An adaptive in-network aggregation operator for query processing in wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is composed of tens or hundreds of spatially distributed autonomous nodes, called sensors. Sensors are devices used to collect data from the environment related to the detection or measurement of physical phenomena. In fact, a WSN consists of groups of sensors where each group is responsible for providing information about one or more physical phenomena (e.g., group for collecting temperature data). Sensors are limited in power, computational capacity, and memory. Therefore, a query engine and query operators for processing queries in WSNs should be able to handle resource limitations such as memory and battery life. Adaptability has been explored as an alternative approach when dealing with these conditions. Adaptive query operators (algorithms) can adjust their behavior in response to specific events that take place during data processing. In this paper, we propose an adaptive in-network aggregation operator for query processing in sensor nodes of a WSN, called ADAGA (ADaptive AGgregation Algorithm for sensor networks). The ADAGA adapts its behavior according to memory and energy usage by dynamically adjusting data-collection and data-sending time intervals. ADAGA can correctly aggregate data in WSNs with packet replication. Moreover, ADAGA is able to predict non-performed detection values by analyzing collected values. Thus, ADAGA is able to produce results as close as possible to real results (obtained when no resource constraint is faced). The results obtained through experiments prove the efficiency of ADAGA.     

In-network wireless sensor network query processors: State of the art,challenges and future directions

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), energy is valuable because it is scarce. This causes their life time to be determined by their ability to use the available energy in an effective and frugal manner. In most of the earlier sensor network applications, the main requirement consisted mainly of data collection but transmitting all of the raw data out of the network may be prohibitively expensive (in terms of communication) or impossible at given data collection rates.In the last decade, the use of the database paradigm has emerged as a feasible solution to manage data in a WSN context. There are various sensor network query processors (SNQPs) (implementing in-network declarative query processing) that provide data reduction, aggregation, logging, and auditing facilities. These SNQPs view the wireless sensor network as a distributed database over which declarative query processor can be used to program a WSN application with much less effort. They allow users to pose declarative queries that provide an effective and efficient means to obtain data about the physical environment, as users would not need to be concerned with how sensors are to acquire the data, or how nodes transform and/or transmit the data.This paper surveys novel approaches of handling query processing by the current SNQP literature, the expressiveness of their query language, the support provided by their compiler/optimizer to generate efficient query plans and the kind of queries supported. We introduce the challenges and opportunities of research in the field of in-network sensor network query processing as well as illustrate the current status of research and future research scopes in this field.     

传感器网络中一种支持多分辨率区域查询的数据存储方法

在传感器网络中,考虑到节点的通信开销在节点总能量开销中的比重大,以及用户由粗到细分辨率的不同查询需求,有必要在传感器网络中建立支持多分辨率的数据存储机制.首先提出了一种支持多分辨率的数据压缩存储策略MDCS,节点基于MDCS在网内产生多分辨率的近似结果;其次,给出了一种基于MDCS的区域查询处理方法,根据用户给定的分辨率阈值去网内作区域查询处理,并将结果返回给用户.模拟实验表明,基于MDCS的区域查询处理方法能够高效、低能耗地支持多分辨率的区域查询操作.     

传感器网络中基于域的聚集算法

聚集运算是传感器网络查询处理中最重要的一个运算。提出了一种基于域聚簇的网内聚集算法PIA。在PIA中,首先结合传感器网络的节点特性和位置信息,提出了一种基于域的分布式数据汇聚模型,把传感器网络按域划分来构建连通核,查询只需在连通核中寻径,因而能明显降低寻径时间复杂度并且具有更好的分布性。在PIA中,核心节点把当前路径中的Max和Min值传送到节点上,如果节点的值不符合要求就放弃本次传送,因而能够明显减少数据的传送次数,从而达到节省能量的目的。理论分析和实验表明该算法较传统算法在节省能量上有较好的表现。     

链路感知的传感器网络空间范围查询处理算法

在无线传感器网络环境中,用户经常提交空间范围查询以获取网络某局部区域的统计信息,如最大温度、平均湿度等。现有的基于路线的空间范围查询处理算法假设节点通信模型为理想的圆盘模型,而实际的网络并不满足该假设,导致其能量消耗大且查询结果质量差。提出了一种链路感知的空间范围查询处理算法LSA,它根据网络拓扑和链路质量动态地将查询区域划分为若干个网格,依次收集各网格中节点的感知数据,以生成最终的查询结果。LSA算法通过遍历查询区域内的所有网格,保证了算法查询结果的质量。提出了启发式的网格划分方法以降低节点间数据通信的丢包率,给出链路感知的数据收集算法,以减少算法的能量消耗,提高查询结果的质量。通过仿真实验系统地分析和比较了LSA算法和现有的IWQE算法的能量消耗及查询结果质量,结果表明,在绝大多数情况下,LSA算法优于IWQE算法。     

Spatial query processing in wireless sensor networks – A survey

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are particularly useful for obtaining data concerning events limited to a well-defined geographic region, such as a disaster site or a malfunctioning subsection of a factory plant. Such applications typically use spatial queries, which are SQL-like queries where location constraints are imposed on the collected data. Further, spatial queries allow changing the set of nodes (the region of interest) at runtime. This work surveys spatial queries in WSN. Due to the particular energy and resource constraints of WSN, spatial queries are performed by mechanisms having several stages, each of them implemented using localized distributed algorithms. This article categorizes the existing strategies for each stage, in order to ease the understanding of the state of the art. Finally, we analyze the most recent works on spatial query processing, identifying which classes of algorithms are used on each stage.     

Optimizing in-network aggregate queries in wireless sensor networks for energy saving

This study proposes a method of in-network aggregate query processing to reduce the number of messages incurred in a wireless sensor network. When aggregate queries are issued to the resource-constrained wireless sensor network, it is important to efficiently perform these queries. Given a set of multiple aggregate queries, the proposed approach shares intermediate results among queries to reduce the number of messages. When the sink receives multiple queries, it should be propagated these queries to a wireless sensor network via existing routing protocols. The sink could obtain the corresponding topology of queries and views each query as a query tree. With a set of query trees collected at the sink, it is necessary to determine a set of backbones that share intermediate results with other query trees (called non-backbones). First, it is necessary to formulate the objective cost function for backbones and non-backbones. Using this objective cost function, it is possible to derive a reduction graph that reveals possible cases of sharing intermediate results among query trees. Using the reduction graph, this study first proposes a heuristic algorithm BM (standing for Backbone Mapping). This study also develops algorithm OOB (standing for Obtaining Optimal Backbones) that exploits a branch-and-bound strategy to obtain the optimal solution efficiently. This study tests the performance of these algorithms on both synthesis and real datasets. Experimental results show that by sharing the intermediate results, the BM and OOB algorithms significantly reduce the total number of messages incurred by multiple aggregate queries, thereby extending the lifetime of sensor networks.     

Stream engines meet wireless sensor networks: cost-based planning and processing of complex queries in AnduIN

Wireless sensor networks are powerful, distributed, self-organizing systems used for event and environmental monitoring. In-network query processors like TinyDB offer a user friendly SQL-like application development. Due to the sensor nodes?? resource limitations, monolithic approaches often support only a restricted number of operators. For this reason, complex processing is typically outsourced to the base station. Nevertheless, previous work has shown that complete or partial in-network processing can be more efficient than the base station approach. In this paper, we introduce AnduIN, a system for developing, deploying, and running complex in-network processing tasks. In particular, we present the query planning and execution strategies used in AnduIN, a system combining sensor-local in-network processing and a data stream engine. Query planning employs a multi-dimensional cost model taking energy consumption into account and decides autonomously which query parts will be processed within the sensor network and which parts will be processed at the central instance.     

Adaptive processing of historical spatial range queries in peer-to-peer sensor networks

We investigate the problem of processing historical queries on a sensor network. Since data is considered to have been already collected at the sensor nodes, the main issue is exploring the spatial component of the query in order to minimize its cost represented by the energy consumption. We assume queries can be issued at any network node, i.e., there is no central base station and all nodes have only local knowledge of the network. On the one hand, a globally optimum query processing plan is desirable but its construction is not possible due to the lack of global knowledge of the network. On the other hand, while a simple network flooding is feasible, it is not a practical choice from a cost perspective. To address this problem we propose a two-phase query processing strategy, where in the first phase a path from the query originator to the query region is found and in the second phase the query is processed within the query region itself. This strategy is supported by analytical models that are used to dynamically select the best processing strategy depending on the query specifics. Our extensive analytical and experimental results show that our analytical models are accurate and that the two-phase strategy is better suited for small to medium sized queries, being up to 10 times more cost effective than a typical network flooding. In addition, the dynamic selection of a query processing technique proved itself capable of always delivering at least as good performance as the most energy efficient strategy for all query sizes. Research supported in part by NSERC Canada.     

无线传感器网络Top-k多查询算法

针对无线传感器网络中多个Top-k查询问题,提出了一种Top-k多查询处理的算法,对接收到的多个Top-k查询请求进行预处理,预处理依据是约束条件,得出两类不同的查询集合:单约束条件的多查询和多约束条件的多查询。针对单约束条件的多查询提出了ETOP算法,该算法首先对排在时间序列最前面的Top-k查询请求进行基于网内处理,然后把查询结果存入基站缓存,并把结果的最小值设定为阈值传输到各个节点,再根据后续查询请求的查询范围进行相应的查询,从而快速地获得Top-k查询结果。实验表明:Top-k多查询方法在能够很好地实现查询的同时,减少了无线传感器网络中的传输消耗和能量消耗。     

Pattern-based event detection in sensor networks

Many applications of wireless sensor networks monitor the physical world and report events of interest. To facilitate event detection in these applications, in this paper we propose a pattern-based event detection approach and integrate the approach into an in-network sensor query processing framework. Different from existing threshold-based event detection, we abstract events into patterns in sensory data and convert the problem of event detection into a pattern matching problem. We focus on applying single-node temporal patterns, and define the general patterns as well as five types of basic patterns for event specification. Considering the limited storage on sensor nodes, we design an on-node cache manager to maintain the historical data required for pattern matching and develop event-driven processing techniques for queries in our framework. We have conducted experiments using patterns for events that are extracted from real-world datasets. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach.     

Improving the QoS for information discovery in autonomic wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are attractive for information gathering in large-scale data rich environments. In order to fully exploit the data gathering and dissemination capabilities of these networks, energy-efficient and scalable solutions for data storage and information discovery are essential. Traditionally, the communication pattern in WSNs has been assumed to be many-to-one; i.e., numerous sensors gather information which is routed to a central point commonly referred to as the sink. However, many emerging applications for WSNs require dissemination of information to interested clients within the network requiring support for differing traffic patterns. Further, in-network query processing capabilities are required for autonomic information discovery.In this paper, we formulate the information discovery problem as a load-balancing problem, with the combined aim being to maximize network lifetime and minimize query processing delay resulting in quality of service (QoS) improvements. We propose novel methods for data dissemination, information discovery and data aggregation that are designed to provide significant QoS benefits. We make use of affinity propagation to group “similar” sensors and have developed efficient mechanisms that can resolve both ALL-type and ANY-type queries in-network with improved energy-efficiency and query resolution time.Simulation and Analytical results prove the proposed method(s) of information discovery offer significant QoS benefits for ALL-type and ANY-type queries in comparison to previous approaches.     

Reliable spatial window aggregation query processing algorithm in wireless sensor networks

After wireless sensor network is deployed, users often submit spatial window aggregation queries to obtain statistical information of the regions of interest, such as maximum temperature, average humidity etc. Existing spatial window aggregation query processing algorithms are based on the assumption that the communication links are ideal which means there are perfect communication links within a given communication range, and none beyond. However, it is not valid in realistic sensor networks, which leads to high retransmissions of data frames. In order to address this problem, a reliable spatial window aggregation query processing algorithm called RESA is proposed in this paper. RESA only requires each node to maintain locations and residual energy of its neighbors and link qualities between them. According to the information, it divides the query area into several sub-regions, followed by collection of sensor readings in each sub-region. RESA traverses all the sub-regions within the query area to ensure the correctness of query result. Based on RESA's energy consumption formula derived, two highly efficient methods for sub-regional division are proposed to reduce packet loss rate during data communication and balance the load of nodes, hence saving energy consumption and extending lifetime. Experimental results show that in most cases RESA outperforms the existing algorithms in terms of energy consumption, quality of query results and lifetime.     

Energy and quality aware query processing in wireless sensor database systems

Query processing has been studied extensively in traditional database systems. However, few existing methods can be directly applied to wireless sensor database systems (WSDSs) due to their characteristics, such as decentralized nature, limited computational power, imperfect information recorded, and energy scarcity in individual sensor nodes. This paper proposes a quality-guaranteed and energy-efficient (QGEE) algorithm. QGEE utilizes in-network query processing method to task WSDSs through declarative queries, and confidence interval strategy to determine the accuracy of query answers. In QGEE, the correlation between a query and a node is calculated by vector space model (VSM), and a query correlation indicator (QCI) is designed to quantify the priority of becoming active for individual nodes. Given a query, the QGEE algorithm will adaptively form an optimal query plan in terms of energy efficiency and quality awareness. This approach can reduce disturbance from measurements with extreme error and minimize energy consumption, while providing satisfying service for various applications. Simulation results demonstrate that QGEE can reduce resource usage by about 50% and frame loss rate by about 20%. Moreover, the confidence of query answers is always higher than, or equal to, the users’ pre-specified precision.     

Node and edge selectivity estimation for range queries in spatial networks

Modern applications requiring spatial network processing pose several interesting query optimization challenges. Spatial networks are usually represented as graphs, and therefore, queries involving a spatial network can be executed by using the corresponding graph representation. This means that the cost for executing a query is determined by graph properties such as the graph order and size (i.e., number of nodes and edges) and other graph parameters. In this paper, we present novel methods to estimate the number of nodes and edges in regions of interest in spatial networks, towards predicting the space and time requirements for range queries. The methods are evaluated by using real-life and synthetic data sets. Experimental results show that the number of nodes and edges can be estimated efficiently and accurately, with relatively small space requirements, thus providing useful information to the query optimizer.     

Utilizing Voronoi Cells of Location Data Streams for Accurate Computation of Aggregate Functions in Sensor Networks

Sensor networks are unattended deeply distributed systems whose database schema can be conceptualized using the relational model. Aggregation queries on the data sampled at each sensor node are the main means to extract the abstract characteristics of the surrounding environment. However, the non-uniform distribution of the sensor nodes in the environment leads to inaccurate results generated by the aggregation queries. In this paper, we introduce “spatial aggregations” that take into consideration the spatial location of each measurement generated by the sensor nodes. We propose the use of spatial interpolation methods derived from the fields of spatial statistics and computational geometry to answer spatial aggregations. In particular, we study Spatial Moving Average (SMA), Voronoi Diagram and Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN). Investigating these methods for answering spatial average queries, we show that the average value on the data samples weighted by the area of the Voronoi cell of the corresponding sensor node, provides the best precision. Consequently, we introduce an algorithms to compute and maintain the accurate Voronoi cell at each sensor node while the location of the others arrive on data stream. We also propose AVC-SW, a novel algorithm to approximate this Voronoi cell over a sliding window that supports dynamism in the sensor network. To demonstrate the performance of in-network implementation of our aggregation operators, we have developed prototypes of two different approaches to distributed spatial aggregate processing. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. GIS'04, November 12–13, 2004, Washington DC, USA. Copyright 2004 ACM 1-58113-979-9/04/0011...$5.00.     

Towards Spatial Window Queries Over Continuous Phenomena in Sensor Networks

Recent research on sensor networks has focused on the efficient processing of declarative SQL queries over sensor nodes. Users are often interested in querying an underlying continuous phenomenon such as a toxic plume, whereas only discrete readings of sensor nodes are available. Therefore, additional information estimation methods are necessary to process the sensor readings to generate the required query results. Most estimation methods are computationally intensive, even when computed in a traditional centralized setting. Furthermore, energy and communication constraints of sensor networks challenge the efficient application of established estimation methods in sensor networks. In this paper, we present an approach using Gaussian kernel estimation to process spatial window queries over continuous phenomena in sensor networks. The key contribution of our approach is the use of a small number of Hermite coefficients to approximate the Gaussian kernel function for subclustered sensor nodes. As a result, our algorithm reduces the size of messages transmitted in the network by logarithmic order, thus saving resources while still providing high-quality query results.     

Effective query aggregation for data services in sensor networks

Providing efficient data services has been required by many sensor network applications. While most existing work in this area focuses on data aggregation, not much attention has been paid to query aggregation. For many applications, especially ones with high query rates, query aggregation is very important. In this paper, we study a query aggregation-based approach to provide efficient data services. In particular: (1) we propose a multi-layer overlay-based framework consisting of a query manager and access points (nodes), where the former provides the query aggregation plan and the latter executes the plan; (2) we design an effective query aggregation algorithm to reduce the number of duplicate/overlapping queries and save overall energy consumption in the sensor network. We also design protocols to effectively deliver aggregated queries and query results in the sensor network. Our performance evaluations show that by applying our query aggregation algorithm, the overall energy consumption can be significantly reduced and the sensor network lifetime can be prolonged correspondingly.     

基于预取机制的传感器网络移动查询技术

无线传感器网络技术所面临的关键问题之一是解决向终端用户提供传送信息的数据服务问题。提出了一种移动环境下满足时间空间约束的数据查询处理技术,结构上由代理体和网络节点两层组成,其中网络节点执行消息预取、查询扩散和数据收集处理功能,通过对用户的运动路线进行预测并向传感节点发出预取消息,由节点自主构建网络查询树,再由数据集中组件完成数据的收集和融合,用户在到达传感区域后能在查询周期结束前获取查询数据。仿真表明该技术能以较低的能量消耗提供高的数据服务质量。     

基于预取机制的传感器网络移动查询技术

无线传感器网络技术所面临的关键问题之一是解决向终端用户提供传送信息的数据服务问题.提出了一种移动环境下满足时间空间约束的数据查询处理技术,结构上由代理体和网络节点两层组成,其中网络节点执行消息预取、查询扩散和数据收集处理功能,通过对用户的运动路线进行预测并向传感节点发出预取消息,由节点自主构建网络查询树,再由数据集中组件完成数据的收集和融合,用户在到达传感区域后能在查询周期结束前获取查询数据.仿真表明该技术能以较低的能量消耗提供高的数据服务质量.