酚改性白炭黑/纳米甲壳素对丁苯橡胶/顺丁橡胶复合材料性能的影响

分别采用腰果酚和硅烷偶联剂Si 69改性白炭黑/纳米甲壳素,研究了腰果酚和Si 69的用量对白炭黑/纳米甲壳素增强丁苯橡胶(SBR)/顺丁橡胶(BR)复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,当用量相同时,与Si 69相比,加入腰果酚胶料的焦烧时间变化不大,正硫化时间较长,最小转矩较大,最大转矩较小。随着腰果酚及Si 69用量的增加,混炼胶的门尼黏度明显降低。腰果酚的加入明显改善了SBR/BR硫化胶的耐热老化性能。     

硅橡胶增韧改性酚醛泡沫的性能研究

采用硅橡胶对酚醛泡沫进行增韧改性,以改善其掉渣性。通过SEM分析、压缩强度、掉渣率、吸水率检测等手段,分析研究了硅橡胶改性酚醛泡沫结构与性能。结果表明:硅橡胶改性酚醛泡沫的掉渣性得到明显改善;随着硅橡胶用量的增加,改性酚醛泡沫的表观密度逐渐提高,泡沫的压缩强度也逐渐增强;当硅橡胶用量低于10%时,随着硅橡胶用量的增加,改性酚醛泡沫的吸水率逐渐下降。     

腰果酚增韧酚醛泡沫研究

研究了腰果酚对酚醛泡沫的增韧效果,对泡沫的力学性能、热稳定性及阻燃性能进行了研究。结果表明,腰果酚的引入,可以明显改善酚醛泡沫的力学性能,当腰果酚含量为10%(以100 g苯酚质量为基准)时,酚醛泡沫的弯曲强度达到最高值0.25 MPa,但增韧酚醛泡沫的阻燃性和热稳定性都有所下降。     

用腰果酚基酚醛树脂对商品环氧树脂改性的研究

在双酚A环氧树脂中加入不同的酚醛树脂进行改性。所用的酚醛树脂是由苯酚／甲醛（PN）和腰果酚／甲醛（CDN）缩合的酚醛清漆树脂（a）,还有腰果酚-苯酚混合物与甲醛的缩合产物（CPNs）（b）。腰果酚是腰果壳液（CNSL）（一种可再生资源）的主要成份。制备酚醛清漆重量分数为2．5～20％的环氧树脂并测试其机械性能、吸水性能等。酚醛清漆重量分数为5～10％时,共混物的性能有了实质性的改善。随着酚醛清漆含量的增加,这些性质呈现下降趋势。酚醛清漆中,酚醛材料与甲醛的最佳化学计量比为1：0．8,此时的性能得到最大改善。在研究酚醛清漆过程中,制备的那些不同摩尔比率的腰果酚-苯酚共混物在断裂时会吸收较高的能量,这种性能会随着改性树脂中的腰果酚含量的增加而增加,直到其含量为40％。这些环氧-酚醛清漆共混物的性能特征暗示了酚醛清漆树脂的增韧作用,特别是苯酚-腰果酚-甲醛树脂。     

复合改性酚醛树脂增韧酚醛泡沫的研究

通过在基础酚醛树脂的合成过程中同时引入长链酚(十五烷基酚)和长链醛(戊二醛),分别代替部分苯酚和多聚甲醛,制备了一种复合改性甲阶酚醛树脂,然后以之为改性剂对酚醛泡沫进行增韧。考察了该复合改性酚醛树脂对酚醛泡沫物理力学性能的影响。结果表明:复合改性酚醛树脂的引入显著改善了酚醛泡沫的韧性。另外,随着酚醛泡沫中复合改性酚醛树脂含量的增加,泡沫的弯曲位移增大、压缩强度下降、表观密度增加,吸水率则先减小后增大,而泡沫的氧指数仅略有下降。     

Phenolic foams modified by cardanol through bisphenol modification

In this study, cardanol, a natural phenol, has been applied to toughen phenolic foam by bisphenol modification. In order to verify the occurrence of Friedel–Craft alkylation between cardanol and phenol on the side chain, FTIR, and NMR had been used to characterize the bisphenol successfully. With the introduction of cardanol, the viscosity of prepolymers increased. The SEM results demonstrated that the some cells with increasingly large size existed, when the dosage of cardanol increased. With respect to the mechanical properties, phenolic foams modified by 10 wt % cardanol increased by 22% in flexural strength and 28% in bending modulus compared to pure phenolic foams, which indicates that the incorporation of cardanol does improve the toughness of phenolic foams. In addition, the effects of different dosage of cardanol on the apparent density and thermal stability of phenolic foams were investigated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39942.     

腰果酚制备可发性酚醛树脂的合成工艺研究

以苯酚、腰果酚、甲醛为原料,NaOH为催化剂,乙二醇为助剂,合成了可发性酚醛树脂,通过粘度,固含量,韧性测试研究了原料的配比,腰果酚替代苯酚的比例,催化剂用量,反应时间,反应温度及乙二醇用量对合成树脂性能的影响并通过IR,TG分析对树脂结构及耐热性进行了表征。结果表明,适宜的反应条件为:F/P比(甲醛与总酚物质的量比值)1.6,腰果酚替代量20%,催化剂用量1%,反应时间3 h,反应温度80℃,乙二醇质量分数10%～15%。以腰果酚制备的CPF树脂耐热性变化不明显,拉伸强度为22.34 MPa,断裂伸长率3.08%,冲击强度3.56 kJ/m2,较PF树脂有很大提高。     

高邻位腰果酚-苯酚-甲醛树脂的合成及表征

在原苯酚甲醛高邻位树脂体系中引入具有长链烷基的取代酚——腰果酚进行改性,通过IR、DSC、TG等手段对高邻位腰果酚-苯酚-甲醛树脂的结构、固化性能及耐热性进行了分析,结果表明,合成树脂结构中含有腰果酚,且树脂结构属于高邻位结构,该树脂耐热性优于苯酚甲醛高邻位树脂;腰果酚的引入使固化速度和时间稍有减慢,但不影响固化工艺.制备了腰果酚-苯酚-甲醛-丁腈胶黏剂,胶黏剂具有优异的韧性及粘接性能.     

酚醛树脂基耐磨复合材料的改性及性能

采用原位改性法合成腰果酚改性酚醛树脂,并与粒径不同的碳化硅(SiC)混合物复配制备了腰果酚改性酚醛树脂基耐磨复合材料。通过红外光谱证明成功合成了腰果酚改性酚醛树脂,且树脂符合磨具磨料用液体树脂的基本要求。扫描电镜SEM图及力学性能测试结果表明,与普通酚醛树脂相比,腰果酚改性酚醛树脂粘结Si C的能力更强,且偶联剂的加入能提高树脂与碳化硅之间的相容性。在腰果酚含量为15%时,固化剂含量为10%,偶联剂含量为2.5%时,改性酚醛树脂基复合材料的拉伸、弯曲等力学性均能达到最优。通过分析耐磨测试结果发现,二硫化钼的添加能有效降低复合材料的磨损率,提高腰果酚改性酚醛树脂基耐磨复合材料的耐磨性。     

Effects of liquid‐type silane additives and organoclay on the morphology and thermal conductivity of rigid polyisocyanurate‐polyurethane foams

This article investigates the effects of liquid‐type silane additives and organoclay as a solid‐type additive on the morphological, mechanical and thermal insulating properties of polyisocyanurate‐polyurethane (PIR‐PUR) foams. The organoclay likely acted as nucleating agents during the formation of PIR‐PUR foams. When the liquid silane additives and organoclay were added, the cell size and thermal conductivity of the PIR‐PUR foams appeared to be decreased. However, organoclay did not contribute to reduce the cell size distribution of the foam. PIR‐PUR foams synthesized with tetramethylsilane as a liquid‐type additive showed a smaller average cell size and lower thermal conductivity than that of PIR‐PUR foams synthesized with the other silane additives or with organoclay as a solid‐type additive. For the PIR‐PUR foam with organoclay/TEMS (1.5/1.5 php) mixture, cell size and thermal conductivity of the foam showed similar to the foam with TEMS. These results suggest that smaller cell size appears to be one of the major factors in the improvement of thermal insulation properties of the PIR‐PUR foams. Silane additives did not seem to have a strong effect on the flammability of the PIR‐PUR foams. However, heat resistance was more dominant for the foam with the organoclay at the higher temperature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

The effect of the trimerization catalyst on the thermal stability and the fire performance of the polyisocyanurate‐polyurethane foam

In this work, 3 currently used trimerization catalysts, TMR‐2 (quaternary ammonium), K‐15 (potassium octoate), and PU‐1792 (potassium acetate) were used to produce rigid polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams with certain amounts of isocyanurate contents. The results from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) quantitative analysis showed that PU‐1792 had the highest catalytic efficiency in isocyanurate formation. Then, the effect of different amounts of PU‐1792 catalyst on isocyanurate ring output was further investigated, and the result showed that the highest amount of isocyanurate ring formation could be attained by the 5 pphp of PU‐1792 catalyst. It was also found that the increased amount of isocyanurate ring could result in reduced cell size, improved compressive strength, and lowered thermal conductivity of PIR foam. The results from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and cone calorimeter (CONE) test revealed that the thermal stability and fire performance of PIR foam could be improved with the increased amount of isocyanurate ring. Furthermore, the CONE test indicated that the smoke production of PIR foam decreased approximately 51.7% in comparison to the reference polyurethane (PU) foam, and the SEM image of char morphology showed that the char of PIR foam was more compact than PU foam.     

腰果酚改性甲阶酚醛树脂的合成及其泡沫性能研究

用腰果酚代替部分苯酚改性酚醛树脂,制备可发性甲阶酚醛树脂。并讨论了腰果酚替代量对改性酚醛树脂性能及其泡沫性能的影响,通过红外光谱仪、热重分析仪对树脂结构及热稳定性进行表征,运用万能电子试验机对甲阶酚醛树脂泡沫的力学性能进行了研究。结果表明:当腰果酚替代量为10%时,制得的树脂黏度为4650mPa·s,树脂中游离苯酚含量从6.72%降为5.45%,游离甲醛含量从1.17%降为0.68%,甲阶酚醛树脂泡沫压缩强度达到最大值0.20MPa,但树脂热稳定性及甲阶酚醛树脂泡沫阻燃性有所下降。     

孔密度对泡沫金属内湿空气的换热与压降特性影响分析

通过实验研究,得到不同孔密度的泡沫金属内湿空气的换热和压降特性,并对泡沫金属换热器综合性能进行了分析。测试样件为泡沫铜,孔密度为5~40PPI(pores per inch),孔隙率为95%。研究结果表明,由于凝结水的存在,泡沫金属内的湿空气传热系数随着孔密度的增大先增大后减小,孔密度为15PPI时达到最大值;压降随着孔密度的增大而增大,且大于20 PPI时压降增大更明显。综合考虑传热系数与压降因素,泡沫金属孔密度为15PPI时综合性能最佳。     

Combustion behaviour of polyurethane flexible foams under Cone Calorimetry test conditions

The first part of this study focuses on the effect of cone calorimeter test variables on polyurethane flexible foam properties such as ignitability, heat release rate, effective heat of combustion and mass loss. Three of the main commercial foam types were used, i.e. conventional slabstock foams, high-resilience slabstock foams and all-MDI (methylene diphenyldiisocyanate) moulded foams. A decrease in heat flux (down to 40%) with increasing distance from the conical heater was measured. As a consequence, results were found to depend to a large extent on the thickness and the melting behaviour of the foam samples. To achieve a sufficiently constant and uniform heat flux exposure, sample thickness had to be limited to 25 mm. In addition, repeatability was found to be good under various conditions, with percentage standard deviations for effective heat of combustion, peak rate of heat release and mass loss below 10%. Levels of radiant flux above 25 kW m^?2 were found to be very severe to test flexible polyurethane foams. Under such conditions, foams that show large differences in combustion performance in small-scale flammability tests performed almost identically in the cone calorimeter. In the second part of this study the effects of foam variables, such as foam type, density and melamine content, are defined. These effects were clearly pronounced at radiant flux levels of 15–25 kWm^?2. Density was found to be the key variable in controlling ignition resistance. In addition, high-resilience slabstock foams and all-MDI moulded foams performed better than conventional slabstock foams of the same density. Melamine addition resulted in a delay of ignition for all three foam types and an incomplete combustion, decreased heat release and effective heat of combustion in HR-slabstock and all MDI moulded foams. However, melamine is not effective as a heat sink in conventional slabstock foams. The different performance of the foam types under study can be explained by a different melting behaviour.     

低密度及阻燃低密度高回弹聚氨酯泡沫研制

采用聚醚多元醇和阻燃聚合物多元醇为主要原料,制备了低密度及阻燃低密度高回弹聚氨酯泡沫,讨论了低密度高回弹聚氨酯泡沫性能及阻燃聚合物多元醇TM-300用量对聚氨酯泡沫性能的影响。结果表明,低密度高回弹泡沫密度可低至35kg/m3,性能与一般密度聚氨酯泡沫相当。随着TM-300用量增加,阻燃低密度高回弹聚氨酯泡沫的硬度和拉伸强度增加,撕裂强度和伸长率下降;TM-300可有效提高聚氨酯泡沫的阻燃性能,氧指数可达到32,各项性能均较优异。