热示踪法测量循环流化床中颗粒循环速度

通过颗粒示踪和热示踪两种方法对鼓泡循环流化床中的颗粒循环速度进行了实验研究。实验结果表明：热示踪方法和颗粒示踪方法测量鼓泡循环流化床的移动床中颗粒循环速度在一定范围内是一致的。但热示踪方法还存在一定的局限性，还需要进一步从理论和实验上完善     

有导向管喷动床的流体力学与油菜籽干燥

一、引言喷动床是流体与粗糙颗粒相接触的新技术,它是流态化技术的一个分支。因粗糙颗粒在流态化床中很难获得正常操作,而喷动床之所以适用于处理粗糙固体颗粒,是因喷动床可以描速为一个稀相流化床(沟流区或称喷管区)与同时并存的移动固体床(环带区)的结合。纵然喷动床的操作性能是较流化床为优越,但从已往实验与文献得知,操作稳定性是随着颗粒     

热示踪法测量循环流化床中颗粒循环速

通过颗粒示踪和热示踪两种方法对鼓泡循环流化床中的颗粒循环速度进行了实验研究,实验结果表明：热示踪方法和颗粒示踪方法测量鼓泡循环流化的移动床中颗粒速度在一定范围内是一致的。但热示踪方法还存在一定的局限性,还需要进一步从理论和实验上完善。     

气固并流下行床气体扩散行为的研究

采用氢气稳态示踪方法在内径140mm的气固并流下行循环流化床中对气体扩散行为进行了实验研究.实验结果表明:下行床中气体扩散行为可用二维拟均相模型进行描述,其气体的径向扩散系数与气速、固体循环量及颗粒密度的关系可用下列准数关联式表示Pe_r=4.35×10_(-3)Re~(0.95)ε~(-73.4) 1>ε>0.99而下行床中气体轴向扩散系数要比提升管中小1个数量级以上.     

连续进出料鼓泡流化床颗粒停留时间分布

针对双流化床气化或双床热解气化工艺中鼓泡床反应器的设计,采用脉冲法研究了Geldart B类固体颗粒在连续颗粒进料和出料的矩形流化床内的停留时间分布(RTD),考察了气速、床料高度、粒径、物料流率等操作参数对RTD的影响. 结果表明,物料流率、床料高度、粒径是影响颗粒RTD的主要因素,而气速则是次要因素. 随物料流率和粒径增加,鼓泡床内颗粒流动向平推流靠近;随床料高度增加,物料在床内的混合更加充分,颗粒流动向全混流靠近. 根据实验结果,推荐采用比理想平推流时间低9%~18%计算平均颗粒停留时间.     

气-固循环流化床底部密相区研究进展

循环流态化技术在过程工业中广泛应用。循环流化床底部密相区对整个流化床的流体动力学特性、传热、化学反应及污染物脱除意义重大。本文总结了底部密相区固含率轴向分布和径向分布,概述了底部密相区颗粒速度的径向分布,并详细介绍了底部密相区的流动形态,包括鼓泡流态化、湍动流态化及最新研究结果,同时也描述了循环流化床底部密相区的固体混合及传热。最后,展望了今后的研究方向。     

循环流化床燃烧数学模型及试验研究

利用循环流化床内气－固两相流动基础方面的研究成果, 提出床内气固浓－淡流动模型, 建立适用不同结构参数的循环流化床燃烧模型, 考虑了床内气体、固体颗粒的返混、循环过程以及煤燃烧、污染气体的生成和分解、颗粒磨损等过程． 在循环流化床燃烧试验台上进行实验研究, 模型仿真结果和实验数据吻合良好, 表明气固两相浓－淡流动模型所建立的循环流动床燃烧系统模型可以正确地模拟循环流化床的燃烧过程．     

新型循环流化床反应器研究进展

开发新型循环流化床反应器始终是流态化领域研究的热点。本文首先简介了循环流态化的基本原理以及床层内部流体动力学特性,然后从装置构型、操作工况、流动特性以及应用前景等方面综述了近年来新型循环流化床反应器技术的研究进展,并对其进行了系统分类:高密度循环流化床和循环湍动流化床在实现提升管增浓的基础上,极大地改善了流化床体系中明显的不均匀时空流动结构,但是各有弊端,例如高密度循环流化床(HDCFB)中颗粒沿径向混合有很大的梯度,循环湍动流化床(CTFB)中存在强烈的轴向返混以及颗粒停留时间较长,且两者整体偏低的颗粒浓度进一步限制了其在两段提升管催化裂解多产丙烯(TMP)等生产低碳烯烃工艺的应用;变径提升管反应器、内循环型提升管反应器以及多流型提升管反应器等新型反应器将提升管高效的气力输送特性与密相床内较高的颗粒浓度、高效的热质传递等优点相互耦合,在提升管内既能实现高密度输送又能形成均匀的流动结构,消除反应环境对产品分布的影响。最后指出,新型循环流化床的研究应从改善流动结构、发展优化组合技术以及建立统一流动模型3个方面着手。     

稻壳的流态化燃烧实验

在高为6m,内径为φ0.3 m的冷态流化床装置上,以0～0.6 mm的河砂为床料,进行了高速循环流化床(CFB)和低速鼓泡床流化床(BFB)不同工况的冷态流态化实验研究,当流化风速达到2.8m/s时,流化床就能实现循环;鼓泡流化床压力分布主要集中在底部的密相区,循环流化床压力分布更趋均匀。以稻壳为原料,在相同尺寸的流化床热态装置上进行了流态化燃烧实验,稳定燃烧阶段,循环流化床和鼓泡流化床沿炉膛的温度分布情况较为类似,循环流化床燃烧效率达到93.36%,鼓泡流化床达到93.01%,循环流化床和鼓泡床燃烧排放烟气中烟尘、SO2、NOx的含量都能满足国家排放标准。     

二维三相循环流化床液体停留时间分布的研究

用脉冲示踪法对二维三相循环流化床液体停留时间分布(RTD)进行了测定。在气速2～3m／s,液体循环量0～0．35m^3／h,固体循环量1．5～1．75g／s的范围内测得的液体停留时间分布曲线均有明显的3峰分布。其中前两峰分布是由于提升管中颗粒与液体之间和液体与气体之间共同作用改变了液体轴向速度分散程度的结果。第三个峰的分布是由于液体进入循环仓循环后在出口处检测的RTD曲线,并且提出一维两组分扩散物理叠加模型,模型的预测结果与实验获锝的RTD曲线平均误差小于5％,可较好地描述提升管中液体停留时间分布曲线。     

Axial and lateral dispersion of fine particles in a binary-solid riser

Axial and lateral mixing of fine particles in a binary-solid riser have been investigated using a phosphor tracer method. The measured bimodal residence time distribution (RTD) demonstrated two types of axial dispersions of the fines: the dispersion of discrete particles and that of clusters. A proposed one-dimensional, bimodal dispersion model describes the bimodal RTDs very well. The axial Peclet number of the fines is not sensitive to the fraction of coarse particles, gas velocity and solids circulation rate. Lateral solids dispersion was determined by measuring the solids RTD at different radii using a point source tracer injection. A two-dimensional dispersion model describes the measured RTDs satisfactorily. Lateral solids mixing decreased as coarse particles were added into the riser. Correlations of the axial and lateral Peclet numbers obtained fit the experimental data well.     

Solids mixing in a fluidized bed riser

The solids mixing in a riser with a height of 10 m and 0.186 m inner diameter was investigated by using pneumatic phosphor tracer technique. Considering the shielding effect of the bed material on the light emitted from the phosphor tracer particle, a modified method for the phosphor tracer measurement is proposed. And then the curves of particle residence time distribution were obtained. The experimental results show that the particle diffusion mechanism can be explained by the dispersions of dispersed particles and particle clusters in the axial direction, and as well the core-annulus nonuniform distribution of the solids fraction in the radial direction of the riser. Moreover, based on the experimental results, a two-dimensional dispersion model was established to predict the solids axial and radial diffusion. Furthermore, the effects of superficial gas velocity and solids circulating flux on the axial and radial Peclet number of the particles were discussed; two empirical correlation formulas about the axial and the radial Peclet numbers were given; the calculated values agree well with the experimental results.     

Particle residence time distributions in circulating fluidised beds

This paper gives experimental measurements of the particle residence time distribution (RTD) made in the riser of a square cross section, cold model, circulating fluidised bed, using the fast response particle RTD technique developed by Harris et al. (Chem. Eng. J. 89 (2002a) 127). This technique depends upon all particles having phosphorescent properties. A small proportion of the particles become tracers when activated by a flash of light at the riser entry; the concentration of these phosphorescent particles can subsequently be detected by a photomultiplier. The influence of the solids circulation rate and superficial gas velocity on the RTD were investigated. The results presented are novel because (i) the experiments were performed in a system with closed boundaries and hence give the true residence time distribution in the riser and (ii) the measurement of the tracer concentration is exceedingly fast. The majority of previous studies have measured the RTD in risers with open boundaries, giving an erroneous measure of the RTD.Analysis of the results suggests that using pressure measurements in a riser to infer the solids inventory leads to erroneous estimates of the mean residence time. In particular, the results cast doubt on the assumption that friction and acceleration effects can be neglected when inferring the axial solids concentration profile from riser pressure measurements.An assessment of particle RTD models is also given. A stochastic particle RTD model was coupled to a riser hydrodynamic model incorporating the four main hydrodynamic regions observed in a fast-fluidised bed riser namely (i) the entrance region, (ii) a transition region, (iii) a core-annulus region and (iv) an exit region. This model successfully predicts the experimental residence time distributions.     

流动方向对循环流化床中颗粒混合行为的影响

对循环流化床提升管及下行床两种不同气固流动方式对颗粒混合行为的影响进行了较为深入的对比分析，发现在影响循环流化床颗粒混合的众多因素（如操作条件、床层直径、颗粒性质及床层内构件等）中，气固流动方向是影响颗粒轴向混合的最主要因素．当气固流动为顺重力场时（下行床），颗粒的轴向混合很小，流型接近平推流；当气固流动为逆重力场的提升管时，轴向颗粒混合将成倍增大，颗粒流动远离平推流流动．分析表明，下行床中颗粒混合仅为单一的弥散颗粒扩散，而提升管中则存在着两种颗粒混合机制：弥散颗粒扩散及颗粒团扩散．弥散颗粒的扩散基本以平推流的形式通过循环流化床，提升管中大量的颗粒轴向返混归因于颗粒团的严重返混并由此形成了提升管中颗粒停留时间的双峰分布．     

A comparison of flow development in high density gas‐solids circulating fluidized bed downer and riser reactors

Comparison of flow development in high density downer and riser reactors is experimentally investigated using fluid catalytic cracking particles with very high solids circulation rate up to 700 kg/m²s for the first time. Results show that both axial and radial flow structures are more uniform in downers compared to riser reactors even at very high density conditions, although the solids distribution becomes less uniform in the high density downer. Solids acceleration is much faster in the downer compared to the riser reactor indicating a shorter length of flow development and residence time, which is beneficial to the chemical reactions requiring short contact time and high product selectivity. Slip velocity in risers and downers is also first compared at high density conditions. The slip velocity in the downer is much smaller than in the riser for the same solids holdup indicating less particle aggregation and better gas‐solids contacting in the downer reactors. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1172–1183, 2015     

大型循环流化床流动结构分析

采用双光路光纤密度探头和激光多普勒测速仪测量了内径418mm,高18m的大型循环流化床提升管和下行床中的瞬态颗粒浓度信号和颗粒速度信号.对瞬态颗粒浓度和颗粒速度的概率密度分布分析表明,下行床中存在着和提升管中不同的微观流动结构,在提升管内流动结构存在明显的两相：即颗粒团相和空穴相,两相的固含率分别为接近1-ε_mf和0.01～0.02.而在下行床中,虽然在边壁也存在着颗粒的团聚行为,但不能形成稳定的、固含接近于起始流化状态固含值的颗粒团相.这种流动结构的区别揭示了下行床中气固顺重力场运动和提升管逆重力场运动在流动机制上的差异.     

气固顺逆重力场流态化特征分析

气固并行顺重力场与逆重力场流动形成了迥然不同的流态化机制 :下行床中 ,局部颗粒的聚集会使局部颗粒及气体速度增大 ,而局部气体速度的增大又会破坏颗粒的聚集 ;提升管中因气固逆重力场流动 ,颗粒的聚集会使局部气体及颗粒速度降低 ,而这种降低又会加重颗粒的聚集。与提升管相比 ,下行床具有气固速度和颗粒含率径向分布均匀和气固停留时间短以及返混小等特点 ,其流型更接近平推流     

A Comparison of Solids Fluxes in a Pair of Downer and Riser Reactors

A direct comparison on solids flux was enabled by measurements obtained in a pair of riser and downer circulating fluidized bed reactors, of the same diameter, using suction probes. The operating conditions and the axial position were found to affect the solids flux in each reactor in a different manner. The solids flux in the riser were affected to a large degree by the gas velocity, in contrast with the downer where no visible effect was detected from changes in the gas velocity. The axial position has an effect on the shape of the solids flux profiles in the downer, but only small effects were observed in the riser. On the other hand, increases in overall solids flux leads to the increase of local solids flux in both the downer and the riser.     

A Comparison of Flow Dynamics and Flow Structure in a Riser and a Downer

Flow development and flow dynamics were systematically investigated using local solids concentration measurements in a pair consisting of a downer (0.1 m I.D., 9.3 m high) and a riser of the same diameter (0.1 m I.D., 15.1 m high). Both statistical and chaos analysis were employed. Values for the Kolmogorov entropy (K), correlation dimension (D), and Hurst exponent (H) were estimated from time series of solids concentration measurements. Axial distributions of chaos parameters were more complex in the downer than those in the riser, especially in the entrance section. Flow in the downer was more uniform with a flatter core in all the radial profiles of chaos parameters. The radial profiles of K varied significantly with increasing axial levels due to different clustering behavior in the wall region of the downer. In both the riser and the downer, anti‐persistent flow in the core region and persistent flow behavior near the wall were identified from the profiles of H. Different flow behavior in the region close to the wall in the downer and riser was characterized from the combination of the three chaos parameters. Relationships between chaos parameters and local time‐averaged solids holdup in the core and wall regions of the developed sections in both the downer and riser were also analyzed.     

高密度下行床相结构分析

在自行设计的一套高密度下行循环流化床中（80 mm ID, 高5.6 m）,对下行床内相结构进行了实验研究.实验结果显示：稀密两相时间分率的径向分布中心区域比较均匀,变化范围在10%～20%之间;轴向密相尺寸在十几毫米之间,密相内颗粒平均浓度为床层浓度的1.7倍,稀相颗粒浓度约为平均浓度的40%.在下行床中,稀密两相的转变是一渐变过程,而提升管内两相的转变是突变.通过比较高密度下行床与高密度提升管内密相特性,发现下行床内的密相因停留时间短、尺寸小和密度低而难以观察到.