Three-phase phase-lock loop for distorted utilities

A novel three-phase phase-locked loop (PLL) structure suitable for phase and angular frequency derivation from distorted ac utility voltages is presented. The proposed PLL has a simple structure; a conventional three-phase PLL followed by a proportional-integral (Pl)-controlled moving average filter together with a phase-locking algorithm. The objective of the proposed technique is to capture the fundamental phase angle and angular frequency of three-phase clean, distorted, balanced or unbalanced ac utilities. The PLL gives fast, accurate angular frequency and phase locking and is robust to utility distortion such as line notching, random noise, voltage imbalance, phase loss, phase imbalance, harmonics, dc offsets and frequency variation. The analysis presented substantiates the immunity of the proposed PLL to unbalanced and distorted utility conditions. The PLL technique is simulated and digital signal processor (DSP)-implemented for a three-phase system to verify the analytical results. The simulated and experimental results, for numerous utility conditions, demonstrate its phase-tracking ability, whereas the conventional technique fails to lock accurately in highly distorted, three-phase grid-connected operation.     

Study of the variation of the input impedance of induction machines with frequen

The results of a study of the variation of three-phase induction machines' input impedance with frequency are proposed. A range of motors were analysed, both two-pole and four-pole, and the magnitude and phase of the input impedance were obtained over a wide frequency range of 20 Hz-1 MHz. For test results that would be useful in the prediction of the performance of induction machines during typical use, a test procedure was developed to represent closely typical three-phase stator coil connections when the induction machine is driven by a three-phase inverter. In addition, tests were performed with the motor's cases both grounded and not grounded. The results of the study show that all induction machines of the type considered exhibit a multiresonant impedance profile, where the input impedance reaches at least one maximum as the input frequency is increased. Furthermore, the test results show that the grounding of the motor's case has a significant effect on the impedance profile. Methods to exploit the input impedance profile of an induction machine to optimise machine and inverter systems are also discussed.     

生产井储层流量在线监测装置研究

研制了一套生产井储层流量在线监测装置。该装置利用超声多普勒频差测量油、气、水的总流量,采用对环境无安全隐患的双能级X射线测量油、气、水的分相含率,采用电导式传感器实现高含水率情况下含水率的快速测量。在室内三相流实验系统上进行了实验,油、水流量的测量误差均小于±7%,气流量的测量误差小于±14%。     

Processing the Signal Response of the Dulkyn Gravitational-Wave Detector

Systems are considered for stabilizing the frequency and phase differences of the optical radiations in the resonators of the Dulkyn gravitational-wave detector laser system. Algorithms are proposed for processing the signal response of the detector to the action of gravitational radiation and these make it possible to observe a detected signal with a signal-to-noise ratio of the order of 50 when the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the optical part of the system is lower than 10^–7.     

Real-time heterodyne imaging interferometry: focal-plane amplitude and phase demodulation using a three-phase correlation image sensor

A method of real-time heterodyne imaging interferometry using a three-phase correlation image sensor (3PCIS) is proposed. It simultaneously demodulates the amplitude and phase images of an incident interference pattern at an ordinary frame rate with good accuracy, thus overcoming the trade-off among measurement time, spatial resolution, and demodulation accuracy suffered in conventional interferometry. An experimental system is constructed with a 64x64 3PCIS camera operated at 30 frames/s and a two-frequency He-Ne laser with a beat frequency of 25 kHz. The results obtained for a scanning mirror and heated silicone oil confirm the proposed method.     

Frequency Estimation of Three-Phase Power System Using Weighted-Least-Square Algorithm and Adaptive FIR Filtering

A new technique for estimation of the instantaneous frequency based on simultaneous sampling of three-phase voltage signals is presented. The structure consists of two decoupled modules: the first is for adaptive filtering of input signals, and the second is for frequency estimation. A suitable and robust algorithm for frequency estimation is obtained. This technique provides better performance, compared with the technique based on a single-phase signal in relation to waveforms with noise. The technique is particularly important when asymmetric sags generate zero voltage in one of the three phases. In addition, it allows the measurement of the instantaneous frequency value of real signals for single- or three-phase systems. To demonstrate the performance of the developed algorithm, computer-simulated data records and calibrator-generated signals are processed. The proposed algorithm has been put to test with distorted three-phase voltage signals.      

Predictive-space vector PWM current control method for asymmetrical dual three-phase induction motor drives

The interest in multiphase drives has re-emerged in the last decade, being the asymmetrical dual threephase induction motor drive one of the most popular options. Predictive control techniques, already implemented in three-phase drives, have been recently adapted to the multiphase case. Schemes proposed so far have demonstrated high performance at the expenses of a higher degree of computational cost and illdefined switching frequency. In this study, a predictive space vector PWM (SVPWM) current control technique with fixed switching frequency is proposed for asymmetrical dual three-phase AC drives. Fast torque and current response are achieved similar to those obtained using conventional predictive current control techniques. Electrical noise suppression is favoured as in PWM current control methods. Experimental results are provided to examine the benefits of the proposed control method.     

Kalman filter based synchronisation methods

Single- and three-phase synchronisation methods based on optimum filtering theory are proposed. These methods are based mainly on the Kalman filter and are therefore termed Kalman filter-phase locked loop. they explicitly include in the problem formulation the presence of harmonics, voltage unbalance, measurement noise, transients and frequency deviation. such perturbations degrade the performance of many synchronisation structures presented in literature. the formulation presented here makes the synchronisation signals less sensitive to these perturbations. it is also shown that the proposed methods can be helpful by also providing the amplitude, instantaneous phase and frequency of grid voltages that can be useful for the analysis of power quality. furthermore, the Kalman filter provides a way of obtaining the best compromise between transient response and measurement noise rejection for the synchronisation signals. The paper sets out the development of the proposed methods together with the choice of tuning parameters and their physical meaning. simulations and experimental results using a DSP TMS320F2812 are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.     

单探测器复合轴伺服系统解耦技术的研究与实现

本文分析了单探测型复合轴系统探测器大视场与高帧频之间的矛盾以及主轴与子轴单元控制输入耦合的问题。采用智能相机控制技术,在线调整CCD探测器的工作参数,实现了探测器在捕获/粗跟踪阶段大视场与精跟踪阶段高探测帧频状态之间的切换;将PZT位置输出与脱靶量进行位置信息的合成并将该信息作为主轴控制输入以保证子轴正常工作。并对系统控制方法进行了仿真,提出根据跟踪精度作为判断系统是否解耦的方法。实验结果表明该方法消除了系统的耦合,取得了较好的控制效果。     

Hardware-assisted initialisation for constant modulus algorithm adaptive antenna

A cost-effective approach for initialisation of an adaptive antenna based on the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) is proposed. The technique utilises 1 bit phase shifters and a power detector, which are normally integrated with a multibeam antenna, to determine the maximum power beam direction. Consequently, the beam is exploited as an initial beam for CMA. Development of hardware-assisted initialisation is discussed. In addition, field programmable gate array implementation of a CMA processor and associated control circuitry is presented. Several simulations are performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed initialisation technique. In addition, the developed prototype is tested with a phase array antenna designed for operation at the IMT2000 frequency of 1.95 GHz. Experimental results confirm superiority of the proposed technique.     

Switched Reluctance Machines as Three-Phase AC Autonomous Generator

The operation of the switched reluctance machine as an autonomous three-phase ac generator is considered. Two circuits are proposed. The generator circuit consists of only capacitors and load supplementary to the generator, but does not contain any power supply. Theoretical approaches for simulation of the three-phase autonomous switched reluctance generator are presented. The influence of the high harmonics in the phase current on the power output is discussed. Experimental and simulation results are presented     

Time and phase synchronisation via direct-path signal for bistatic synthetic aperture radar systems

Bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BiSAR) operates with distinct transmitter and receiver that are mounted on separate platforms. Such a spatial separation results in problems and special requirements that are either not encountered or encountered in less serious form for monostatic SAR. Directly associated with these requirements one has to solve the problems of highly accurate time and phase synchronisations. The impact of oscillator frequency instability on BiSAR is analysed, and a time and phase synchronisation technique via direct-path signal is proposed. With the proposed technique, the direct-path signal of transmitter is received with one appropriative antenna and divided into two channels, one is passed through an envelope detector and used to synchronise the sampling clock, and the other is down-converted and used to compensate the phase synchronisation errors. Finally, the residual time synchronisation error is compensated with range alignment, and the residual phase synchronisation error is compensated with global positioning system/inertial navigation system/inertial measurement units (GPS/INS/IMU) information; then the focusing of BiSAR image can be achieved. Based on this technique, a prototype linearly frequency modulated BiSAR synchronisation system is constructed.The effectiveness of this proposed technique is verified with simulation data.     

A Filtering Technique for Three-Phase Power Systems

A novel filter for use in three-phase power systems is introduced. When the input to the filter is a balanced three-phase set of signals, the filter suppresses noise and distortions and extracts a smooth three-phase fundamental component. When the input signal to the filter is unbalanced, it extracts the fundamental positive-sequence component of the input signal. The filter also estimates the magnitude, phase angle, and frequency of the signal and adaptively follows the variations in all these three variables. The characteristics of the filter, including its mathematical equations, stability analysis, steady state, and dynamic responses, are discussed in this paper. The filter highly attenuates the harmonics, unknown interharmonics, and distortions. However, an extension of the filter for full removal of harmonics and unknown interharmonics is also presented, and its operating principles are discussed. The structural simplicity and robustness of the filter make it desirable for power system applications. In addition to the wide applications in power systems, it can specifically be used as an adaptive antialiasing filter for three-phase applications.     

Recurrent wavelet neural network controller with improved particle swarm optimisation for induction generator system

A recurrent wavelet neural network (RWNN) controller with improved particle swarm optimisation (IPSO) is proposed to control a three-phase induction generator (IG) system for stand-alone power application. First, the indirect field-oriented mechanism is implemented for the control of the IG. Then, an AC/DC power converter and a DC/AC power inverter are developed to convert the electric power generated by a three-phase IG from variable frequency and variable voltage to constant frequency and constant voltage. Moreover, two online trained RWNNs using backpropagation learning algorithm are introduced as the regulating controllers for both the DC-link voltage of the AC/DC power converter and the AC line voltage of the DC/AC power inverter. Furthermore, an IPSO is adopted to adjust the learning rates to further improve the online learning capability of the RWNN. Finally, some experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed IG system.     

Frequency domain phase-shifted confocal microscopy (FDPCM) with array detection

We proposed a novel method to reconstruct images taken by array detected confocal microscopy without prior knowledge about its detector distribution. The proposed frequency domain phase-shifted confocal microscopy (FDPCM) shifts the image from each detection channel to its corresponding place by substituting the phase information in Fourier domain. Theoretical analysis shows that our method could approach the resolution nearly twofold of wide-field microscopy. Simulation and experiment results are also shown to verify the applicability and effectiveness of our method. Compared to Airyscan, our method holds the advantage of simplicity and convenience to be applied to array detectors with different structure, which makes FDPCM have great potential in the application of biomedical observation in the future.     

Experimental results of tri-axial HTS cable

Recently, a tri-axial cable composed of three concentric phases has been intensively developed, because it has advantages such as reduced high-temperature superconducting (HTS) tape, small leakage field and small heat loss as compared to three single-phase cables. However, there is an inherent imbalance in the three-phase currents in tri-axial cables due to the differences in the radii of the three-phase current layers. The imbalance of the currents causes additional loss and a large leakage field in the cable, and deteriorates the electric power quality. We have already proposed that it is possible to obtain a balanced three-phase distribution by adjusting all of the twist pitches. In order to verify the theory, we designed and fabricated a 1-m-long tri-axial HTS cable and carried out the cable test. The balanced three-phase voltages of the cable were measured by supplying an AC transport current with frequency from 50 to 500 Hz at 77 K. It is found from the test results that the balanced three-phase distributions can be realized by adjusting all of the twist pitches.     

Aqueous three-phase foam supported by fly ash for coal spontaneous combustion prevention and control

This work deals with the preparation and characterization of fly ash (FA) supported aqueous three-phase foams containing N₂ for coal spontaneous combustion prevention and control. Uniform and dense three-phase foams featuring FA contents between 20 wt.% and 33 wt.% are prepared in batch mode using a home-made foam generating column with an internal Venturi tube. The effect of FA on the foamability, static and dynamic stability of the three-phase foams is discussed. Compared with two phase foams, the FA supported three-phase foams manifest higher static and dynamic stability, which increases with the FA content. Base on the excellent static and dynamic stability, a structure model to attach FA particles at the N₂–water interfaces of the three-phase foams was proposed to elucidate the observed behaviors. The as prepared FA supported three-phase foams, exhibiting excellent coal fire extinguishing characteristic, can be used as a promising fire extinguishing material, especially for preventing the large coal area spontaneous combustion or extinguishing fire in high and unknown locations in goaf.     

Analysis of light noise sources in a recycled Michelson interferometer with Fabry-Perot arms

We present a method by which the effect of laser field variations on the signal output of an interferometric gravitational wave detector is rigorously determined. Using the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) optical configuration of a power recycled Michelson interferometer with Fabry-Perot arm cavities as an example, we calculate the excess noise after the input filter cavity (mode cleaner) and the dependence of the detector strain sensitivity on laser frequency and amplitude noise, radio frequency oscillator noise, and scattered-light phase noise. We find that noise on the radio frequency sidebands generally limits the detector's sensitivity.     

Feedforward simple control technique for on-chip all-digital three-phase AC/DC power-MOSFET converter with least components

A novel simple control technique for on-chip all-digital three-phase alternating current to direct current (AC/DC) power-metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET) converter with least components, which is employed to obtain small current and DC output voltage ripples as well as excellent performance, and using a feedforward simple control method for DC output voltage regulation is proposed. The proposed all-digital feedforward controller has the features of low cost, simple control, fast response, independence of load parameters and the switching frequency, it has no need for compensation, and high stability characteristics; moreover, the proposed controller consists of three operation amplifiers and few digital logic gates that are directly applied to the three-phase converter. The power-MOSFETs are also known as power switches, whose control signals are derived from the proposed all-digital feedforward controller. Instead of thyristors or diodes, the application of power-MOSFETs can reduce the loss of AC/DC converter that is proper to the power supply system. The input stage of an AC/DC converter functions as a rectifier and the output stage is a low pass inductor capacitor (LC) filter. The input AC sources may originate from miniature three-phase AC generator or low-power three-phase DC/AC inverter. The maximum output loading current is 0.8 A and the maximum DC output ripple is less than 200 mV. The prototype of the proposed AC/DC converter has been fabricated with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.35 mum 2P4M complementary MOS (CMOS) processes. The total chip area is 2.333 1.960 mm². The proposed AC/DC converter is suitable for the following three power systems with the low power, DC/DC converter, low-dropout linear regulator and switch capacitor. Finally, the theoretical analysis is verified to be correct by simulations and experiments.