里运河底泥CODCr和NH3-N释放对水质的影响实验

通过利用长江水体作为上覆水的里运河表层底泥的释放实验研究，分析了表层底泥中CODCr和NH3—N在静置和3种扰动条件下的释放规律，结果发现城区段底泥中CODCr和NH3—N的释放强度大于非常区段，底泥孔隙水与上覆水之间的浓度梯度增大促进了底泥中污染物质的更快更多地释放。同时得出了各个断面表层底泥中CODCr，和NH3-N的释放强度，在扰动条件下的释放强度远大于静置条件下的释放强度，底泥中污染物质的释放可能会在一定程度上影响里运河将来的调水水质。     

洋河水库底泥磷的释放规律研究

本文研究了洋河水库底泥中磷的释放规律。通过调整上覆水的DO、pH、温度等条件，在室内进行静态模拟试验，得到了如下结果：厌氧条件促进底泥无机磷的释放，好氧条件抑制底泥磷的释放，同时还可吸收水体中的磷；弱酸性或弱碱性上覆水条件均促进底泥中磷的释放；随着温度的升高，底泥中无机磷的释放量也随之增加。     

底泥污染物释放水动力特性实验研究

在环境水动力学中,河口地区的河流底泥污染物释放扩散特性的研究越来越受到人们的重视.实际上,污染物在底泥和上覆水体之间的释放扩散,对上覆水体水质有很大影响.底泥污染物释放扩散受到底泥本身物理性质和上覆水体水动力特性的共同作用.本文对底泥污染物向上覆水体释放扩散规律进行了水槽实验,通过对水体中底泥释放污染物COD浓度的测量分析,初步得到了底泥污染物在动水条件下的释放机理.底泥污染物释放主要分为两种形式:一是底泥污染物泥水界面释放,二是底泥污染物起动悬浮释放.随后结合底泥污染物释放的水槽模拟实验,天然河道(苏州河)现场实测资料,对三者进行了分析比较.它们相互符合得较好,所反映的基本规律是一致的,表明了本文实验研究的合理性和可靠性.     

底泥对河流水质影响的数学模型研究进展

从底泥耗氧、底泥污染物的释放这两方面综述了底泥对河流水质影响的模型研究。通过总结底泥污染河流的模型研究，提出耦合底泥河流水质模型的发展方 向，指出建立环境疏浚模型的必要性。     

沿海拟建水库底泥盐分释放规律研究

为研究沿海地区某拟建水库底泥盐分释放规律,取库区和库周不同深度的圆柱状底泥,在实验室模拟不同土壤含盐量、不同水深、静止和扰动条件下Cl-的释放过程和释放强度,分析了Cl-释放对水库水质的影响。结果表明,盐分释放量与土柱盐分含量有关。水库运行水位越低,底泥中的Cl-越容易释放。扰动对水库底泥盐分的释放有很大促进作用。盐分释放导致水库底泥中的Cl-含量不断降低,合理调度可以减轻水库水质咸化的风险,保证拟建水库蓄水后的水质安全。     

底泥氮磷释放的影响因素及控制方法

归纳了溶解氧、pH、温度和水体扰动等因素对底泥氮磷释放速率、释放量等方面的影响,分析各因素的影响机理。介绍了控制底泥氮磷释放的原位修复法和异位修复法,分析了各自的优缺点,原位修复法中的覆盖法及其控制效果,从实验可以看出天然或改性的沸石、方解石和凹凸棒石等物质均能在一定程度上控制底泥氮磷的释放。     

底泥污染物的环境行为研究进展

综述了底泥主要污染物重金属、营养物质(氮、磷)和难降解有机物向上覆水体释放的机理和影响规律,并指出该研究领域尚需解决的技术难题:重视对能代表大水体实际情况实验装置的研制开发以及野外观测与室内实验的密切结合、加强沉积物—水体界面之间物质扩散交换过程的机理研究,建立污染物释放模型;加强底泥污染物释放的动力学研究。     

汤河水库底泥COD释放规律试验研究

采用室内模拟方法,研究了汤河水库底泥在不同浓度、温度、pH值、扰动、溶解氧条件下COD的释放特征。结果表明:河水COD浓度较高时,底泥仍会吸附有机污染物,成为有机污染物的"汇";升高或降低原水的温度,COD的释放量增加,所以维持常温可抑制COD的释放;水体pH值为8时有利于水体的稳定;扰动使得COD释放强度增大;贫氧条件可以促进底泥COD的释放。     

环境因子对南四湖底泥磷释放的影响实验研究

通过室内模拟实验,分析了环境因子(温度、pH、扰动)对底泥内源磷释放的影响及原因.实验表明:温度升高和水的扰动有利于底泥磷的释放;中性条件磷的释放速率较慢,偏酸或偏碱条件都有利于底泥磷的释放.     

河道底泥污染物释放控制试验研究

采用自主研制的环形水槽试验装置，研究了水动力条件下河道底泥的污染物释放特性，开展了原位覆盖和原位固化对底泥污染物释放控制效果的研究。试验结果表明:河道水流速度直接影响底泥污染物的释放特性；底泥随流速逐渐增大分别呈现“未起动”、“少量动”和“普遍动”三种状态。流速小于起动流速时，底泥未起动，上覆水中污染物释放量、浊度与静水条件接近。流速大于起动流速时，底泥大幅起动，上覆水中污染物释放量大幅增加。原位覆盖和原位固化均能有效控制底泥污染物的释放。与未处理相比，原位覆盖后的污染物控制率能达到60％ ～90％，砂层的压重作用避免底泥大规模起动，进而导致上覆水中的污染物含量大幅降低。原位固化后的污染物控制率为97％，但固化会导致上覆水ｐＨ升高使水体呈碱性。     

基于零维模型的湖泊底泥释磷强度研究 ——以杭州西湖为例

湖泊底泥释磷时空差异性较大,通过实验手段往往较难获得准确的湖泊底泥释磷强度。以杭州西湖为例,以实测资料为基础,通过构建零维模型对2011年西湖外湖TP全年的变化过程进行反演,得到了外湖各月份的底泥释磷强度,并构建了多维水动力水质数学模型对该释磷强度结果进行了校验。结果表明,采用反演得到的底泥释磷强度结果作为三维数学模型的参数值,模拟得到的2011年外湖TP浓度与实测值吻合较好,说明该底泥释磷结果可信。该方法可为国内其他湖泊底泥释磷强度的研究提供借鉴。     

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS RELEASE FROM BOTTOM SEDIMENTS IN FLOWING WATER

In this paper, the bottom of the Dianshan Lake was selected as a test sample. The dynamic release of contaminated sediments into the overlying water column was experimentally investigated in an open water channel under different hydrodynamic conditions. The experimental results indicate that the Total Phosphorus (TP) release process can be divided into three stages: rapid release, slow release and equilibration release. In the initial release stage the measured TP concentration changes along the depth. The TP concentration near the sediment-water interface is higher than that near the water surface, but the TP concentration becomes uniform along the depth after 3 h. The dynamic release of re-suspension sediment pollutants is about 6 times higher than the static release of sediment-water interface. There are three main types of release mechanism: diffusion release, re-suspended pore water mixing release and re-suspended particles desorbing release.     

间歇性波浪扰动下河口底泥中磷释放特性研究

作为反映河流、海洋水体受污历史的载体,河口底泥在污染达到一定程度时易在海洋动力作用下释放沉积其中的污染物,影响水体水质。为了明确秦皇岛近岸海域内污源染,量化波浪扰动下底泥释放对水质的影响,该研究以波流水槽为动力试验设备,选取秦皇岛污染最严重的河流之一大蒲河的河口底泥为研究对象,试验研究河口底泥在间歇性波浪扰动下磷的释放特性。总磷在波浪扰动下的释放可分为浓度迅速增加的初期和浓度随时间线性增加的稳定期两个阶段,浓度随波高增大而升高,且在波高大于8 cm时与浊度呈显著正相关。溶解性总磷受浓度梯度和波浪引起的孔隙水压力影响向上覆水体迁移扩散,随时间呈小幅增加。总磷在波浪扰动初期的释放强度为2.00×10~(-3)–8.75×10~(-3) mg/m2/s,是稳定期释放强度0.50×10-4–2.25×10~(-4) mg/m~2/s的18–40倍,且两个阶段的释放强度均随波高呈指数增长。当波浪强至起动底泥,原先的泥水界面释放转为底泥起动悬浮释放,水体中颗粒态磷取代溶解态磷成为磷的主要赋存形态。间歇性波浪扰动静置期,颗粒态磷的吸附沉降使得水体中总磷浓度和颗粒态磷的比例大幅降低。     

Sedimentation and internal phosphorus loads in Krishnagiri Reservoir,India

This study examines sedimentation rate and its consequences on the bathymetry, capacity and internal phosphorus loading of Krishnagiri Reservoir in Tamil Nadu, South India, utilizing an acoustic Doppler profiler and remote sensing data in an ArcGIS environment. There was a significant change in the reservoir bathymetry for the year 2012, compared with the 2007. The sedimentation rate was 0.818 MCM from 1960 to 1990 and 0.83 MCM over past 5 years. The present reservoir volume is 35.57 MCM, having been reduced to nearly half of its original capacity over a 55 year span, pointing to a seriously threatened lifespan. The sediment total phosphorus (TP) load spatially varied from 6.84 to 23 394 kg, depending on the sediment deposition zones. Sequential extraction indicated the dominance of phosphate fractions to be Al‐P> Fe‐P> Ca‐P> SRP, with an average TP value of 27.27 mg g^?1 dry weight. Aluminium‐ (35%) and iron(25%)‐bound forms are the major sediment phosphorus fractions, suggesting temperature, pH and redox or related chemical reactions may be important means of sediment P release in Krishnagiri Reservoir. The sediment phosphorus load in Krishnagiri Reservoir is estimated to be 44.50 tons, with an average TP release of 40.97 mg m^?2 (range of 10.22–70 mg m^?2). The measured pore water TP concentration and calculated sediment phosphate release exhibited a linear relation. Even with a reduced external P load, the eutrophication of Krishnagiri Reservoir cannot be reduced immediately because of its high internal load and nutrient remobilization.     

盐龙湖表面流人工湿地底泥氧化层对污染物释放的影响

为了解盐城市盐龙湖表面流人工湿地底泥氧化层理化性质,探讨其对底泥氮、磷及有机物释放过程的影响,在测定底泥理化性质的基础上进行了室内静态柱状试验。结果表明:盐龙湖表面流人工湿地长期运行后在底泥表层形成了厚度为1 cm、呈棕黄色、无明显臭味、含水率低、TP含量高、TOC和TN含量低的氧化层;氧化层对于底泥中污染物的释放特征影响显著(P0.05),对内源污染的控制具有一定的正面作用;无氧化层试验组上覆水中TN、NH_3-N和COD的平均质量浓度分别比有氧化层试验组高9.5%、30.8%和3.5%;在湿地的实际管理中,不宜对湿地进行疏浚,如疏浚则疏浚深度应达到健康层。     

Complex patterns of phosphorus delivery in the Lake of the Woods watershed

Lake of the Woods (LoW) is a large, transboundary lake that continues to experience harmful algal blooms despite large declines in phosphorus (P) inputs from point sources. Tributary runoff is considered the largest source of P to the lake; however, there are few monitoring data within the Canadian portion of the basin (～60% of total area), to guide management. To address this gap, we monitored five rivers of contrasting land use within the lower Rainy River region, an acknowledged “hot spot” of P delivery in the basin. Total P (TP) concentrations were consistently high at all five rivers (volume-weighted range: 19–215 μg/l) despite differences in agriculture across sites (7–27%), suggesting ‘natural’ background P levels are high in this landscape. Furthermore, TP concentrations were strongly correlated with total suspended sediment and geogenic metals, iron (Fe) and aluminum, and TP was especially high during events (>400 μg/l) indicating erosion is an important source of P delivery. However, equally high TP and Fe during periods of slow, stagnant flow in the summer and under winter ice suggest erosion is not the only source of P. Instead, we suggest redox release of P from streambed sediment is also important. This observation is significant, because internal P release within the tributaries, especially during the summer could ‘seed’ downstream algal blooms. The strong sensitivity of TP to both high and low flow conditions indicates that frequent, all-season, multi-year measurements are needed to understand the mechanisms of P delivery in this basin.     

Sediment phosphorus characteristics in the clearwater state of Lake Mogan, Turkey

This study examined the vertical distributions of total phosphorus (TP) and phosphorus fractions, and the iron and organic matter, in the littoral sediment in a macrophyte‐dominated, clearwater state in Lake Mogan between September 2005 and August 2006. Benthic macroinvertebrates and total bacteria in the sediment also were determined. No clear seasonal or depth‐related (0–20 cm) patterns were found in sediment concentrations for the measured parameters. The phosphorus release was quantitatively very low, and a negative phosphorus release (–0.132 µg m^?2 day^?1) was measured during the summer months. The TP concentrations of the sediment samples ranged between 675.00 and 1463.80 µg g^?1 dry weight (DW), and the trophic level of the lake was eutrophic. On average, inorganic phosphorus fractions comprised the largest fraction (63%), while organic‐bound phosphorus (Org ≈ P) constituted 37% of the TP in Lake Mogan. The most important phosphorus‐immobilizing factors are high iron content (14 200–47 750 µg g^?1 DW), the sediment's clay content (47.80–51.80%), and an abundance of macrophytes at the sampling station. The low abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates (510–850 individuals m^?2), which depend on sediments with high iron and low organic matter (5.42–13.30%), played a role in the sediment phosphorus retention. Although bacterial abundance in the surficial sediment appeared to be positively correlated to temperature, the overlying water did not experience anoxic conditions, supporting a state in which bacteria were able to retain phosphorus in their cell structures. Long‐term changes in the sediments of Lake Mogan must be monitored lake. In order to optimize the management of the lake, and to determine the longevity of a clearwater state following management measures and continued external phosphorus loading, long‐term changes in the sediments of Lake Morgan must be monitored.     

镧沸石控制人工湖泊沉积物磷释放的试验研究

环境条件的变化会引起沉积物中的磷向上覆水释放,从而引发富营养化。投加镧系钝化剂可以有效控制沉积物中磷的释放。然而,目前应用最为广泛的锁磷剂 Phoslock存在着 La3+释放的风险;此外,由于锁磷剂吸附量较小,形成的钝化剂层较厚,氧气从上覆水向沉积物的传质也会被阻碍。使用具有较大吸附量和较低 La3+释放风险的新型材料———镧沸石作为钝化剂,考察了其对人工湖泊沉积物中磷释放的控制效果。通过等温吸附线和 Langmuir 模型拟合,发现镧沸石对磷的最大吸附量为71. 94 mg /g,是 Phoslock的 7 倍。吸附动力学试验表明,镧沸石对磷的吸附速率较快,0. 5 h 内可以利用 81%的吸附位。磷形态分析发现,镧沸石吸附的磷 85%以上为酸溶态或残渣态磷,说明其与磷的结合具有较好的稳定性。投加镧沸石后,沉积物中磷在 pH 值为 10. 8 时的释放量可以降低 30%;厌氧条件下沉积物中磷的释放可以被镧沸石完全抑制。40 d 模拟钝化试验发现,投加质量百分比1. 65%的镧沸石可以显著降低上覆水中溶解性可反应磷( SＲP) 和总磷( TP) 的浓度,其中 SＲP 浓度的降低幅度大于 TP。模拟钝化试验中,非稳定形态的磷被转化为较为稳定的酸溶态磷和残渣态磷。结果表明,镧沸石在沉积物内源磷控制方面具有良好的应用前景。     

底泥疏浚对湖泊内源磷释放的短期效应研究

对大纵湖底泥疏浚的短期效应进行模拟实验,分析了上覆水体的Eh、pH和磷质量浓度随时间的变化规律,以及沉积物中总磷、无机磷、有机磷、铁/铝磷、钙磷等5种形态磷质量比的垂向变化规律。结果表明:底泥疏浚30 cm对上覆水体Eh、pH以及磷浓度控制效果不显著,且沉积物磷形态不是影响沉积物释磷的主要因素。     

Redox-related release of phosphorus from sediments in large and shallow Lake Peipsi: Evidence from sediment studies and long-term monitoring data

In large and shallow lakes, the role of the redox-related release of phosphorus (P) from sediments has remained in the shadow of sediment resuspension. In the current study, we concentrated on this knowledge gap regarding factors controlling lake water quality. We combined long-term monitoring data with the studies on sediment P mobility in August 2018 by measuring redox potential, pore water concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), dissolved iron (Fe), sediment P fractions, and by calculating diffusive P flux. Using lake water total P (TP) concentrations for 21 years (1997–2018), we quantified internal P load based on water column summer increase of TP (IL_{in situ}). Significant positive correlations were found between the diffusive P flux and the Fe-bound P concentration in the sediment for conditions of well-oxidized sediment surfaces. The analysis of long-term data showed that P mobilized in sediments is likely to be released via sediment disturbances. Sediment resuspension is favoured by decreased water level during late summer-early autumn. Additionally, the release of P from anoxic sediment surfaces is also possible, as was indicated by significant positive correlations of IL_{in situ} with the anoxic factor (a measure of extent of anoxia) and August water temperature. The potential P release from anoxic sediment surfaces contributed about 80% to IL_{in situ} in the northern basin, and about 280% in the more productive southern basin. Hence, the redox-related P release seems to sustain the high productivity of these large and shallow lake basins and is supported by sediment resuspension as a transport mechanism.