TiB_2增强Ni/Al冷喷涂层的组织结构

在不同的冷喷温度条件下,采用冷喷涂技术制备含不同TiB_2陶瓷含量的Ni/Al-TiB_2涂层,其中Ni/Al-TiB_2喷涂粉末为机械混合制成。采用扫描电镜(SEM)表征Ni/Al-TiB_2粉末、冷喷涂层及热处理后涂层的形貌,通过X射线衍射技术(XRD)分析Ni/Al-TiB_2粉末和冷喷涂层物相结构,采用能谱分析仪对热处理后涂层成分元素进行分析。结果表明,冷喷涂层截面组织结构致密,孔隙率低,尤其是在冷喷温度为450℃条件下涂层孔隙率更低。冷喷涂层的物相与粉末相同,主要为TiB_2、Ni和Al三相。在650℃热处理10 h后涂层中孔隙率增加,涂层中原位生成了Ni Al3和Ni Al金属间化合物,并且涂层与基体界面之间生成了Fe Al3金属间化合物,从而提高了涂层与基体之间的结合力。     

真空热处理对Ti6Al4V基体/NiCrAlY涂层体系组织结构及元素扩散行为的影响

采用电弧离子镀(AIP)技术在Ti6Al4V基体表面沉积制备了NiCrAlY涂层. 通过金相观察(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)与能谱(EDS)分析、 X射线衍射(XRD)分析以及显微硬度测试, 研究了真空热处理对NiCrAlY涂层组织性能的影响, 讨论了Ti6Al4V基体/NiCrAlY涂层界面元素扩散规律. 结果表明: 700.℃真空热处理后, NiCrAlY涂层中开始析出γ′-Ni3Al相, 这提高了涂层的表面硬度; 在700.℃温度下, Ti6Al4V基体/NiCrAlY涂层界面由外至内出现Ni3(Al,Ti)、 TiNi和Ti2Ni中间化合物层, 并随着温度提高, 界面处中间化合物层增厚; 700.℃时, 主要发生了镍、钛元素的扩散, 铬元素在870.℃开始发生扩散. 当温度提高到950.℃后, 由于镍元素大量向Ti6Al4V基体扩散引起涂层的退化失效.     

真空热处理对NiCrAlY涂层／钛合金基体体系的影响

采用电弧离子镀(AIP)技术在耐热钛合金(近TC6)基体表面沉积制备NiCrAIY涂层.通过OM、SEM与EDS、XRD分析研究不同真空热处理制度对NiCrAlY涂层/钛合金基体体系的影响.结果表明:经650℃真空热处理后,NiCrAlY涂层中开始有γ'-Ni3Al相析出,750℃时含量增加,870℃时含量明显减少;从650℃开始,NiCrAlY涂层/钛合金基体开始发生界面反应,随着温度的升高,界面分层并加厚同时出现裂纹,在870℃下,NiCrAlY涂层,钛合金基体界面由外至内出现Ni3(Al,Ti)、TiNi和Ti2Ni中间化合物层;在750℃下,主要发生了Ni、Ti元素的扩散,Cr元素在870℃开始发生扩散.当温度升高到950℃时,由于Ni、Ti元素大量互扩散导致宏观疏空带出现,同时在基体和界面反应层交界处出现裂纹,这些都将引起涂层的退化失效.     

合金钢热障涂层等离子喷涂及高温力学特性研究

目的研究等离子喷涂热障涂层微观组织与高温力学性能,为热障涂层在合金钢的应用及其失效机制提供理论支撑。方法采用等离子喷涂技术在30Cr Mn Si A钢基体上制备Ni Co Cr Al Y/YSZ热障涂层,利用扫描电镜显微观察、物相分析、热震试验、拉伸试验等技术方法,考察涂层在高温条件下的失效行为。结果合金钢等离子喷涂热障涂层为典型双层层片状结构,YSZ涂层仅含有稳定四方相。800℃时,涂层试样拉伸试验后的断裂载荷与无涂层试样相比高10%。热障涂层的抗热震性良好,经900℃热震循环试验10次后,涂层完好;经1000℃热震循环6次后,涂层剥落失效,剥落面位于粘结层与基体之间。热震循环过程中,钢基体被氧化甚至腐蚀。涂层试样边缘产生应力集中,随着热震次数的增加,裂纹逐渐扩展,最终导致涂层成块剥落。温度由700℃升至900℃,Ni Co Cr Al Y涂层硬度下降幅度大于YSZ涂层和30Cr Mn Si基体。结论粘结层与钢合金基体的热膨胀不匹配是导致热震试验涂层剥落的主要原因。热障涂层的隔热作用使涂层试样的基体温度较低,导致其断裂载荷与无涂层试样相比较高。     

Al/Cr复合涂层对Ti2AlNb合金抗热腐蚀性能的影响

目的改善Ti2AlNb合金在高温腐蚀盐环境中的耐热腐蚀性能。方法在Ti2AlNb合金表面通过双层辉光等离子渗铬及磁控溅射镀铝技术制备Al/Cr复合涂层,分析涂层热腐蚀前后的微观形貌和物相组成,并探究涂覆Na2SO4盐膜的试样在不同温度下(750、850、950℃)的热腐蚀行为。结果Al/Cr复合涂层组织均匀致密,且与基体结合良好,厚度约73μm,由表及里依次由Al沉积层、Al/Cr合金层、Cr沉积层、Cr扩散层四部分组成。经不同温度Na2SO4盐热腐蚀后,Al/Cr复合涂层腐蚀程度均显著小于合金基体。涂层试样经750~850℃Na2SO4盐热腐蚀后质量变化较小,850℃腐蚀增重仅0.525 mg/cm^2,而经历950℃、40 h熔盐热腐蚀后失重达到73.571 mg/cm^2,且试样截面出现剥离、脱落现象,Al/Cr复合涂层抵抗热腐蚀能力减弱。结论具有涂层保护的试样抗热腐蚀性能明显优于合金基体。Al/Cr复合涂层在750~850℃Na2SO4盐环境中具有良好的热腐蚀抗力,而更高温度段(850~950℃)的热腐蚀抗力下降。Al/Cr复合涂层在Na2SO4盐环境中良好的抗热腐蚀性得益于涂层中Al、Cr元素氧化形成以Al2O3、Cr2O3为主的混合氧化膜,有效阻碍外界氧气及腐蚀性介质侵入基体。     

双丝电弧喷涂Ni-Al复合涂层热处理组织及性能

采用双丝电弧喷涂在6061-T6铝合金基体上制备Ni-5Al（质量分数,%）为底层,Ni-20Al（质量分数,%）为面层的Ni-Al复合涂层。Ni-Al涂层经400-550℃/4-48 h热处理后,采用SEM,XRD,EDS和TEM对涂层的显微结构进行了表征,并分析了不同热处理工艺对Ni-Al涂层显微组织和相结构的影响,讨论了涂层与铝合金基体界面反应机理,以及基体和涂层之间的界面元素扩散行为。结果表明,热处理后的涂层相组成变化较小,涂层/基体界面发生扩散,形成金属间化合物NiAl3。随着热处理温度升高和时间的延长,在NiAl3相和涂层之间形成Ni2Al3相,同时界面扩散区逐渐增厚,该过程由铝原子的扩散所控制。热处理后的TEM分析表明,涂层中存在NiAl3、Ni2Al3及Ni的退火孪晶相。Ni-Al涂层随着热处理温度升高和时间的延长,涂层与基体的结合强度略有升高,同时涂层具有较强的抗氧化性能。     

镍基高温合金Al-Cr涂层的恒温氧化行为

采用电弧离子镀沉积Cr和粉末包埋法渗Al的联合工艺制备了Al-Cr涂层,并利用粉末包埋法制备了渗Al涂层,分析了2种涂层的组织结构和成分,研究了镍基高温合金DSM11基体、渗Al涂层和Al-Cr涂层在1000和1100℃下的恒温氧化行为.结果表明:渗Al涂层和Al-Cr涂层组织致密,与基体结合良好且成分分布均匀.2种涂层都明显分为2个区域:外层和互扩散区.渗Al涂层外层由b-NiAl相和Ni2Al3相组成,Al-Cr涂层外层由b-NiAl相、Ni2Al3相、a-Cr相和AlCr2相组成.AlCr涂层可以显著改善基体合金的抗氧化性能,且明显优于渗Al涂层.Al-Cr涂层优良的抗氧化性能源于在氧化过程中出现了Cr(W)析出带,能够一定程度阻碍涂层中的Al元素向基体扩散,降低了涂层退化速度,而Cr的存在可以促进Al的选择性氧化,提高涂层的自修复能力.     

真空热处理对Ti6A14V基体／NiCrAlY涂层体系组织结构及元素扩散行为的影响

采用电弧离子镀(AIP)技术在Ti6A14V基体表面沉积制备了NiCrAlY涂层。通过金相观察(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)与能谱(EDS)分析、X射线衍射(XRD)分析以及显微硬度测试，研究了真空热处理对NiCrAlY涂层组织性能的影响，讨论了Ti6A14V基体／NiCrAlY涂层界面元素扩散规律。结果表明：700℃真空热处理后，NiCrAlY涂层中开始析出γ-Ni3Al相，这提高了涂层的表面硬度；在700℃温度下，Ti6A14V基体／NiCrAlY涂层界面由外至内出现Ni3(Al，Ti)、TiNi和Ti2Ni中间化合物层，并随着温度提高，界面处中间化合物层增厚；700℃时，主要发生了镍、钛元素的扩散，铬元素在870℃开始发生扩散。当温度提高到950℃后，由于镍元素大量向Ti6A14V基体扩散引起涂层的退化失效。     

TC4钛合金沉积NiCrAlY涂层的氧化行为

采用电弧离子镀（AIP）技术在TC4（Ti-6Al-4V）钛合金基体表面沉积制备NiCrAIY涂层,测定TC4钛合金和NiCrAIY涂层在700-900℃的氧化动力学曲线。通过扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱（EDS）分析与X射线衍射分析（XRD）研究TC4钛合金和NiCrAIY涂层氧化前后物相组成和组织形貌,讨论氧化过程中元素的扩散行为。结果表明：在700-900℃静态空气中氧化100h,NiCrAIY涂层能明显提高TC4钛合金的抗氧化性能,TC4钛合金氧化后形成A12O3层和TiO2层交替出现的氧化膜层;经700和800℃氧化后,NiCrAIY涂层保持其原始的相组成,但在表面形成Al2O3和Cr2O3混合氧化膜;经900℃氧化后,氧化膜由Al2O3和TiO2组成;经700℃氧化时,主要发生Ti和Ni两种元素的扩散;经800和900℃氧化时,由于Ti及Ni元素的剧烈扩散,界面附近出现Kirkendall疏孔带和约100μm的β相稳定区;经900℃氧化时,Ti扩散到涂层表面形成氧化物导致氧化速率提高,Cr元素开始向基体扩散并在近界面处富集。     

镁合金表面冷喷涂铝合金的界面扩散行为

采用冷喷涂技术在镁合金表面制备了快凝Al-12Si-3Fe-3Mn-2Ni合金粉末涂层,观察了涂层与基体合金界面形态,试验研究了热处理温度和保温时间对涂层与基体之间相互扩散的影响.结果表明,采用冷喷涂技术制备的快凝Al-12Si-3Fe-3Mn-2Ni合金粉末涂层,经热处理后涂层更加致密、均匀,涂层中的Al元素和基体中的Mg元素均发生互扩散;基体中的Mg元素向涂层方向的扩散量要大于涂层中的Al元素向基体方向的扩散量;随着温度的提高和时间的延长,基体和涂层之间的Mg,Al元素扩散程度均提高;但是当温度提高到300℃,时间延长到3h后,其扩散层变化微小.涂层和基体合金中的其它元素扩散量较少.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.