活性元素影响MCrAlY涂层氧化性能的研究进展

添加微量活性元素可以提高MCrAlY涂层的高温抗氧化性能,从而提高能量转化效率.讨论了目前活性元素效应的研究进展,以及涂层的主要制备方法及其优缺点,并重点分析了活性元素在MCrAlY涂层中的存在形式和作用模型,初步探索了未来需着重解决的问题.     

边界元法分析功能梯度涂层材料

在常规边界元法中引入几乎奇异积分的解析算法,使边界元法可以分析涂层结构的强度.计算了在赫兹压力作用下,各向同性涂层和功能梯度涂层两种涂层结构中的Tresca应力分布,绘制了应力等值线图.计算发现使用各向同性涂层时,Tresca应力的最大值出现在涂层和基体交界面上,且在交界面上应力存在明显的不连续性.通过边界元法分析,发现采用功能梯度涂层,可以降低最大的Tresca应力值,削减交界面上的应力不连续性.     

C/LLZO复合隔膜的磁控溅射制备及其对多硫化物抑制效应

通过磁控沉积技术在聚丙烯(PP)商业隔膜表面构建了碳/锆酸镧锂(C/LLZO)功能结构,以实现高效阻碍多硫化物扩散,提高电池比容量。本文对多层隔膜表观形貌、孔隙率、电解液亲和性和电化学性能等进行表征。研究结果表明:导电碳的引入改善了硫正极的绝缘缺陷,LLZO特有的结构也提高了锂离子电导率,同时磁控溅射方法有效避免了直接涂覆法带来的隔膜孔隙率大大降低等问题。C/LLZO双溅改性隔膜的离子电导率高达3.44 m S/cm,是商业隔膜(PP/Celgard2400,1.93m S/cm)的1.78倍;在0.2 C下首次充放电比容量达905.34 m Ah/g,200次循环后依然保持在780.06 m Ah/g,容量衰减率为每循环0.069%,优于商业隔膜的0.80%,显示出优异的循环稳定性。     

磁控溅射制备TiAlCrN硬质薄膜及其抗腐蚀性能

采用反应磁控共溅射的方法,通过改变Cr靶溅射功率,在不锈钢基体上沉积不同Cr含量TiAlcrN薄膜.采用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察薄膜表面形貌;采用动电位极化试验研究薄膜的电化学腐蚀行为.结果表明:沉积的TiAlCrN薄膜表面平整、光滑、致密,无孔洞和突起等缺陷,晶粒细小,粗糙度低;TiAlcrN薄膜的抗腐蚀性好于不锈钢和TiAlN薄膜,且随Cr含量增加而增强.Cr含量为25.5%(原子分数)试样成膜质量最好,其抗腐蚀性约为不锈钢的15.0倍,约为TiAlN薄膜的7.7倍.     

反应等离子喷涂TiC/Fe涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用等离子喷涂前驱体热分解技术制备的Fe-Ti-C系反应热喷涂粉末,在低碳钢基体上沉积TiC/Fe金属陶瓷复合涂层.利用SEM和X射线衍射仪对涂层的显微组织结构、磨损表面及其相组成进行分析;采用SRV型往复式摩擦磨损试验机评价喷涂涂层的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明: TiC理论含量为53%(质量分数)TiC/Fe金属陶瓷涂层的耐磨粒磨损性能较好,相比基体提高了约25倍;反应等离子喷涂TiC/Fe陶瓷涂层的磨损机制主要为粘着磨损和轻微的剥落.     

Effects of Minor Element Additions to the Nanocrystalline FeAl Intermetallic Alloy Obtained by Mechanical Alloying

Chemical, microstructural, and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline FeAl intermetallic alloys with Li, Ce, and Ni additions have been assessed. Mechanical alloying and sintering procedures were used to produce and consolidate the alloys. The sintering procedure was based on room temperature uniaxial pressing followed by annealing in air of the pressed specimens. The mechanically alloyed powders have a microstructure consisting of micrometer-size particles that contain FeAl intermetallic nanocrystals. The three minor additional elements form a solid solution with the B2 intermetallic structure of the FeAl alloy. Densification greater than 90% has been obtained. The hardness values are higher than those obtained from specimens produced with conventional casting procedures. High resolution transmission electron microscopy images showed clusters of less than 5 nm with well-defined structure corresponding to Fe₃Al.     

Vivaldi Antennas for Microwave Imaging: Theoretical Analysis and Design Considerations

The geometrical and electrical features of the Vivaldi antenna are studied in the light of the frequency-independent antenna theory. A scaling principle is derived for the exponential tapering of the antenna, and a closed-form model for the current distribution is provided. Such theoretical results are in good agreement with several numerical simulations performed by using the NEC2 code. Furthermore, a practical feeding system, based on a double-Y balun, is developed and tested to obtain a more systematic approach to the design of the aforesaid antennas     

Finite Element Analysis of Ceramic Coatings under Spherical Indentation with Metallic Interlayer： Part Ⅰ Uncracked Coatings

Spherical indentation of ceramic coatings with metallic interlayer was performed by means of axisymmetric finite element analysis （FEA）. Two typical ceramic coatings with relatively high and low elastic modulus deposited on aluminum alloy and carbon steel were considered. Various combinations of indenter radius-coating thickness ratios and interlayer thickness-coating thickness ratios were used in the modeling. The effects of the interlayer, the coating and the substrate on the indentation behavior, such as the radial stress distribution along the coating surface as well as the coating interface, and the plastic deformation zone evolution in the substrate were investigated in connection with the above mentioned ratios. The coating cracking dominant modes were also discussed within the context of the peak tensile stresses on the coating surface and on the coating interface.     

反应挤出在聚乳酸合成及改性中的应用进展

综述了反应挤出技术的特点以及历史发展概况,主要从反应挤出聚合、反应挤出接枝以及反应挤出共混3个方面总结了反应挤出技术在聚乳酸材料的制备和改性中的应用情况,指出了其在聚乳酸材料领域的重要地位,并展望了其在未来的发展趋势.     

铝合金圆板上碳化硅涂层热应力有限元分析

假设涂层和基体界面处于理想结合状态下,且不考虑涂层中缺陷的影响,采用有限元软件(ANSYS8.0)分析了5～30μm厚碳化硅涂层中的热变形和热应力.结果表明,在平面法线方向(z方向)上,涂层/基体系统在热应力作用下发生热屈曲,圆心处z方向热变形为0.05mm,而在边缘处2方向热变形为-0.08mm;热变形呈现轴对称的特点,其危险区域在上下表面的圆心部位,该处的热变形最大,也最容易造成该处涂层胀裂失效;对于不同直径的圆板,发生热屈曲时均存在一个类似的z方向零位移环,并且该z方向零位移环的位置与圆盘半径有关,而与涂层厚度无关;计算得出5～30μm厚碳化硅涂层中的热应力约为2.45～11.00GPa,该值远高于1mm厚4043铝合金基体中产生的热应力(24.68MPa);圆板热屈曲后拱起高度和热应力均随涂层厚度的增加而增加.     

ZnO增强MgO薄膜的次级电子发射性能实验和理论研究

本研究采用热蒸镀结合低氧压热活化技术,在FTO玻璃表面沉积制备了厚度为200~300 nm的MgO薄膜和MgO-ZnO复合薄膜,比较测试了薄膜的次级电子发射性能。采用扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱仪、俄歇电子谱仪表征了薄膜材料的显微形貌、厚度、结构及元素深度分布。测试了薄膜的次级发射系数(δ)随一次电子能量(E_p)和持续电子束轰击时间的变化情况。采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算分析了掺杂Zn²⁺的MgO薄膜的电子态密度分布。研究结果表明,相对于MgO薄膜,MgO-ZnO复合薄膜具有更优异的δ和耐电子束轰击稳定性。其在氧压5 Pa、500℃活化30 min后,在E_p为800 eV轰击时最大次级发射系数(δ_m)高达12.1,且经过E_p为600 eV、一次电子束流20μA持续轰击120 h后δ_m仍大于11。次级发射性能提升的主要原因是薄膜中ZnO的掺杂降低了MgO的禁带宽度,以及部分Zn单质的存在有效抵制了表面荷电效应。     

电子束蒸镀金膜表面黑色颗粒形成的机理研究

采用电子束蒸镀金膜时, 会有微小的黑色颗粒出现在金膜的表面, 这些黑色的颗粒形状大多不规则, 尺寸集中在100 nm~-1μm之间, 传统的蒸镀理论较难解释这些黑色颗粒的成因。本文尝试提出液态金属表面热发射电子引起液面上杂质颗粒“尖端放电”的理论来解释这一现象。这类电晕放电造成颗粒附近温度极高, 瞬间将颗粒蒸发沉积在衬底。通过改变蒸镀功率, 或保持功率不变, 改变电子束斑点形状、落点位置等一系列实验, 验证了理论的合理性。     

Analytical and Finite Element Analysis of Thermal Stresses in TiN Coatings

The thermal residual stress and associated effects in TiN coatings with planar and nonplanar surface roughness on silicon (100) substrates were analyzed using both analytical and finite element (FE) modeling. The effect of growth temperature (T_s), thickness, and the modulus of elasticity on the stress evolution in TiN coatings is reported. The results indicate that the variable thermal stress in the TiN coatings is due to the existence of both positive and negative temperature gradients and thus the resultant existence of disparity of the coefficient of thermal expansion between the substrate and the coating.     

Al-Fe2O3体系等离子反应合成金属颗粒增韧复合陶瓷涂层的研究

利用Al-Fe2O3体系放热反应,采用等离子反应合成技术,制备出了金属颗粒增韧的FeAl2O4-Al2O3-Fe复合陶瓷涂层,并研究分析了复合涂层的组织及其性能.结果表明:等离子反应合成得到了以层状基体相FeAl2O4与硬质相Al2O3为骨架,球状Fe相弥散分布于基体相上的复合涂层;所制得的金属/陶瓷复合涂层的韧性得到明显提高,其韧性优于在同样基材上等离子喷涂的陶瓷涂层;特别是复合涂层具有较高的耐磨性能.     

利用等离子体技术制备和改性碳基纳米材料的研究进展

碳纳米材料如碳纳米管、石墨烯等具有超高的电导率、良好的力学强度及大的比表面积,近年来对它们的研究重点由碳纳米材料自身的性能逐渐扩展到碳纳米材料衍生物及碳基纳米复合材料的构建、性质及应用。碳基纳米材料的传统合成方法主要是化学法和电化学法,但步骤较繁琐、容易引入杂质元素等缺点制约了这些传统方法的进一步发展。作为一种制备与处理纳米材料的全新方法,等离子体技术得到了越来越广泛的关注。利用等离子体技术合成与改性碳基纳米材料的研究方向主要有:(1)通过改进等离子体源,提高其稳定性及工作效率,使其更适合制备和处理碳基纳米材料;(2)通过与不同的异质纳米材料复合,改善碳基纳米材料的物理化学性能;(3)拓展碳基纳米材料在环境保护和其他领域的应用。研究发现,相比于传统合成方法,等离子体技术具有较少引入杂质、产物催化活性较高、反应时间较短等特点。特别是低功率低气压条件下的电感耦合等离子体源,其对碳纳米材料的损伤较小,通过改变等离子体气氛,可以有效地还原或氧化碳纳米材料,这不仅去除了碳纳米材料表面的有害基团,还在其表面引入有益的化学基团,极大地提高材料的水溶性和吸附性能。直流等离子体源在大气压条件下可以稳定放电,通过改变功率和气体流速等参数可以有效控制碳纳米材料的生长方向,得到具有特殊性质的碳纳米柱或石墨烯墙。电子回旋共振等离子源有较好的稳定性,处理时几乎不会引入杂质元素,可以用于制备高精度的电子元器件。采用这些改进后的等离子体源可以将金属或有机物大分子基团负载于碳纳米材料表面,得到的衍生物能够更好地吸附环境污染物。通过等离子体技术能够将高导电率的铂粒子与碳纳米材料复合,并提高铂粒子在碳纳米材料表面的分散,这可以赋予铂粒子抗一氧化碳中毒的特性,可用作高性能燃料电池催化剂。此外,经等离子体改性的碳基纳米材料用于污染物传感器时具有较高的灵敏度和力学强度。本文主要介绍了近些年等离子体技术在碳纳米材料、碳纳米材料衍生物及碳基纳米复合材料的合成与改性方面的研究进展,归纳了经等离子体技术合成或改性的碳基纳米材料在环境保护、燃料电池催化剂、传感器等方面的应用尝试。     

I. Segregation of Active Constituents from Tablet Formulations During Grinding: Theoretical Considerations

The preparatory step in the analysis of active drugs in tablet dosage forms has generally consisted of the grinding or milling of a given number of the tablets into a uniformly composited powder. Since the advent of content uniformity testing (individual tablet analysis) where the compositing step is bypassed, numerous reports have cited the large percentage difference in results observed between the average composited assay value and the average assay value for the individual tablets.

This paper describes some of the factors responsible for these observed differences, as well as some of the causative events that develop during tablet grinding. Certain active constituents become separated from other tablet components during grinding because of differences in the size, shape, density, surface roughness, and resilience of their particles. At particle sizes of less than approximately 400 µm additional forces and mechanisms, namely Van der Waals forces, electrostatic forces, adsorption, and valency forces, become significant.     

I. Segregation of Active Constituents from Tablet Formulations During Grinding: Theoretical Considerations

Abstract

The preparatory step in the analysis of active drugs in tablet dosage forms has generally consisted of the grinding or milling of a given number of the tablets into a uniformly composited powder. Since the advent of content uniformity testing (individual tablet analysis) where the compositing step is bypassed, numerous reports have cited the large percentage difference in results observed between the average composited assay value and the average assay value for the individual tablets.

This paper describes some of the factors responsible for these observed differences, as well as some of the causative events that develop during tablet grinding. Certain active constituents become separated from other tablet components during grinding because of differences in the size, shape, density, surface roughness, and resilience of their particles. At particle sizes of less than approximately 400 µm additional forces and mechanisms, namely Van der Waals forces, electrostatic forces, adsorption, and valency forces, become significant.     

Uniaxial Stress-Strain Characteristics of Elastomeric Membranes: Theoretical Considerations,Computational Simulations,and Experimental Validation

This study presents an experimental methodology for the uniaxial stress-strain characterization of urethane and polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) samples, and compares elicited results with an image-based methodology, simulations, and theory. Elicited results at 40% strain yield error differences between the experimentally measured and the simulated strain of ?10 and ?20% for the urethane and PVA samples, respectively. The corresponding stress differences were ?22 and 11%. Experimental stress-strain responses were fitted using a piecewise linear model (urethane) and using a two-parameter Ogden constitutive model (PVA), based on the over-parameterization criterion. This work directly compares experimental and computational methodologies for the characterization of bio-materials and quantifies the elicited errors.