Cr Release from Stainless Steels

Cr release from stainless steels in different simulant fluids according to different test conditions is carried out with emphasis on ferritic stainless steels. Effects of Cr content and surface roughness on Cr release are discussed specially with a relation to corrosion resistant and passive film formation. Some primary results are attained： （1） higher Cr content means better corrosion resistance including higher potential and lower corrosion rate and less amount of Cr release from base metal; （2） decreasing surface roughness is in favor of the formation of passive film which can re- train Cr release from base metal effectively; （3） Cr content and surface roughness have synthetical effects on Cr release with a narrow innoxious field referring to surface roughness with decreasing Cr content in stainless steels.     

Precipitation and Recrystallization in Some Vanadium and Vanadium-Niobium Microalloyed Steels

Static precipitation and recrystallization following hot compression of austenite and the interactions between the two processes have been studied in a set of aluminum-killed HSLA steels containing 0.1 pct carbon, [0.016 - 0.026] pct nitrogen and 0.1 or 0.2 pct vanadium. Two steels containing both vanadium (0.1 and 0.2 pct) and niobium (0.03 pct) were included for purposes of comparison. The compression and the static tests were all carried out isothermally at temperatures between 800 and 900 °C. The course of recrystallization was followed by measurements of the rate of softening and by optical metallography of specimens quenched from the test temperature after different times. Precipitation was studied by measurements of the rate of hardening, by transmission electron microscopy of thin foils, carbon and aluminum extraction replicas, and by X-ray dispersion and energy-loss spectroscopy from individual precipitates. The temperature of the nose of theC-curve for precipitation in vanadium steels is much lower than that in niobium steels, as is the temperature, T_R, below which no recrystallization occurs in short times. Precipitation occurs both at austenite grain boundaries and in the grains (matrix precipitation). The former starts early and the precipitates grow rapidly to an approximately constant size; the matrix precipitates grow more slowly and are responsible for the observed hardening of the austenite. The relevance of various models proposed for the retardation and arrest of recrystallization of austenite are discussed. In the steels containing vanadium and niobium the precipitates contain both heavy elements: (V,Nb) (C,N). The Nb/V ratio in the matrix precipitates is different than in the parent austenite. The grain-boundary precipitates, however, contain the same Nb/V ratio as the parent austenite. The rate of hardening exhibits a reverseC-curve behavior, being more rapid than in the corresponding vanadium steels at higher temperatures and about the same at lower temperatures. Formerly Research Associate at MIT     

40Cr和20Mn2钢一次晶体的高温塑性及动态再结晶

用Ｇｌｅｅｂｌｅ １５００热模拟研究了原位熔化凝固的４０Ｃｒ和２０Ｍｎ２钢的应变速率对热塑性和强度的影响。用扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）和光学显微镜（ＯＭ）分别观察了试验后试样的断口形貌和断口的附近区域的显微组织。试验结果表明，４０Ｃｒ和２０Ｍｎ２钢在７００－１３００℃温度范围的塑性随着应变速率的增加而提高。     

Effects of Static Recrystallization and Precipitation on Mechanical Properties of 00Cr12 Ferritic Stainless Steel

The 00Cr12 ferritic stainless steel samples were isothermally held at different temperatures in the range of 700 °C to 1000 °C to investigate the effect of static recrystallization and precipitation on mechanical properties, such as microhardness, tensile strength, and yield strength. The results show that the formation of the fine recrystallized grain, as well as precipitation, coarsening, and dissolution of the second-phase particles, influences the mechanical properties remarkably. The fine recrystallized grain can provide a positive grain boundary-strengthening effect in the sample under a relatively high holding temperature. Coarsening and dissolution of M₂₃C₆ result in partial depletion of precipitate hardening. In contrast, the size and number density of MX particles are almost constant, regardless of the holding temperature; therefore, it can provide a better precipitation-hardening effect.     

奥 氏 体 不 锈 钢 的 再 结 晶 动 力 学

 采用双道次压缩和应力松弛2种实验方法,研究了含铌奥氏体不锈钢347热变形后的再结晶动力学特征,确定了AVRAMI方程表达式,同时通过定量金相技术分析了对应2种实验方法的淬火试样中再结晶组织所占份数。比较不同实验方法所得结果可知：定量金相分析结果与应力松弛法结果较吻合,而与双道次压缩实验结果差异较大。仅进行1次应力松弛实验就可以得到一条再结晶率与时间的关系曲线,可大大减少实验量。     

New Economical 19Cr Duplex Stainless Steels

New economical duplex stainless steels (DSSs) containing 19Cr-6Mn-xNi-1.0Mo-0.5W-0.5Cu-0.2N (x = 0.5 to 2.0) were developed, and the microstructure, impact property, and corrosion resistance of the alloys were studied. The ferrite content increases with the solution treatment temperature, but decreases with an increase in nickel. The sigma phase is not found precipitating in the alloys treated with solution from 1023 K to 1523 K (750 °C to 1250 °C). The low-temperature impact energy of the experimental alloys increases first and then decreases rapidly with an increase in nickel, which is mainly due to the martensite transformation with an increase in austenite. The alloys have a better mechanical property and pitting corrosion resistance than AISI 304. Among the designed DSS alloys, 19Cr-6Mn-1.3Ni-1.0Mo-0.5W-0.5Cu-0.2N is found to be an optimum alloy with proper phase proportion, a better combination of mechanical strength and elongation, and higher pitting corrosion resistance compared with those of the other alloys.     

铌微合金钢动态再结晶的规律

 用Gleeble 3800 热力模拟实验机研究了变形条件对铌微合金钢动态再结晶行为的影响。根据应变硬化率和应力的关系，确定了动态再结晶的临界应变，得出εC/εP、σC/σP以及形变激活能与铌含量的关系，并且回归出相应的数学模型，建立了铌微合金钢的热变形方程式。     

22Cr High-Mn-N Low-Ni Economical Duplex Stainless Steels

 A new family of economical duplex stainless steels in which N or Mn was substituted for Ni with composition of 22Cr-80Mn-xNi-10Mo-07Cu-07W-03N (x=05-20) have been developed by examining the microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of these alloys. The results show that these alloys have a balanced ferrite-austenite relation. In addition, the alloys are free of precipitation of sigma phase and Cr-nitride when solution-treated at 750 to 1300 ℃ for 30 min. The yield strength, tensile strength and fracture elongation values of experimental alloys solution-treated at 1050 ℃ for 30 min are about 500, 750 MPa and 400%, respectively. Low-temperature impact properties can be improved distinctly with the increase of nickel content. Among the designed DSS alloys, the alloy with Ni of 20% is found to be an optimum alloy with proper phase proportion, better low-temperature impact properties and higher pitting corrosion resistance compared with those of other alloys. The mechanical and corrosion properties and lower production cost of the designed DSSs are better than those of AISI 304.     

A Semiempirical Model for Sigma-Phase Precipitation in Duplex and Superduplex Stainless Steels

Sigma phase is known to reduce the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of duplex and superduplex stainless steels. Therefore, heat treatments and welding must be carefully performed so as to avoid the appearance of such a detrimental phase, and clearly, models suitable to faithfully predict σ-phase precipitation are very useful tools. Most fully analytical models are based on thermodynamic calculations whose agreement with experimental results is not always good, so that such models should be used for qualitative purposes only. Alternatively, it is possible to exploit semiempirical models, where time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams are empirically determined for a given alloy and the continuous-cooling-transformation (CCT) diagram is calculated from the TTT diagram. In this work, a semiempirical model for σ-phase precipitation in duplex and superduplex stainless steels, under both isothermal and unisothermal conditions, is proposed. Model parameters are calculated from empirical data and CCT diagrams are obtained by means of the additivity rule, whereas experimental measurements for model validation are taken from the literature. This model gives a satisfactory estimation of σ-phase precipitates during both isothermal aging and the continuous cooling process.     

Recrystallization Mechanism in Carbon Steels

Abstract

A systematic study of the recrystallization mechanisms in carbon steels has been undertaken. The microstructures (martensite, pearlite, tempered martensite containing Fe₃C—particles of various sizes) of the starting-point specimens were prepared in a preliminary heat-treatment experiment. For each of the specimens, the start, progress and end of recrystallization were followed up by means of optical and electron microscopes as well as hardness measurements. Various recrystallization mechanisms were observed, and each was seen to have correlation with a particular starting-point microstructure.     

321奥氏体不锈钢动态再结晶的研究

通过Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机研究了321钢(/%:0.028C、0.69Si、1.21Mn、0.030P、0.001S、17.33Cr、9.19Ni、0.31Ti)单道次高温(900～1 200℃)压缩(0.01～1 s^-1)时的动态再结晶。结果表明,变形温度越高,应变速率越低,321钢的软化作用越强,热变形条件下的真应力-真应变曲线一般没有明显的应力峰值,在应变速率0.01、0.1、1 s^-1时321钢动态再结晶开始发生的温度分别为1 050、1 150、1 150℃;在1 200℃变形时,仍然只发生部分动态再结晶。321钢热变形激活能Q=422.72 kJ/mol,动态再结晶Z参数Z=εexp[422 720/(RT)],临界应变ε_c=0.035 67Z^{0.066 04}。     

Effect of Carbon on Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Vanadium Microalloy Steels

The hot working behavior especially dynamic recrystallization of low-carbon and medium-carbon vanadium microalloy steels has been studied by performing isothermally compression tests and Avrami analysis.The Avrami plots of the two experiment steels have been constructed based on flow stress curves following a new approach (Jonas,et al.Acta Mater.,2009,57(2):2748-2756;Wu et al,Acta Metall.Sin.,2010,46(7):838-843).It is experimentally found that the carbon effect on dynamic recrystallization is opposite to each other in lower and higher strain ranges:Carbon causes a softening effect at low strain rates (0.01,0.1,and 1.0 s-1),and a hardening effect at high strain rates (10.0 and 30.0 s-1).Correspondingly,carbon promotes the dynamic recrystallization at low strain rates and retards the dynamic recrystallization at high strain rates in the experimental steels.The phenomenon is then tentatively explained based on the possible mechanisms of dynamic process at different strain rates.     

微量钼对微合金钢动态再结晶的影响

 通过Nb V Ti和Nb V Ti Mo两种微合金钢在高温(td=900~1 100 ℃)和不同应变速率(=001~10 s-1)下的单道次压缩模拟试验,研究了热变形参数对两种微合金钢的动态再结晶过程的影响,求出动态再结晶形变激活能及相关参数,建立了热变形方程,并通过对比,分析了钼对微合金钢动态再结晶的影响。结果表明：含钼钢的动态再结晶更困难。这是因为钼的自扩散系数大,致使钢具有更高的动态再结晶激活能。     

Transformation and Precipitation Kinetics in 30Cr10Ni Duplex Stainless Steel

To improve the microstructure during casting, hot forming, and heat treatment of 30Cr10Ni duplex stainless steel, accurate data on the precipitation and transformation processes at high temperatures are needed. In this article, the precipitation and transformation processes at various aging times in the temperature range 873 K to 1573 K (600 °C to 1300 °C) were studied. The 30Cr10Ni ferrous alloy contains a relatively large amount of Cr, Ni, and C, which results in a complex microstructure. In addition to the ferrite, austenite, and sigma phase, the M₂₃C₆ and MC carbides were also observed in the microstructure. The precipitation of the sigma phase was observed after just 3 minutes of aging, and after 30 minutes of aging at approximately 1053 K (780 °C), its fraction exceeded 40 pct. An intensive austenite-to-ferrite transformation was observed above 1423 K (1150 °C). Optical microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as micro-indentation hardness, hardness, impact toughness, and tensile tests, were carried out to evaluate the obtained microstructures of aged samples.     

00Cr12Ti铁素体不锈钢的再结晶退火与成形性研究

 研究了1.0 mm厚 00Cr12Ti冷轧板在再结晶退火工艺条件下力学性能的变化规律。研究结果表明,随着退火温度的升高,维氏硬度、屈服强度、抗拉强度和屈强比均呈快速下降趋势,在超过800 ℃之后变化不大。再结晶退火后,00Cr12Ti钢拥有较多的{111}取向的晶粒,塑性应变比值r0、r45、r90和r-在退火温度超过780 ℃以后都有较大升高,并且r90>r0>r45。在700～800 ℃之间,平面各向异性Δr值变化不大,随后Δr值随温度上升急剧升高,因而成形时易产生严重的制耳现象。通过杯突试验发现,杯突值IE与r-值的变化相一致,表明00Cr12Ti冷轧板在高温再结晶退火后,可获得良好的成形性能。     

Precipitation Mechanism and Reduction of Amount of Primary Carbides During Electroslag Remelting of 8Cr13MoV Stainless Steel

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - The precipitation and growth of primary carbides in 8Cr13MoV steel during electroslag remelting (ESR) were studied. The effects of melting rate and fill...     

Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of AISI 304N Stainless Steel

Dynamic recrystallization of 304N stainless steel was investigated at deformation temperatures of 900–1300 °C and strain rates of 0.01–10 s^?1 by a Gleeble-1500 thermo-mechanical simulator. And the microstructure evolutions of specimens with different deformation temperatures were observed by using a transmission electron microscope. Results indicated that compared with conventional AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel, 304N stainless steel has higher deformation resistance force and deformation activation energy under similar conditions. In addition, the flow stress constitutive equation of 304 N stainless steel was obtained by regression analysis of experimental stress-strain data, and the calculated values proposed by the mathematical model agree well with the experimental results.     

1Cr13不锈钢的土壤腐蚀行为

通过在酸性、中性及碱性土壤中埋设试件的方法,研究了１Ｃｒ１３不锈钢分别经过１年、３年、５年这三种试验周期后的腐蚀行为为特征。结果表明,１ｃｒ１３不锈钢在酸性及中性土壤中腐蚀轻微,在高盐碱必训腐蚀严重,而且以点蚀为主,土壤中Ｃｌ＾－及ＳＯ４＾２－是影响１Ｃｒ１３不锈钢腐蚀行为的最主要因素,随土壤中Ｃｌ＾－及ＳＯ４＾２－增多,１Ｃｒ１３不锈钢的腐蚀失重近似线性增大。