近年我国开发的农药品种

1、杀虫剂胺丙畏、苯胺硫磷(胺甲硫磷)、丙硫磷、甲丙硫磷、速杀硫磷、三唑磷、毒死碑、二嗪农、杀扑磷、特丁磷、杀螟威、蔬果磷、灭多威、硫双灭多威、残杀威、抗蚜威、丁硫克百威、甲氨菊酯、灭蚊菊酯、富右反式丙烯菊酯、富右反式丙炔菊酯、右旋炔戊菊酯、右旋苯氰菊酯、溴氟菊酯、高顺氯氰菊酯、高效顺反氯氰菊酯、氯氟菊酯、S—反式丙烯菊酯、甲氧滴滴     

气雾杀虫剂产品中右旋苯醚氰菊酯的气相色谱测定

建立了用气相色谱外标法分析气雾杀虫剂产品中右旋苯醚氰菊酯的方法。色谱条件:色谱柱为DB170130m×0.32mm,检测器为火焰离子化检测器,在DB1701色谱柱上右旋苯醚氰菊酯能与其它组分很好的分离,分离度(α)>2.0。右旋苯醚氰菊酯的浓度在1.0￣0.00010mg/ml范围内呈现良好的线性关系,r=0.9999;检测限为1.0μg/g。方法的回收率为93.6%￣103.2%。该法操作简便、快速、准确性高、重复性好,对同一样品的5次平行测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)<3.0%,可作为本品的质量控制方法。     

我国自主开发农药的专利情况

国内近年来开发了一些新的农药品种,其中一些申请了中国专利,甚至国外专利。一些已查明专利情况的国内开发品种如下: 1.除草剂品种6个:单嘧磺隆、双甲胺草磷、SYP-249、SYP-298、丙酯草醚、异丙酯草醚。此6个品种均处于专利有效期内。 2.杀虫剂品种11个:苦皮藤素、雷公藤甲素、溴灭菊酯、氟螨、溴氟菊酯、蛇床子素、丙烷脒、硫肟醚、呋喃虫酰肼、硝虫硫磷和右旋氯丙炔菊酯。苦皮藤素、雷公藤甲素、溴灭菊酯和氟螨未申请专利。溴氟菊酯专利权已终止。蛇床子素部分无效。丙烷脒处于专利审查过程中。右旋氯丙炔菊酯、硫肟醚、呋喃虫酰肼和硝虫硫磷处于专利有效期。     

ISO批准7种农药活性成分临时通用名

<正>近日,ISO农药通用名技术委员会根据农药通用名纲要批准了7种农药活性成分的临时通用名。其中2种活性成分来自中国企业,3种来自日本企业,2种来自跨国公司。一种中国企业研发的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的通用名为Chloropralethrin,中文名为右旋反式氯丙炔菊酯。另一种二酰胺类杀虫剂的通用名为Cyhalodiamide,由中     

右旋苯醚菊酯合成的工艺探索

文章研究了苯醚醇酯化合成右旋苯醚菊酯,通过对催化剂类型及用量、物料配比及反应的温度等工艺条件的对比优化,找到了合成右旋苯醚菊酯酯化反应的最优工艺条件。右旋菊酰氯∶苯醚醇∶三乙胺∶D-2∶催化剂N的mol比为1.03~1.05∶1.0∶0.2∶1.8∶0.15%。在10℃左右反应8个小时,目标产品右旋苯醚菊酯的含量及收率均达95%以上。     

富右旋反式丙烯菊酯的药效研究

本文报道了富右旋反式丙烯菊酯对蚊、蝇的毒力测定及药效应用。实验结果表明：用药膜法测定富右旋反式丙烯菊酯对淡色库蚊的ＬＣ５０为４３．７８ｐｐｍ，对家蝇的ＬＣ５０为４６．５１ｐｐｍ：参照国标法测定富右旋反式丙烯菊酯在盘蚊盘中的药效：２．５ｍｇ／ｇ蚊香对淡色库蚊的ＫＴ５０为８．７０５８分，ＫＴ９５为１７．２２３５分；增效剂八氯二丙醚在盘香中与富右旋反式丙烯菊酯呈相加关系；本文还提供了生物测试与仪器分析相     

手性固定相高效液相色谱法拆分右旋苯醚氰菊酯对映体

建立了以多糖衍生物为手性固定相的高效液相色谱直接拆分右旋苯醚氰菊酯的方法。在正相液相色谱条件下,考察了流动相中醇类改性剂的种类和浓度、流速、柱温对右旋苯醚氰菊酯4个立体异构体分离效果的影响,同时利用热力学方法对右旋苯醚氰菊酯的立体异构体与固定相保留和分离的热力学机理进行了探讨。结果表明,采用纤维素-三-(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)手性色谱柱,在流动相为正己烷∶异丙醇∶二氯甲烷=98∶1∶1(V/V),流速1.0 mL/min,柱温25℃的条件下,可以实现右旋苯醚氰菊酯4个立体异构体的基线分离。     

GC-ECD检测水体中微量右旋反式氯丙炔菊酯方法研究

利用配备电子俘获检测器(ECD)气相色谱仪，建立水体中微量右旋反式氯丙炔菊酯的检测方法。采用气相色谱方法，以氮气为载气，基于DB-1填料毛细管柱和ECD检测器，外标法定量分析水体中微量右旋反式氯丙炔菊酯，线性相关系数0.999 9，变异系数1.16%，低浓度和高浓度水平回收率分别为87.65%和95.69%。所建立的方法操作简便，灵敏度高，准确度、精密度满足要求，可用于微量右旋反式氯丙炔菊酯定量检测。     

五种杀虫剂对淡色库蚊的熏蒸作用

目前我国用于制作蚊香的杀虫剂主要是国内生产的三氯杀虫酯、甲醚菊酯、胺菊酯和国外进口的丙烯菊酯等。由于某种原因,这些杀虫剂对库蚊成虫熏蒸作用的系统比较尚未见到报道。为此我们对甲醚菊酯等五种杀虫     

杀虫气雾剂对家蝇及德国小蠊的驱避效果研究

研究了杀虫气雾剂对家蝇和德国小蠊的驱避效果.按GB/T 13917-2009试验方法测定五种不同配比的Es-生物烯丙菊酯·右旋苯醚菊酯对家蝇和德国小蠊的室内和模拟现场药效,结果表明配比为0.25％Es-生物烯丙菊酯·0.20％ 右旋苯醚菊酯对家蝇和德国小蠊室内及模拟现场药效为A级,优于其他4个含量,并达到显著水平.该配...     

Oxidation of acylglycerols and phosphoglycerides by soybean lipoxygenase

Lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) catalyzes the incorporation of oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting in the formation of their corresponding hydroperoxides. The ability of a commercial preparation of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) lipoxygenase to catalyze the oxidation of acylglycerols and phosphoglycerides was investigated. The oxidation rate of trilinolein increased nearly 100% when 5 mM deoxycholate was added to the reaction medium. With further increases in the concentration of deoxycholate, the oxidation rate decreased slightly. The pH profile of trilinolein oxidation was bell-shaped. The rate of oxidation was maximal at pH 8, and it decreased to near zero at pH 5 and pH 11. Even under optimal conditions, the rate of trilinolein oxidation was only 3% of that of linoleic acid, and analysis of time course data showed that, at most, 15% of available linoleate was oxidized. In contrast to the slow rate of trilinolein oxidation, tested phosphoglycerides and diacylglycerols were oxidized at moderate rates. The rate of phosphoglyceride oxidation depended upon the structure of the polar head group and varied between 7–28% of the rate of linoleic acid oxidation. Diacylglycerols reacted at a rate that was 40% of that of linoleic acid. Analysis of the time course of 1,3-dilinolein oxidation showed that as much as 67% of the available linoleate could be converted to the corresponding hydroperoxide. Analyses by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that more than 20% of the 1,3-dilinolein was converted to unidentified products that are not hydroperoxides.     

Trapping the western pine beetle at and near a source of synthetic attractive pheromone Effects of trap size and position

Western pine beetles were caught on unbaited sticky traps placed near a source ofexo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene. Size of trap, distance and direction from the source of attractant, and height from the ground were varied. Significant differences in trap catch were observed in relation to each of the variables. Traps close to the source of attractant caught more beetles than traps farther from the source. Traps downwind of the source of attractant caught more beetles than did upwind traps. More males than females were trapped close to the source of attractant.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the senior author to the University of California, Berkeley, California, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in entomology, December 1976. These studies were supported by the U.S. Forest Service and in part by the Rockefeller Foundation and a joint grant (NSF GB-34718/BMS 75-04223) from the U.S. National Science Foundation and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to the University of California. The findings, opinions, and recommendations are not necessarily those of the University of California or the funding agencies.Trade names and commercial enterprises or products are mentioned solely for information and do not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or University of California.     

Breakage patterns of agglomerates

The experimental information available in the literature regarding the patterns of breakage of agglomerate materials is scarce, particularly in dynamic loading. The primary objective of this paper is to present our findings on the breakage patterns of the agglomerates and the interparticle bond. A high-speed digital video imaging technique is used here to gain an insight into the impact behaviour of individual agglomerates against a target plate. Several breakage patterns are observed. Agglomerates may suffer localised damage only, with the disintegration of the damaged zone into very fine debris, or localised damage combined with fracture. The frequency of occurrence of these patterns depends on the impact velocity and agglomerate structure. The pattern of breakage affects significantly the size distribution of the impact product. An investigation of the breakage of individual interparticle bonds is also presented. Two forms of failure are observed, internal (cohesive) and interfacial (adhesive) failure. The morphology of the fractured surface depends greatly on the type of breakage. Internal breakage shows irregular surfaces due to crack jumping, whereas interfacial failure produces clean, smooth fracture surfaces. These observations should provide the necessary foundation for the development of a fundamental model of agglomerate breakage.     

Distribution of birch (Betula SPP.), willow (Salix SPP.), and poplar (Populus SPP.) secondary metabolites and their potential role as chemical defense against herbivores

Isoprenoids and phenolics, major metabolites of important browse species, are reviewed in regard to concentrations, distribution within tissues, and between species. Seasonal variation of specific substances and changes with age of the plant are also considered. The distribution of substances may affect food selection and feeding behavior of animals. Wild mammalian herbivores tend to avoid plant parts rich in these substances, in spite of high nutritional content of the plant tissue. Possible mechanisms for defense by plants against depredation by mammalian herbivores are discussed within the framework of the plants' biochemistry.     

Charakterisierung von Suspensionen nanoskaliger Partikel mittels Ultraschallspektroskopie und elektroakustischer Methoden

Technical control over dispersions with particles in the nanometer size realm should bring about a boost in innovations for some parts of industry. Requirements for the development of these new products is the accurate characterization of the various materials systems. A characterization should always include a determination of the particle size distribution, since it is coupled to the specific effects of these systems. Ultrasound measurement techniques and electroacoustics are two if the available techniques that allow determination of the size distribution and zeta potential of particles with dimensions up to 10 nanometers. A further fundamental advantage of the method is the possibility of carrying out measurements in high‐concentration materials systems. This report describes ultrasound spectroscopy for the measurement of fine‐ and very‐fine‐dispersion particles, and the known theoretical concepts for the interpretation of spectra. In addition, experiences in the use of currently available measurement techniques are presented.     

Mechanical Means of Enhancing Drying Rates: Effect on Drying Kinetics and Quality

The effect of various pretreatments on drying kinetics as well as quality parameters of selected vegetables and fruits was studied experimentally in a convective dryer. The pretreatments tested include application of pinholes and drilled holes of different diameters and densities, blanching and freezing. Potato, cassava, dragon fruit and red chilli were used as the sample drying materials. As expected, increase of the diameter and density of the holes under fixed drying conditions increased the drying rate. Samples with drilled holes showed better drying performance than those with pinholes. The improvement of the drying rate was found to be dependent on the physical properties and the initial moisture content of the material. Results show that the drying performance of the products that possess a skin of low moisture diffusivity, such as chilli, can be improved significantly by blanching and making perforations in the skin. Overall changes of color and volume shrinkage during drying of the samples with and without holes were similar. The effect of different modes of heat input, such as convection, conduction and radiation, on the drying performance of the treated samples was also experimentally investigated. On-off type controllers were used to regulate the power of the heaters and maintain the product temperature within a range of pre-set values. Convection combined with radiation displayed the highest drying rate.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

燃煤烟气中单质汞吸附与氧化机理研究进展

燃煤电厂汞排放控制是当前的研究热点,实现燃煤烟气中汞的脱除涉及两个非常重要的过程：吸附与氧化。本文概述了汞在吸附剂表面吸附的相关理论和单质汞的催化氧化机理,结合碳基和非碳基吸附剂相关吸附特性的研究现状,对汞的吸附机理进行了讨论,回顾了SCR、碳基、以及金属和金属氧化物三种常见催化剂对单质汞的催化氧化性能并总结了其可能存在的机理。指出吸附剂表面活性位是决定其对汞吸附效果的关键因素,异相反应是单质汞氧化的重要途径,吸附和氧化是相辅相成的,不同催化剂不同气氛下氧化机理不同。并提出通过氯化物等物质改性能够提高吸附剂的吸附效果,深入研究汞的异相反应机理并开发经济有效的汞脱除方法是今后的研究方向。     

Effect of Dose and Administration Period of Seed Cake of Genetically Modified and Non-Modified Flax on Selected Antioxidative Activities in Rats

Flaxseed cake containing antioxidants is a valuable dietary component. Its nutritional effect may be diminished by the presence of anti-nutrients. The work was aimed at determining the effect of different contents of flaxseed cake in diets and their administration period on the development of rats and selected parameters of their health status. Diets with 15% and 30% addition of genetically modified (GM) flax seed cake with enhanced synthesis of polyphenols, as well as Linola non-GM flax were administered in short-term (33 days) and long-term (90 days) experiments. The 30% addition of flaxseed cake reduced digestibility of dietary nutrients, GM flaxseed cake lowered body weight gains. The relative weight of selected organs, hematological blood markers and serum activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST, ALT) were not affected. Flaxseed cake consumption reduced serum concentration of albumins and increased globulins. Administration of 30% flaxseed cake improved plasma total antioxidant status and 30% GM flaxseed cake lowered liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The activities of superoxide dismutase in erythrocytes, glutathione peroxidase in plasma and the liver concentration of 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine were not changed. Most morphometric parameters of the small intestine did not differ between feeding groups. The administration of diets with 30% addition of flaxseed cake for 90 days improved the antioxidant status in rats.     

Emerging role of nanobiocatalysts in hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass leading to sustainable bioethanol production

Catalytic conversion (hydrolysis) of carbohydrate polymers present in the lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars is a key step in the production of bioethanol. Although, acid and enzymatic catalysts are conventionally used for the catalysis of various lignocellulosic biomass, recently application of immobilized enzymes (biocatalysts) have been considered as the most promising approach. Immobilization of different biocatalysts such as cellulase, β-glucosidase, cellobiose, xylanase, laccase, etc. on support materials including nanomaterials to form nanobiocatalyst increases catalytic efficacy and stability of enzymes. Moreover, immobilization of biocatalysts on magnetic nanoparticles (magnetic nanobiocatalysts) facilitates easy recovery and reuse of biocatalysts. Therefore, utilization of nanobiocatalysts for catalysis of lignocellulosic biomass is helpful for the development of cost-effective and ecofriendly approach. In this review, we have discussed various conventional methods of hydrolysis and their limitations. Special emphasis has been made on nanobiocatalysts used for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Moreover, the other most important aspects, like nanofiltration of biomass, conversion of lignocellulose to nanocellulose, and toxicological issues associated with application of nanomaterials are also discussed.