固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2的动态行为及催化酯化活性

通过分析导出了用于计算脱附动力学参数的理论公式。以吡啶作为分子探针,利用程序升温脱附技术研究固体超强酸的动态行为,并用苯酐与２－乙基己醇酯化反应,考察其活性。实验结果表明,ＳＯ２－４／ＺｒＯ２（３００℃）和ＳＯ２－４／ＺｒＯ２（７５０℃）催化剂表面有一类酸位,ＳＯ２－４／ＺｒＯ２（５７５℃）有二类酸位。求出脱附活化能和指前因子。采用ＳＯ２－４／ＺｒＯ２作为酯化催化剂对酯化活性进行探讨,考察了焙烧温度对催化剂酸强度及活性的影响。     

硫酸和磷酸对磷块岩反浮选分选指标的影响

以王集磷矿选矿厂正—反浮选工业试验数据为依据,建立了反浮选各单元选别作业的数学模型．模型分析表明,Ｈ２ＳＯ４和Ｈ３ＰＯ４的用量对粗选、扫选（Ⅰ）作业的分选指标的影响存在交互效应,扫选（Ⅱ）作业的分选指标与Ｈ３ＰＯ４用量成线性关系．粗选作业适宜的药剂用量Ｈ２ＳＯ４为１．７０～１．７１ｋｇ／ｔ,Ｈ３ＰＯ４为３．５６～３．６８ｋｇ／ｔ;扫选（Ⅰ）作业适宜的药剂用量Ｈ２ＳＯ４为０．３１～０．７３ｋｇ／ｔ,Ｈ３ＰＯ４为０．３０～０．４３ｋｇ／ｔ;扫选（Ⅱ）作业中Ｈ３ＰＯ４的用量应控制在１．４０ｋｇ／ｔ左右．     

30℃时K_2SO_4和（NH_4）_2SO_4在CH_3OH－H_2O溶液中的共饱和度研究

本研究测定了３０℃时Ｋ２ＳＯ４－（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４－ＣＨ３ＯＨ－Ｈ２Ｏ四元体系的共饱和度，分析了ＣＨ３ＯＨ含量对Ｋ２ＳＯ４及（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４共饱和度的影响，得出了以ＣＨ３ＯＨ为盐析剂，从Ｋ２ＳＯ４和（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４的水溶液中晶析Ｋ２ＳＯ４的规律，为Ｋ２ＳＯ４和（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４的分离提供理论依据。     

碳毡电极及膨化石墨电极上氧的催化还原研究

用不同的氧化剂对碳毡进行处理,发现经ＫＭｏＯ４处理的碳毡电极对氧还原的催化活性最好,并用电化学方法得到了碳毡的真实面积为其表观面积的２６６倍。用混合液相法成功地合成了ＳｂＣｌ５－石墨层间化合物,发现ＳｂＣｌ５－石墨层间化合物可以膨化,且膨化倍数明显地高于Ｈ２ＳＯ４－石墨层间化合物,膨化石墨对氧化还原催化作用和石墨是一致的。     

ZrO_2／SO_4~(2－)固体超强酸催化剂研究（Ⅱ）——表面化学和酸中心形成过程

用ＸＲＤ、ＬＲＳ研究了ＺｒＯ２／ＳＯ２－４和ＺｒＯ２晶相。用Ｎ２吸附法、化学分析法和滴定法测定了ＺｒＯ２／ＳＯ２－４的比表面、Ｓ含量和酸强度，ＸＰＳ测定ＺｒＯ２／ＳＯ２－４的能量。实验结果表明，ＳＯ２－４的存在延迟了ＺｒＯ２的晶变，提高了晶变温度，在ＺｒＯ２／ＳＯ２－４体系中不存在水和游离Ｈ２ＳＯ４，体系酸强度最高时ＺｒＯ２主要呈四方晶系。     

固体超强酸SO^2—4／ZrO2的动态行为及催化酯化活性

通过分析导出用于计算脱附动力学参数的理论公式,以吡啶为作分子探针,利用程序升温脱附技术研究固体超强酸的动态行为,并用苯酐与２－乙基己醇酯化反应,考察其活性,实验结果表明,ＳＯ＾２－４／ＺｒＯ２（３００℃）和ＳＯ＾２－４／ＺｒＯ２（７５０℃）催化剂表面有一类酸位,ＳＯ＾２－４／ＺｒＯ２（５７５℃）有二类酸位,求出脱附活化能和指前因子,采用ＳＯ＾２－４／ＺｒＯ２作为酯化催化剂对酯化活性进行探讨,考察了     

电解液组成对PbO2／PbSO4电极电化学行为的影响

用循环伏安法研究了电解液组成对ＰｂＯ２／ＰｂＳＯ４电极电化学行为的影响，并用实际电池加以对照．在电解液中加入Ｎａ２ＳＯ４、ＣｄＳＯ４、ＣｏＳＯ４和ＬＤ均可提高其放电容量，ＣｏＳＯ４可显著延长电池使用寿命．     

H_2O_2-N_2OH-Sn(Ⅱ)/Sn( Ⅳ)体系电化学振荡行为

选择Ｈ２Ｏ２浓度为０．３８～１． １８ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,考察各种因素对Ｐｔ电极上Ｈ２Ｏ２。在控电流条件下电势振荡行为的影响,在此基础上,构造了一个新的电化学振荡器即 Ｈ２Ｏ２－ ＮａＯＨ－ Ｓｎ（Ⅱ）／Ｓｎ（Ⅳ）电化学振荡体系,进一步得到该电化学振荡体系的一些规律。     

H2O2—NaOH—Sn（Ⅱ）／Sn（Ⅳ）体系电化学振荡行为

选择Ｈ２Ｏ２浓度为０．３８～１．１８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,考察各种因素对Ｐｔ电极上Ｈ２Ｏ２在控电流条件下电势振荡行为的影响,在此基础上,构造了一个新的电化学振荡器即Ｈ２Ｏ３－ＮａＯＨ－Ｓｎ（Ⅱ）／Ｓｎ（Ⅳ）电化学振荡体系,进一步得到该电化学振荡体系的一些规律。     

聚硅硫酸铁混凝性能的试验研究

采用复合共聚生产工艺,以Ｆｅ２（ＳＯ４）３、Ｈ２ＳＯ４和Ｎａ２ＳｉＯ３为原料,制备聚合硅酸硫酸铁（ＰＦＳＳ）混凝剂。采用正交试验方法,研究了Ｆｅ＾３＋／ＳｉＯ２摩尔比、ｐＨ、加药量对混凝效果的影响,与聚合氯化铝（ＰＡＣ）对比试验结果表明：ＰＦＳＳ和ＰＡＣ具有更好的去浊的效果。     

Preparation and electrochemical properties of Co3O4/graphite composites as anodes of lithium ion batteries

Co3O4/graphite composites were synthesized by precipitation of cobalt oxalate on the surface of graphite and pyrolysis of the precipitate, and the effects of graphite content and calcination temperature on the electrochemical properties of the composites were investigated. The samples were characterized by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and charge/discharge measurements. With increasing the graphite content, the reversible capacity of the Co3O4/graphite composites decreases, while cycling stability improves dramatically, and the addition of graphite obviously decreases the average potential of lithium intercalation/deintercalation. The reversible capacity of the composites with 50% graphite rises from 583 to 725 mAh/g as the calcination temperature increases from 300 to 500 ℃, and the Co3O4/graphite composites synthesized at 400 ℃ show the best cycling stability without capacity loss in the initial 20 cycles. The CV profile of the composite presents two couples of redox peaks, corresponding to the lithium intercalaction/deintercalation for graphite and Co3O4, respectively. EIS studies indicate that the electrochemical impedance decreases with increasing the graphite content.     

Preparation and electrochemical properties of Co3O4/graphite composites as anodes of lithium ion batteries

Co₃O₄/graphite composites were synthesized by precipitation of cobalt oxalate on the surface of graphite and pyrolysis of the precipitate, and the effects of graphite content and calcination temperature on the electrochemical properties of the composites were investigated. The samples were characterized by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and charge/discharge measurements. With increasing the graphite content, the reversible capacity of the Co₃O₄/graphite composites decreases, while cycling stability improves dramatically, and the addition of graphite obviously decreases the average potential of lithium intercalation/deintercalation. The reversible capacity of the composites with 50% graphite rises from 583 to 725 mA·h/g as the calcination temperature increases from 300 to 500 °C, and the Co₃O₄/graphite composites synthesized at 400 °C show the best cycling stability without capacity loss in the initial 20 cycles. The CV profile of the composite presents two couples of redox peaks, corresponding to the lithium intercalaction/deintercalation for graphite and Co₃O₄, respectively. EIS studies indicate that the electrochemical impedance decreases with increasing the graphite content.     

Pt-TiO_2-La_2O_3/石墨电极对CO氧化的电催化作用

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Pt-La2O3-TiO2/石墨电极.通过循环伏安法、XRD衍射和扫描电镜等现代方法测试了Pt-La2O3-TiO2/石墨电极对吸附在电极表面上和溶解在0.2 mol/L Na2SO4溶液中CO的氧化的电催化活性.实验结果表明,氧化镧掺入Pt-TiO2/石墨电极中可以将吸附在电极上的CO和溶液中溶解的CO的氧化电位由0.47 V降低到0.40 V(vs.SCE),改善了对CO氧化的电催化活性.     

H2SO4溶液中表面改性铝电极的电化学性能研究

在弱极化区测量了H2SO4溶液中表面改性铝电极的阳极极化曲线。研究了表面覆盖层对极板在H2SO4介质中电化学腐蚀性能的影响。由弱极化区数据,利用Vicor程序分别计算了三个铝电极的腐蚀电流密度、阴、阳极Tafel参数。同时研究了H2SO4溶液中氢在铝电极上的过电势。结果表明,在H2SO4溶液中,离子注入铅的铝电极的耐蚀性最佳,且具有较高的析氢过电势。     

石墨烯化石墨/聚苯胺电极的制备及电容特性

通过电解剥落得到的表面石墨烯化的石墨电极(graphene layers/graphite plate, GL/GP)为基底,在硫酸介质中以苯胺为单体,采用循环伏安法(cyclic voltammetry, CV)制备了表面石墨烯化的石墨/聚苯胺(graphene layers/graphite plate/polyaniline, GL/GP/PANI)电极,并探究聚合圈数对GL/GP/PANI电极比电容的影响。利用场发射扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)对电极材料的形貌进行表征。在0.5 M H₂SO₄电解液中,对合成的电极材料进行循环伏安、恒电流充放电(chronopotentiometry, CP)和电化学稳定性测试。结果表明,在表面石墨烯化的石墨电极上合成的PANI具有棒状结构,电流密度为0.085 mA/cm²时, GL/GP/PANI电容器的比电容可达1 042.8 F/g。提供了一种新的超级电容材料基底电极的构建方式。     

石墨三维电化学反应器工作性能分析

采用自制石墨三维电化学反应器,考察了在粒子大小、主极板电压及粒子数量变化的情况下其粒子电流以及主极板电流,对石墨三维电化学反应器的工作效率进行了分析,在此基础上,利用二维反应器和石墨三维电化学反应器处理甲硝唑废水和亚甲基蓝废水,考察废水中总有机碳降解率及脱色效果.结果表明：粒子电流与主极板电压、粒子大小成正相关,石墨粒子和钛粒子两者电化学行为相同,但石墨粒子的粒子电流更大,说明在三维电极反应体系中,用石墨做粒子电极是可行的,可通过调整充填粒子大小和粒子数量改变粒子电流,从而提高三维电极反应器降解速率;当石墨三维反应器主极板外电压为t2V、电解质浓度为0.1 mol/L、石墨粒子数量为8时,反应前15 min比二维反应器反应速度快,对甲硝唑有机废水总有机碳去除率比二维电极反应器高14％,对亚甲基蓝废水脱色率比二维反应器高10％,说明设计的石墨三维电化学反应器对甲硝唑和亚甲基蓝废水中总有机碳和色度有很好的降解效果,且优于二维反应器.     

Electro-oxidation treatment of Sn/PANI electrode and electrocatalytic activity of Pt/Sn hydroxide/PANI composite electrodes

After being electro-oxidized by cyclic voltammetry（CV） method in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution or in 0.2 mol/L H2O2＋0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution, the Sn/polyaniline （PANI） electrodes were modified with Pt microparticles by pulse galvanostatic method, thus Pt/Sn hydroxide/PANI electrodes were prepared. The electrocatalytic activities of the Pt/Sn/PANI electrode and Pt/Sn hydroxide/PANI electrode for formaldehyde electro-oxidation were investigated by CV method. The effects of deposition charges （Qdep） of PANI, Sn and Pt, scan rate and formaldehyde concentration on the electrocatalytic activity of Pt/Sn hydroxide/PANI electrode were also studied. The results show that the electrocatalytic activities of the Pt/Sn hydroxide/PANI electrodes are much higher than those of the Pt/Sn/PANI electrode.     

泡沫碳@SnO2复合材料的制备及电化学性能

为了提高氧化锡（SnO₂）电极的电化学性能,采用牺牲模板法和水热法相结合,制备了C@SnO₂复合电极材料。结果表明水热反应过程中生成的SnO₂纳米颗粒负载在泡沫碳的骨架上,或存在于泡囊中。C@SnO₂电极在0.1 A/g的电流密度下循环100圈后比容量超过660 mAh/g。在1.6 A/g的大电流密度下充放电时,电池的比容量达到较高水平（≥310 mAh/g）。这种优异的电化学性能归因于SnO₂纳米颗粒的纳米特性和泡沫碳的特殊结构,可以改善电子传导性,并适应脱嵌锂过程中SnO₂的体积变化。与纯SnO₂电极相比,C@SnO₂复合电极的比容量显著提升,稳定性也得到了增强。     

间硝基苯磺酸钠在铜电极上的电还原特性

采用循环伏安法、恒电位电解等方法研究了温度、酸度、扫描速度等因素对间硝基苯磺酸钠电化学行为的影响.在实验中发现,间硝基苯磺酸钠具有比硝基苯更好的电化学还原活性,间硝基苯磺酸钠的电还原过程受液相扩散控制.当硫酸浓度大于1 mol/L时,间硝基苯磺酸钠在铜电极上还原反应速度并不受H 参与步骤控制,即间硝基苯磺酸钠电还原过程中的质子化反应属快步骤.初步的电解实验表明,在一定的酸度及温度的范围内电解还原间硝基苯磺酸钠,可制得较高产率的间氨基苯磺酸.     

Effect of acid oxidization of carbon nanotube electrode on the capacitances of double layer capacitors

~~Effect of acid oxidization of carbon nanotube electrode on the capacitances of double layer capacitors~~