小城镇建设与发展的思考

介绍了小城镇建设与发展现状，从小城镇规划建设、小城镇绿化建设、小城镇经济建设等方面进行了论述，指出用发展的眼光制定科学合理的小城镇建设蓝图，是小城镇发展的需要。     

谈小城镇的建设与发展

介绍了小城镇建设与发展的总体情况，从保护自然环境、加快小城镇建设等方面进行了论述，提出了小城镇发展的对策，确定了小城镇建设与发展的目标。     

小城镇的城市规划设计

单间介绍了小城镇规划设计的内容，提出了小城镇规划设计时应注意的问题，以提高小城镇整体空间环境质量，对小城镇的规划设计具有一定的参考价值。     

浅谈小城镇用水量的计算

探讨了小城镇给水工程规划设计中各种用水定额的取值及其管段流量的计算问题，从小城镇的实际出发，并展望了小城镇的发展未来。给全山西小城镇的具体情况，论述了综合生活用水量、工业企业生产用水量、消防用水量、浇洒道路和绿地用水量、未预见用水量及管网漏失水量的取值依据及管段流量的计算方法。经分析讨论，提出了适合小城镇的用水定额和管段流量的计算方法。     

小城镇的文化问题与集聚效应

小城镇文化包括物质层次、行为制度层次和心理感受层次．而小城镇的集聚效应是指村镇地域的人口、资金、技术等向小城镇集中的态势．笔者分析了全国小城镇建设热潮中影响小城镇发展的深层因素──小城镇的文化问题，指出加强小城镇集聚效应必须确立鲜明的主导文化，挖掘创造亚文化和扼制改造有毒文化．     

加快小城镇建设人才培养势在必行

小城镇建设是加快农村城市化的一项可持续发展战略。人才是科教的前提，建立、健全合理的人才机制，有计划、有步骤地开发、培养和利用小城镇建设人才，是小城镇建设的当务之急。章具体分析了目前小城镇建设人才的现状，对当今社会小城镇建设人才进行了展望，提出了小城镇建设人才培养的思路与对策。     

小城镇人口集聚的比较研究及其合理规模浅析

小城镇是我国城镇化进程中的主体之一，合理的人口规模聚集是促进小城镇良性发展的关键。国内外小城镇的设置标准大多以人口规模作为参照。在现行的设镇标准下，我国小城镇的特征表现为数量众多、人口规模偏小，而且小城镇的人口集聚性受地理环境及经济发展水平的影响呈现出较大的差异性。本文结合小城镇的设置标准、国内外小城镇人口规模的比较研究以及小城镇人口集聚的影响因素与分析方法，对我国小城镇的人口集聚及其合理规模做了初步探讨。     

重庆市小城镇消防规划面临的问题和对策

通过对重庆市小城镇公共消防基础设施建设现状的调查分析，就目前小城镇经济发展与消防规划不协调的问题，提出了小城镇消防规划必须适应小城镇发展要求的观点，同时介绍了《重庆市小城镇消防规划规范》的重点内容。     

小城镇规划中美的探索

在小城镇发展过程中，部分已建成的小城镇缺乏个性与美感。对规划师来说，在加强规划的科学性和合理性的同时，更应注重体现小城镇的文化特色、小城镇的美感、小城镇的个性。     

我国小城镇建筑防火规范标准的研究

本文根据我国小城镇建筑防火规划研究还相当薄弱，且小城镇建设发展很快，同时，小城镇条件不同的特点，提出了小城镇建筑防炎规范标准的几点意见。     

Traditional, state-of-the-art and future thermal building insulation materials and solutions - Properties, requirements and possibilities

The advantages and disadvantages of the thermal building insulation materials and solutions have been treated. Both traditional, state-of-the-art and possible materials and solutions beyond these have been investigated. Examples of these may be mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, extruded polystyrene, polyurethane, vacuum insulation panels, gas insulation panels, aerogels, and future possibilities like vacuum insulation materials, nano insulation materials and dynamic insulation materials. Various properties, requirements and possibilities have been compared and studied. Among these are thermal conductivity, perforation vulnerability, building site adaptability and cuttability, mechanical strength, fire protection, fume emission during fire, robustness, climate ageing durability, resistance towards freezing/thawing cycles, water resistance, costs and environmental impact. Currently, there exist no single insulation material or solution capable of fulfilling all the requirements with respect to the most crucial properties. That is, for the buildings of today and the near future, several insulation materials and solutions are used and will have to be used depending on the exact circumstances and specifications. As of today, new materials and solutions like e.g. vacuum insulation panels are emerging, but only slowly introduced in the building sector partly due to their short track record. Therefore it will be of major importance to know the limitations and possibilities of all the insulation materials and solutions, i.e. their advantages and disadvantages. In this respect new conceptual thermal building insulation materials are also discussed.     

Water Resources Development: A Balanced Approach

Customers, the public generally, the water industry, its regulators and the government are aware that water can be a scarce and costly product. Resource planning and development must increasingly be viewed as a combined package of water efficiency in (a) use, (b) metering and tariff policy, (c) leakage reduction, and (d) physical schemes.
Droughts, fears over possible climate change, concerns about resources and the environment, a greater awareness of the role and costs of the water industry and statements by the Department of the Environment, the Office of Water Services, and the National Rivers Authority have added weight to this sensible shift in emphasis.
However, society needs reliable water supplies and cannot completely rely upon the uncertain impact that demand side-measures may bring about – nor, even where achieved and cost-effective, on the important savings in losses. New resource schemes can take many years to implement. Therefore, in order to ensure adequate and reliable supplies, plans for new schemes must be brought to a state of readiness, and, in many cases, implemented.     

Environmental affordances and children’s needs: Insights from child-friendly community streets in China

With rapid urbanization in China, an increasing building density has squeezed the urban public space. Community streets are occupied by motor vehicles or other functions, and can no longer sufficiently support children to carry out safe and independent activities. As an important space for children’s daily natural contact and social activities, the lack of the spatial function of streets results in a decline in children’s subjective initiative and social abilities. The United Nations has stressed the importance of community as the basic unit of space for children’s daily activities in building child friendly cities. It is urgent to reshape child-friendly community streets and support children’s healthy growth. Integrating previous research results on affordance theory and design, children’s growth and environment, and street-game spaces, this study focuses on investigating 23 community streets in four residential communities in Nanjing through questionnaires, interviews, observations, and other methods. Then, from the perspective of cognitive affordance, functional affordance, and social affordance, it analyzes the behavioral possibilities provided by the environment and the needs of the children-user group. Finally, from the perspectives of openness and security, preference and diversity, positive and negative, and reality and potential, it proposes a method to assess the existing environment. This study aims to extract the significant characteristics of the built environment that effectively support and promote children’s outdoors activities, and explore the design strategy of improving street space sharing through optimizing space elements and structure at the medium and micro levels, so as to respond to multiple goals including livable city development from the perspective of child friendliness. This study also tries to change the logical way of design thinking and provide an eco-psychological perspective on how to build a child-friendly community.     

TREX: spatially distributed model to assess watershed contaminant transport and fate

Contaminant releases from upland areas can have adverse water quality and stream ecology impacts. TREX (Two-dimensional, Runoff, Erosion, and Export) is a spatially distributed, physically-based model to simulate chemical transport and fate at the watershed scale. TREX combines surface hydrology and sediment transport features from the CASC2D watershed model with chemical transport features from the WASP/IPX series of water quality models. In addition to surface runoff and sediment transport, TREX simulates: (1) chemical erosion, advection, and deposition; (2) chemical partitioning and phase distribution; and (3) chemical infiltration and redistribution. Floodplain interactions for water, sediment, and chemicals are also simulated. To demonstrate the potential for using TREX to simulate chemical transport at the watershed scale, a screening-level application was developed for the California Gulch watershed mine-waste site in Colorado. Runoff, sediment transport, and metals (Cu, Cd, Zn) transport were simulated for a calibration event and a validation event. The model reproduced measured peak flows, and times to peak at the watershed outlet and three internal locations. Simulated flow volumes were within approximately 10% of measured conditions. Model results were also generally within measured ranges of total suspended solid and metal concentrations. TREX is an appropriate tool for investigating multimedia environmental problems that involve water, soils, and chemical interactions in a spatially distributed manner within a watershed.     

Molecular detection of pathogens in water - The pros and cons of molecular techniques

Pollution of water by sewage and run-off from farms produces a serious public health problem in many countries. Viruses, along with bacteria and protozoa in the intestine or in urine are shed and transported through the sewer system. Even in highly industrialized countries, pathogens, including viruses, are prevalent throughout the environment. Molecular methods are used to monitor viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens, and to track pathogen- and source-specific markers in the environment. Molecular techniques, specifically polymerase chain reaction-based methods, provide sensitive, rapid, and quantitative analytical tools with which to study such pathogens, including new or emerging strains. These techniques are used to evaluate the microbiological quality of food and water, and to assess the efficiency of virus removal in drinking and wastewater treatment plants. The range of methods available for the application of molecular techniques has increased, and the costs involved have fallen. These developments have allowed the potential standardization and automation of certain techniques. In some cases they facilitate the identification, genotyping, enumeration, viability assessment, and source-tracking of human and animal contamination. Additionally, recent improvements in detection technologies have allowed the simultaneous detection of multiple targets in a single assay. However, the molecular techniques available today and those under development require further refinement in order to be standardized and applicable to a diversity of matrices. Water disinfection treatments may have an effect on the viability of pathogens and the numbers obtained by molecular techniques may overestimate the quantification of infectious microorganisms. The pros and cons of molecular techniques for the detection and quantification of pathogens in water are discussed.     

A House is not a Home: The Housing Experiences of African and Caribbean Mothers Living with HIV

HIV-positive mothers living in Toronto, ON, face myriad economic and social challenges that put them at risk for housing instability and homelessness. These challenges are exacerbated for mothers from African and Caribbean communities as they navigate a web of shelter, housing, health care and social care systems that do not adequately address their social positioning as HIV-positive and racialized mothers. To date, there is a dearth of research that has taken a cultural, ethnoracial and gendered lens to explore these issues, and consequently, little is known about their experiences of housing instability as it intersects with issues related to motherhood, poverty, sexism, racism, immigration status and HIV-related stigma and discrimination. This paper presents findings from the HIV, Housing and Families community-based research study and highlights the unique and complex housing issues African and Caribbean mothers facing by living with HIV in Toronto. Implications for policy and practice are also discussed.     

Global Challenges,Local Solutions: The City as an Ecosystem of Events

In a time of global challenges, cities are critical not only as vehicles for progress, but also as centers of diversity and resilience. Confronted with intensifying climates, and social, ecological, and economic issues, McGregor Coxall focuses on the stories people tell in making their cities. Our projects accept and challenge these stories which underpin city-making: the engine of economic progress, the marketplace of cultural production, and the myth of our separation from “nature.” The success of contemporary city is built on a paradoxical relationship with two pressures: global development and environmental impacts. To address these crises, McGregor Coxall works at two scales, simultaneously, on all of our projects: in the large-scale realm of regional economic development and ecosystemic operations, and at the scale of the person, the street, and the neighbourhood. The systemic understanding provides the contextual basis by which projects perform, economically and environmentally, while our understanding of communities makes each project a genuine product of its time, place, and culture.     

中国城市规划三十年（1978-2008）纵览

本文通过把改革开放30年以来中国城市规划的发展历程大致分为恢复重建、摸索学习、加速推进、调整壮大、反思求变和更新转型等六个阶段,阐述了城市规划是如何摆脱计划经济束缚、走向市场经济并在实践中发展的,以及城市规划的任务是如何在资本注入和土地制度改革的推动下逐渐显现出宏观调控和建设引导控制作用,并进而适应多变和多元的发展形势,向和谐社会、多值决策和科学发展迈进的。     

PLURAL PRACTICES: IDEAS FOR DRAWING RESPONSIBLY

The article discusses the topics of cartography and landscape architecture, with a few ideas about technique, scale, observation, translation, and imagination. The charge is to look closely, think critically, and develop sensibly a drawing toolkit that allows for an expansion of possible readings and spatial outcomes. It asks designers to question the information before them, and to respond with precision and range. The challenges are increasingly complex, and thus, media and methods must be plural and robust. The replies herein build on the Cartographic Grounds project, an exhibit and book that again reimagines the projective potential of cartographic practices that afford greater proximity to the manifestation and manipulation of the ground itself, and promotes the intersection between the disciplines of Landscape Architecture and Cartography towards a grounded practice of representing and imagining multiple terrains for design. The introduction of the observation and representation training in Harvard Graduate School of Design further suggests that observation is fundamental, and for design, representation must extend beyond documenting and understanding the world that exists, towards imagining a more equitable and adaptive future.     

封闭体系中煤体升温解吸的热力学特性研究

气体在煤中吸附解吸取决于其压力和温度,气体解吸量随温度升高和压力降低而有所增加。在封闭体系中,温度升高造成煤体解吸量增加,并引起体系压力变大,但同时抑制解吸。吸附态气体和游离态气体相互转化时,伴有能量交换。为研究煤体升温吸附/解吸的热力学特性,依据实际气体状态方程、玻尔兹曼能量分布理论以及两能态模型,得到了吸附热的数学表达式,并在物理实验基础上加以验证。实验结果表明:封闭体系内温度升高,升温促进解吸和加压促进吸附同时作用直至动态平衡,其中温度对解吸的促进作用要强于压力对解吸的抑制作用,体系整体表现为解吸作用;两能态模型能较准确地反映吸附热与温度和压力的变化关系,且吸附热是温度和压力的函数,其值与初始平衡条件有关,初始压力越大,吸附热越小,解吸时间越短,更易达到平衡。