Antimicrobial effect of pressurised carbon dioxide on Enterococcus faecalis in physiological saline and foods

Inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis by high‐pressure CO₂ was investigated in a batch system. Two phases were observed in the survival curves. The earlier stage was characterised by a slow rate of decrease in the number of E faecalis. This rate increased sharply at the later stage. Enterococcus faecalis suspended in physiological saline was completely inactivated under 6.05 and 3.02 MPa CO₂ treatment in 18 and 80 min respectively at 35 ° C. The high pressure of CO₂ at 45 ° C was effective at sterilising orange, peach and carrot juices but ineffective for whole and skimmed milk. A minimum D‐value was obtained under 6.05 MPa CO₂ pressure at 45 ° C. Reduction rates of E faecalis were sensitive to pressure, temperature, exposure time, the initial number of cells and the suspending medium. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

冷鲜肉馅中热杀索丝菌预测模型的建立

通过建立数学模型,来快速准确预测和监控瘦肥比例为7:3的冷鲜猪肉馅中优势腐败菌生长情况,选取0、5、10、15、20℃五种不同的温度,建立和验证0～20℃条件下热杀索丝菌的生长预测模型。结果表明,利用Gompertz模型拟合0～20℃条件下热杀索丝菌的生长,判定系数R2均大于0.99,计算得到总的偏差因子和准确因子分别为1.16和0.88;利用平方根模型描述了温度与最大比生长速率和延滞期的关系,二者都呈现了良好的线性关系;由此建立的0～20℃条件下7:3冷鲜猪肉馅中热杀索丝菌的生长预测模型有比较好的预测效果。     

草鱼鱼整片中热杀索丝菌的生长预测模型

为了研究热杀索丝菌(Brochothrix thermosphacta)的生长动态,建立了5、10、15、20℃四种不同温度下草鱼鱼整片中的热杀索丝菌的预测模型.利用Gompertz方程获得热杀索丝菌的生长预测值,根据预测值和恒定温度下的活菌数,绘制实际和预测生长曲线,曲线重合度较好.利用平方根模型描述温度对最大比生长速率和延滞期的影响.通过计算准确因子和偏差因子对一级模型进行了验证,结果准确因子AF值均在1左右,偏差因子BF值在0.7～1.1之间.利用F统计量对二级模型进行验证,得到的P值小于0.05.得到的预测模型能很好的预测热杀索丝菌在草鱼鱼整片中的生长动态,为水产品的预报模型在实际生产和流通过程中的提供一定参考.     

冷鲜猪腩肉中热死环丝菌生长预测模型的初步研究

以托盘包装冷鲜猪腩肉为实验材料,研究不同贮藏温度下冷鲜猪腩肉中的热死环丝菌生长状况,构建热死环丝菌的生长预测模型。结果表明:Gompertz方程拟合获得热死环丝菌生长预测一级模型,准确因子和偏差因子分别为0.91和1.10;采用平方根模型构建热死环丝菌预测二级模型,显示温度对最大比生长速率和延滞期呈现良好的线性关系,F统计量检验表明具有显著性。结论:形成的生长预测一级和二级模型能够很好的描述0～20℃下热死环丝菌在冷鲜猪腩肉基质上的生长。      

冷鲜猪肉馅中热杀索丝菌生长预测模型的建立与验证

以市售托盘装冷鲜猪肉馅为研究对象,测定其中热杀索丝菌分别在0、5、10、15、20℃条件下的数量变化情况。运用统计学软件SAS9.1拟合热杀索丝菌在不同温度下的生长动力模型,采用偏差因子和准确因子进行验证,偏差因子和准确因子的值都在1左右,判定系数R2的值接近1,表明Gompertz模型能很好拟合热杀索丝菌在不同温度下的生长;利用平方根模型描述温度与最大比生长速率和延滞期的关系,得到热杀索丝菌生长的二级模型,方差分析结果显示P<0.01,表明模型能有效预测0~20℃温度区域内冷鲜猪肉馅中的热杀索丝菌的生长。     

The prevalence and some metabolic traits of Brochothrix thermosphacta in meat and meat products packaged in different ways

BACKGROUND: The effect of Brochothrix thermosphacta on the quality of meat and meat products is of vital importance in connection with Regulation EC/178/2002 extending the definition of unsafe foodstuffs to encompass all those which are unfit for human consumption. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of B. thermosphacta in meat and meat products packaged under different conditions and to estimate the effect of B. thermosphacta strains on product quality based on their protein and lipid degradation activity. RESULTS: B. thermosphacta was absent in only two of 132 samples. All other samples were contaminated with this bacterium (10¹ to 10⁹cfu g^?1 meat and 10² to 10⁸cfu g^?1meat product). In products stored under high‐oxygen atmosphere Brochothrix cells accounted for almost 100% total mesophilic count (TMC) and below 50% TMC in oxygen‐free atmosphere. While the tested B. thermosphacta strains did not show any proteolytic activity, most of them displayed lipolytic activity at 25 °C and some even at 4 °C. CONCLUSION: B. thermosphacta is commonly present in meat and meat products packaged in different ways. This bacterium can display lipolytic activity also at refrigeration temperature. Its over‐proliferation can be inhibited through vacuum packaging or packaging under a modified atmosphere with reduced oxygen content. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

荧光假单胞菌和热杀索丝菌对低温贮藏期间猪肉品质变化的影响

为研究荧光假单胞菌和热杀索丝菌与猪肉品质变化的相关性,测定了在4 ℃下贮藏猪肉的微生物菌落数、pH值、色泽（L*、a*、b*值）、质构特性、总糖含量、总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）值和硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）值以及通过扫描电子显微镜观察猪肉肌纤维微观结构的变化。结果表明,在冷藏期间,微生物菌落数、pH值、TVB-N值、TBARS值等随着猪肉冷藏时间延长而上升,而总糖含量、L*值、a*值、硬度、咀嚼性均呈降低趋势。同时,研究发现猪肉冷藏过程中微生物的生长繁殖使其肌纤维结构发生明显变化。猪肉理化品质变化与微生物的种类和生长速率相关,热杀索丝菌的致腐败能力高于假单胞菌。相关性分析结果表明,菌落数、pH值、总糖含量、TVB-N值、TBARS值与冷藏时间密切相关,其中微生物菌落数与冷藏时间的相关性最高,可作为冷藏猪肉品质评价和货架期预测的监测指标。     

冷鲜肉中热杀索丝菌生长预测模型的建立与验证

以市售托盘装冷鲜猪肉为研究对象测定热杀索丝菌的数量变化情况与感官、挥发性盐基氮和菌落总数的变化,结果表明冷鲜猪肉的腐败限控量为5.316 lg(CFU/g) ,热杀索丝菌在不同温度货架期终点时菌落数均值为7.519lg(CFU/g)。运用统计学软件SAS9.1 拟合热杀索丝菌在不同温度下的生长动力模型,表明Gompertz 模型能很好拟合热杀索丝菌在不同温度下的生长;利用平方根模型描述温度与最大比生长速率和延滞期的关系,得到热杀索丝菌生长的二级模型,判定系数R2 的值均在0.99 以上,表明温度与最大比生长速率和延滞期之间存在良好的线性关系;建立了0～15℃温度区域内冷鲜猪肉储藏过程中的货架期预测模型,用3℃储藏冷鲜肉中热杀索丝菌生长的实测值与通过货架期预测模型得到的预测值进行比较,相对误差为1.6%,表明模型可以可靠预测0～15℃温度区域内冷鲜猪肉的货架期。     

冷鲜梅条肉中热杀索丝菌生长预测模型建立与检验

研究冷鲜梅条肉中热杀索丝菌在0℃、5℃、10℃、15℃、20℃不同温度下生长变化情况,利用Modified Gompertz模型建立热杀索丝菌一级生长预测模型(R2＞0.99);利用平方根模型描述温度与最大比生长速率和延滞期的关系,得到热杀索丝菌的生长预测二级模型,验证模型的数学参数准确因子Af、Bf在1左右.表明数学模型可用于预测0℃～20℃范围内热杀索丝菌的变化情况,为冷鲜肉的货架期预报提供了基础数据.     

Reduction of Brochothrix thermosphacta and Salmonella Serotype Typhimurium on Vacuum-Packaged Fresh Beef Treated with Nisin and Nisin Combined with EDTA

ABSTRACT: The effect of nisin and nisin/EDTA followed by vacuum packaging on the reduction of Brochothrix thermosphacta and Salmonella typhimurium counts on beef was investigated. Beef cubes, inoculated with either bacteria, were dipped in nisin, or nisin combined with EDTA solutions, vacuum packaged, and stored at 4 °C for up to 25 d. Growth of B. thermosphacta was completely inhibited by nisin and nisin/EDTA by up to 6.76 log₁₀ CFU/ml. However, neither treatment showed significant effects against S. Typhimurium. Thus, nisin or nisin/EDTA treatment, followed by vacuum packaging under refrigerated conditions could increase the shelf life of fresh beef by inhibiting the growth of B. thermosphacta , an important spoilage organism in beef.     

高压CO_2对树莓汁品质的影响

研究了高压二氧化碳(High Pressure Carbon Dioxide,HPCD)对树莓汁品质的影响。处理条件为:压强10、20、30MPa,温度35、45、55℃,时间15、30、45、60min。测定其浊度、褐变指数、悬浮稳定性、pH、可溶性固形物含量和色泽。处理后样品褐变指数降低,浊度和悬浮稳定性增加,pH、可溶性固形物含量和色泽没有显著变化。     

高压二氧化碳杀菌机理研究进展

高压二氧化碳（HPCD）技术作为一种新型非热杀菌技术,越来越受到研究者的关注,但目前对其杀菌机理尚未明确。本文分析了目前国内外有关HPCD杀菌机理的研究进展,并分析了HPCD对微生物细胞内几个作用靶点包括细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、蛋白质、酶和核质的影响,以期为进一步研究和应用提供理论依据。     

Quantification of viable Brochothrix thermosphacta in cooked shrimp and salmon by real-time PCR

Brochothrix thermosphacta, a Gram-positive bacterium, is considered as the predominant spoilage microbiota of modified atmosphere packing (MAP) shrimp and fish. Traditional methods currently used to detect B. thermosphacta in foods are time-consuming and labour-intensive. The aim of this study was to develop a real-time PCR quantification method combined with a propidium monoazide (PMA) sample treatment step to monitor the population of B. thermosphacta in cooked shrimp and salmon. The specificity of the two primers MO405 and MO404 used to amplify a 70 bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene was demonstrated by using purified DNA from 30 strains, among 21 bacterial species including 22 reference strains. Using these primers for real-time PCR and in pure culture, a good correlation was obtained between real-time PCR and the conventional plating method. Quantification was linear over 7-log units using artificially inoculated samples. The method performed successfully when tested on naturally contaminated cooked shrimp and fresh salmon, with a minimum threshold of 1.9×102 CFU/g for accurate quantification of B. thermosphacta. The correlation between the B. thermosphacta counts obtained by real-time PCR and plate counts on naturally contaminated shrimp and salmon was high (R2=0.895). Thus, this study presents a rapid tool for producing reliable quantitative data on B. thermosphacta in cooked shrimp and fresh salmon.     

高压CO2对水酶法乳状液破乳影响的研究

研究高压CO2破乳过程中的各种因素对破乳效果的影响,并采用透射电镜来观察乳状液破乳前后油脂和蛋白的变化情况。在单因素基础上通过响应面优化得到最佳破乳条件:高压CO2压力为13.96MPa,温度155.64℃,处理时间21.46 s,浓度0.53 g/cm3,破乳率最优值(94.88±0.30)%。并且通过透射电镜观察发现,破乳前乳状液中大部分油脂被蛋白牢牢包裹,然而破乳后乳状液中包裹油脂的蛋白被破坏,油脂释放并结合在一起。     

高压二氧化碳保鲜双孢蘑菇的工艺优化

为了优化高压二氧化碳(high pressure carbon dioxide,HPCD)保鲜双孢蘑菇的工艺,在单因素实验基础上,采用响应面法分析HPCD处理压力、处理时间和处理温度对双孢蘑菇硬度和颜色的影响并对其进行优化。结果表明,HPCD保鲜双孢蘑菇的最佳工艺条件为:处理压力0.3 MPa,处理时间3 min,处理温度17℃;与对照相比,该条件HPCD处理后的双孢蘑菇可以更好的保持其硬度和颜色,低温贮藏8 d后的硬度为191.7 N(提高了18.85%),褐变指数(BI)为33.13(降低了16.80%)。因此,HPCD技术可以应用于双孢蘑菇的贮藏保鲜,具有良好的前景。      

高压二氧化碳处理对牛通脊颜色和肌红蛋白的影响

在35℃、30min,不同压力(0、7、14、21、28、35MPa)和在35℃、21MPa,不同时间(0、10、20、30、40、50min)对牛通脊进行高压二氧化碳(HPCD)处理,测定肉的色泽和肌红蛋白(Mb)指标的变化。结果表明:HPCD处理能使肉由红色逐渐变成灰棕色,显著提高L*值(p<0.05)、降低a*值(p<0.01)。在35℃、30min条件下,7、14、21MPa的处理分别使L*值提高4.891、9.494、16.432;a*值降低1.575、3.573、5.872。同时,HPCD处理显著降低了肌红蛋白的总量(p<0.01),7～35MPa处理后分别降低了0.034、0.048、0.054、0.044、0.061mmol/L/L。另外,提高压力、延长时间也能显著降低高铁肌红蛋白(MetMb)比例(p<0.05),提高氧合肌红蛋白(MbO2)比例(p<0.01)。4℃冷藏7d后,与对照组相比,HPCD处理均能提高肌红蛋白的稳定性。该研究为HPCD技术在肉类中的应用提供理论参考。     

高压二氧化碳对西瓜汁中过氧化物酶钝化动力学的研究

为了延长西瓜汁的货架期,研究高压二氧化碳处理对西瓜汁中过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)的钝化效果。研究以热处理为对照,比较不同高压二氧化碳处理温度和压强对其POD活性残存率的影响。采用二段式模型模拟POD的钝化效果(R2>0.975),证明西瓜汁中POD存在敏感型和稳定型两部分。通过动力学分析考察两种类型POD对温度和压强的敏感性,确认高压二氧化碳处理温度、压力、时间、pH和CO2等因素共同导致了POD活性的降低。高压二氧化碳处理比热处理可以更加有效钝化西瓜汁中POD,有助于延长西瓜汁的货架期。     

高压二氧化碳对鲜榨梨汁杀菌效果及动力学研究

本文研究了高压二氧化碳(HPCD)对梨汁中细菌菌落总数的影响,并分析其杀菌动力学。结果表明:随着温度、压强升高以及处理时间延长,梨汁中细菌菌落总数显著降低(p<0.05);在相同温度和处理时间条件下,HPCD处理显著高于热处理的杀菌效果,处理温度对HPCD杀菌具有协同效应;当HPCD处理条件为30MPa、40℃、60min时,灭菌效果最佳,梨汁中细菌菌落总数的残存率降低了2.66个对数;Weibull模型能较好地拟合HPCD处理后梨汁中细菌菌落总数的失活曲线,模型动力学参数比例因子a和形状因子b随压力增加和温度升高呈现逐渐变小的规律性变化。      

高压二氧化碳对鲜榨梨汁贮藏稳定性的影响研究

研究了高压二氧化碳（HPCD）对梨汁中多酚氧化酶（PPO）酶活钝化效果、透明度、色泽和褐变度的影响,并分析贮藏期酶活、透明度和色泽稳定性。结果表明,经HPCD（30MPa-40℃-60min）处理后梨汁中PPO残存酶活为19%;其钝酶效果显著高于相同温度的热处理（p<0.05）,说明HPCD钝酶过程中温度和CO2形成的压力具有协同灭酶作用;且在4℃条件下贮藏8周也能较好抑制PPO酶活。HPCD处理能抑制贮藏期梨汁透光率降低和梨汁酶促褐变、保持鲜榨梨汁的色泽,对保持鲜榨梨汁品质贮藏稳定性有较好效果。90℃-10min热处理也能有效钝化PPO酶活,但是在高温加热过程中促进非酶褐变,并且使梨汁透光率下降,增大梨汁浊度,对梨汁品质保持不利。