基于双标量损伤黏聚裂缝模型的混凝土单轴受压裂缝扩展分析

为了解决混凝土单轴受压裂缝扩展问题,将损伤力学的观点引入到黏聚裂缝模型的描述中,在热力学的框架上提出了一类双标量损伤黏聚裂缝模型。根据试验数据拟合了受拉及受剪两种损伤演化曲线,并将库伦定理引入到受剪损伤演化曲线中,使得本文提出的黏聚裂缝模型更为完善,不仅能描述混凝土单一(I、II型)裂缝模式,同时还能描述复合(拉剪及压剪)裂缝模式下裂缝面间黏聚应力与相对位移之间的关系。在数值方法上,采用非规则界面单元方法:在试块内随机划分三角网格,并在所有三角单元边界上嵌入界面单元,使得裂缝能在试件全局内随机扩展。结合以上两种方法,对混凝土单轴受压裂缝扩展进行数值模拟,数值模拟结果能较好的描述裂缝扩展过程中出现的多裂缝同时扩展、裂缝贯通汇集以及横向膨胀变形等现象。     

基于XCT扫描图像的混凝土二维细观受压断裂模拟

为了研究混凝土细观层次断裂力学特性,对混凝土试件进行原位XCT扫描,基于扫描图像提出了具有真实内部结构特征的混凝土二维细观模型,并预先在水泥砂浆和骨料-水泥砂浆界面插入零厚度粘结裂缝单元用以模拟潜在的裂缝。通过对该模型进行混凝土单轴受压数值仿真模拟,讨论其裂缝的发展过程以及不同细观结构和相应参数对混凝土断裂损伤行为的影响。结果表明：数值模拟得到的混凝土二维模型抗压强度与试验测得的强度相接近;混凝土的抗压强度受到水泥砂浆和骨料-砂浆界面裂缝单元的绝对数值影响,其中水泥砂浆裂缝单元强度对材料强度起控制作用;骨料-砂浆界面裂缝单元强度与水泥砂浆裂缝单元强度的比率对裂缝衍生发展有显著影响。     

混凝土破裂过程三维数值模拟及CT验证

将混凝土简化成由骨料、水泥砂浆及其二者之间的界面层所组成的三相复合材料，建立了混凝土骨料随机分布三维模型，用界面单元多次细分技术进行有限元网格划分，基于弹性损伤本构关系采用双折线损伤演化模型描述混凝土细观各相弹性损伤退化，用弹性模量的折减程度来反映混凝土试件在加载过程中的损伤程度。对混凝土圆柱体试件进行了数值模拟计算，并从混凝土破坏过程图和荷载-位移曲线图两方面比较了数值模拟的破坏过程与CT试验结果，发现试件破坏时裂纹的萌生、扩展过程与CT观测到的过程具有相似性，说明用本文建立的三维数值模型模拟混凝土材料的损伤破坏过程是基本可行的。     

基于X 射线计算断层扫描图像的混凝土细观断裂模拟

对混凝土试块进行了X射线计算机断层扫描(XCT)原位试验,提出了基于XCT图像的细观有限元断裂模型。此模型利用微观XCT图像信息高精度地模拟混凝土中的各相组成材料,即骨料、水泥浆以及孔洞,从而考虑了真实材料的非均质性。采用零厚度黏结裂缝单元进行了断裂模拟,裂缝单元被预先嵌入到水泥砂浆中以及其与骨料的交界面处,用于表征潜在裂纹。这些裂缝单元采用应力-相对位移本构关系来表征骨料咬合、裂缝面间的摩擦以及材料的黏结等作用。对该模型进行了混凝土单轴受拉数值仿真,通过与文献中试验以及模拟结果的对比,初步证实了该方法的有效性。     

基于粘结裂缝模型的混凝土断裂过程及参数研究

为研究混凝土细观结构对混凝土断裂参数的影响,基于ABAQUS平台进行二次开发,自编0厚度粘结单元嵌入程序,建立混凝土细观粘结裂缝模型对文献中的水工二级配混凝土断裂过程进行数值模拟并验证数值模型的准确性。在此基础上结合边界效应模型预测混凝土的断裂参数以及分析骨料粒径、骨料形状对混凝土断裂参数的影响。结果表明:混凝土细观粘结裂缝模型能准确模拟混凝土损伤断裂全过程,数值模拟得到的荷载-裂缝口张开位移曲线关键点与文献中试验所得关键点平均值相对误差在10%以内;数值模拟结果经边界效应模型计算得到的混凝土抗拉强度、断裂韧度与文献中采用规范公式计算的相对误差在7%以内;随着骨料平均粒径的增大,混凝土材料的抗拉强度逐渐减小,断裂韧度逐渐增加。该研究可为混凝土断裂参数的预测提供参考。     

三峡电站直埋式蜗壳结构试验模型的非线性有限元分析

 三峡水电站蜗壳为钢衬钢筋混凝土结构,钢蜗壳直径大,内水压力高,外围混凝土相对较薄,为研究三峡电站采用直埋式蜗壳的可行性,开展 了结构模型试验和非线性计算分析工作。采用三维非线性有限元法对三峡水电站直埋式蜗壳 结构试验模型进行混凝土开裂计算,计算中混凝土裂缝模型采用分布裂缝模型,并考虑混凝 土的拉伸软化,钢筋采用分离式模型并用埋入方法将其嵌入混凝土单元。并对裂缝分布、钢筋应力、结构位移等计算与试验成果进行了对比分析,结果表明计算结果与模型试验结果基 本一致。为模型试验提供了依据及指导,并验证了非线性计算方法的合理性。     

混凝土杆件拉伸分析的非局部损伤力学方法

讨论了非局部损伤力学方法在混凝土杆件拉伸非线性分析中的应用。基于数值结果,分析了局部损伤力学方法在模拟应变软化材料的缺点,发现杆件应变出现跳跃现象,结构反应依赖于单元网格。引入非局部应变概念,讨论了非局部损伤模型,通过与试验结果比较验证了该模型的有效性,并消除了结构反应对单元网格的依赖性。定量评价了内部材料长度对杆端力-位移关系和杆件应变的影响,结果表明内部材料长度是影响结构非线性反应的重要参数。     

超大口径预存裂缝的预应力钢筒混凝土管结构分析与试验研究

针对南水北调工程中预应力钢筒混凝土(PCCP)管芯混凝土预存裂缝问题,通过对原型管道的抗裂外压承载力试验,探讨了预存管芯外壁纵向裂缝对承载力的影响,分析了混凝土管的受力特性。试验结果表明,PCCP在抗裂外压检验荷载下,其破坏主要发生在管顶、管底内侧管芯混凝土和管腰外侧砂浆保护层的受拉破坏。基于ABAQUS有限元分析,选用混凝土塑性损伤模型,对PCCP抗裂外压试验进行结构数值模拟,数值计算与试验结果一致。计算结果表明,管芯混凝土预存裂缝对PCCP抗裂外压极限荷载影响不大,但在外载作用下,预存裂缝会对混凝土、砂浆保护层出现应力集中现象,从而导致裂缝的发生与扩展。     

伸缩缝防渗结构聚脲基涂层剥离破坏研究

水工建筑物普遍存在伸缩缝渗漏破坏问题,其破坏机理亟待研究。本文基于南水北调工程实际背景,引入损伤断裂力学理论,建立了内聚力单元的有限元仿真模型,并根据防渗涂层剥离试验的反向压力-位移变形数据,给出了适合于聚脲基复合防渗体系黏接层内聚力单元的刚度和黏聚系数等参数。计算了剥离反向压力,分析了聚脲基防渗涂层厚度对剥离临界反向压力的影响,以及水压力和伸缩缝扩展位移工况下,涂层厚度、涂层弹性模量和内聚力单元切向黏接强度对涂层剥离破坏长度的影响。数值计算结果表明,剥离反向压力与剥离试验的结果基本一致,说明内聚力模型参数的合理,能够有效模拟聚脲基复合防渗涂层剥离破坏的力学机理。同时,水压力和伸缩缝扩展位移工况下的分析结果,也说明了建立的聚脲基防渗涂层破坏分析方法对伸缩缝的防渗设计具有定量的指导作用。     

自密实堆石混凝土力学性能的细观仿真与试验研究

自密实堆石混凝土作为一种新型复合材料，具有高度的非均质特性。本文基于混凝土细观力学模型，将其离散为自密实混凝土、块石及两者交界面构成的多相介质，建立了研究自密实堆石混凝土力学性能的数值仿真模型。首先，设计并实现了一种确定三相介质力学参数的基础试验，分别取得三组分的强度与本构关系；然后，为检验模型可靠性进行了多组四点弯梁抗折试验；最后将细观仿真分析结果与试验进行了验证比较。结果表明，该模型能较好地模拟自密实堆石混凝土抗折试验的全过程，得到的力-位移曲线及破坏形态与试验结果表现出良好的一致性，为数值仿真预测自密实堆石混凝土力学性能奠定了理论基础。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。