Introducing an integrated SOFC,linear Fresnel solar field,Stirling engine and steam turbine combined cooling,heating and power process

A new integrated combined cooling, heating and power system which includes a solid oxide fuel cell, Stirling engine, steam turbine, linear Fresnel solar field and double effect absorption chiller is introduced and investigated from energy, exergy and thermodynamic viewpoints. In this process, produced electrical power by the fuel cell and steam turbines is 6971.8 kW. Stirling engine uses fuel cell waste heat and produces 656 kW power. In addition, absorption chiller is driven by waste heat of the Stirling engine and generates 2118.8 kW of cooling load. Linear Fresnel solar field produces 961.7 kW of thermal power as a heat exchanger. The results indicate that, electrical, energy and exergy efficiencies and total exergy destruction of the proposed system are 49.7%, 67.5%, 55.6% and 12560 kW, respectively. Finally, sensitivity analysis to investigate effect of the different parameters such as flow rate of inputs, outlet pressure of the components and temperature changes of the solar system on the hybrid system performance is also done.     

中低温废热与甲醇重整结合的氢电联产系统

提出了烧结机烟气中低温废热与甲醇蒸汽重整制氢整合的新方法,模拟建立了中低温废热结合甲醇重整制氢的系统.基于能的品位概念,采用EUD图像火用分析方法,揭示低品位的中低温废热转化为高品位化学能的能量转换特性;研究了中低温废热品位的提升随甲醇重整反应温度的变化规律.研究结果表明:新型制氢系统的火用效率有望达到82 8%,比传统甲醇制氢系统约高12个百分点,甲醇燃料节能率23.7%.另外,初步静态经济性分析表明:新系统可使氢气生产成本约为1.5元/m3,远低于电解水制氢成本(5.5元/m3).当甲醇原料成本价格保持在一定的价格范围内,其制氢成本可以与传统天然气制氢成本1.2元/m3相竞争.本研究为冶金工业同时解决中低温废热利用和制氢能耗高的难题提供了一个新途径.     

纯低温余热发电系统的热力学分析

介绍了能量平衡分析法和(火用)分析法,并将余热发电系统分为AQC锅炉、SP锅炉和汽轮机发电系统3个单元,分别建立了热平衡分析和(火用)平衡分析模型,推导了一套余热发电系统热力学分析的计算方法.根据某水泥厂2 500 t/d的新型干法水泥生产线配套建设的5MW纯低温单压余热发电系统的现场运数据,计算了余热回收热效率和(火...     

Performance evaluation of a novel CCHP system integrated with MCFC,ISCC and LiBr refrigeration system

This paper proposes a novel combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system integrated with molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), integrated solar gas-steam combined cycle (ISCC), and double-effect absorption lithium bromide refrigeration (DEALBR) system. According to the principle of energy cascade utilization, part of the high-temperature waste gas discharged by MCFC is led to the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) for further waste heat utilization, and the other part of the high-temperature waste gas is led to the MCFC cathode to produce CO₃^2?, and solar energy is used to replace part of the heating load of a high-pressure economizer in HRSG. Aspen Plus software is used for modeling, and the effects of key factors on the system performances are analyzed and evaluated by using the exergy analysis method. The results show that the new CCHP system can produce 494.1 MW of electric power, 7557.09 kW of cooling load and 57,956.25 kW of heating load. Both the exergy efficiency and the energy efficiency of the new system are 61.69% and 61.64%, respectively. Comparing the research results of new system with similar systems, it is found that the new CCHP system has better ability to do work, lower CO₂ emission, and can meet the cooling load, heating load and electric power requirements of the user side at the same time.     

火电机组烟水复合回热系统节能解析

针对采用新型烟气余热深度利用技术的烟水复合回热系统,以600 MW超临界汽轮机组为例,运用热量平衡、火用平衡两种手段进行了节能分析。优化系统设置了空预器烟气旁路,布置高、低压换热器加热给水,设置回收低品位余热的前置空预器。通过定功率全系统热力计算表明,优化系统深度利用锅炉排烟余热,主蒸汽流量减少,供电标准煤耗率减小5.13 g/(k W·h)。优化系统锅炉传热火用损失、回热加热器火用损失减少。机组总火用损失减少,效率提高。工程应用表明,改造后机组实际供电标准煤耗降低了6.78 g/(k W·h)。     

低温废热高效回收系统及其_评价

通过一定的设备系统将大量放散的具有一定品位的热能回收发电 ,是废热回收的高价值方法。而对于原本品位不高的低温废热 ,如何有效地提高其回收率 ,则是低温废热回收中值得研究的课题。本文介绍一种多次闪蒸—混汽发电的废热回收发电系统 ,并采用火用方法对其热经济性做出了评价。     

Thermodynamic modeling of an integrated biomass gasification and solid oxide fuel cell system

An integrated process of biomass gasification and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) is investigated using energy and exergy analyses. The performance of the system is assessed by calculating several parameters such as electrical efficiency, combined heat and power efficiency, power to heat ratio, exergy destruction ratio, and exergy efficiency. A performance comparison of power systems for different gasification agents is given by thermodynamic analysis. Exergy analysis is applied to investigate exergy destruction in components in the power systems. When using oxygen-enriched air as gasification agent, the gasifier reactor causes the greatest exergy destruction. About 29% of the chemical energy of the biomass is converted into net electric power, while about 17% of it is used to for producing hot water for district heating purposes. The total exergy efficiency of combined heat and power is 29%. For the case in which steam as the gasification agent, the highest exergy destruction lies in the air preheater due to the great temperature difference between the hot and cold side. The net electrical efficiency is about 40%. The exergy combined heat and power efficiency is above 36%, which is higher than that when air or oxygen-enriched air as gasification agent.     

Thermodynamic analysis of an LNG fuelled combined cycle power plant with waste heat recovery and utilization system

This paper has proposed an improved liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuelled combined cycle power plant with a waste heat recovery and utilization system. The proposed combined cycle, which provides power outputs and thermal energy, consists of the gas/steam combined cycle, the subsystem utilizing the latent heat of spent steam from the steam turbine to vaporize LNG, the subsystem that recovers both the sensible heat and the latent heat of water vapour in the exhaust gas from the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) by installing a condensing heat exchanger, and the HRSG waste heat utilization subsystem. The conventional combined cycle and the proposed combined cycle are modelled, considering mass, energy and exergy balances for every component and both energy and exergy analyses are conducted. Parametric analyses are performed for the proposed combined cycle to evaluate the effects of several factors, such as the gas turbine inlet temperature (TIT), the condenser pressure, the pinch point temperature difference of the condensing heat exchanger and the fuel gas heating temperature on the performance of the proposed combined cycle through simulation calculations. The results show that the net electrical efficiency and the exergy efficiency of the proposed combined cycle can be increased by 1.6 and 2.84% than those of the conventional combined cycle, respectively. The heat recovery per kg of flue gas is equal to 86.27 kJ s^?1. One MW of electric power for operating sea water pumps can be saved. The net electrical efficiency and the heat recovery ratio increase as the condenser pressure decreases. The higher heat recovery from the HRSG exit flue gas is achieved at higher gas TIT and at lower pinch point temperature of the condensing heat exchanger. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

集成熔盐储热燃煤发电系统的灵活性与能耗特性分析

集成熔盐储热是有望大幅提高燃煤发电机组运行灵活性的有效手段。本文针对集成熔盐储热的燃煤发电系统,建立了变工况模型与火用分析模型,针对以再热蒸汽为热源且加热熔盐后分别返回低压缸入口和凝汽器的两种熔盐储热系统,研究获得了燃煤机组运行灵活性和能耗特性的变化规律。结果表明：采用不同储热系统构型对燃煤机组的灵活性与能耗特性的影响差异明显。集成两种熔盐储热系统,燃煤机组的最低工作负荷从额定负荷的30%分别降低到20.58%与24.43%,系统火用损失则分别增加了48.67 MW与18.7 MW。     

基于CO2热泵的产消型数据中心能效联动优化

  目的  随着数字经济的发展,数据中心的“规模”将不断扩大,“算力”不断提高,随之带来的“能耗”及“运行成本”也将不断攀升。为实现数据中心余热的有效利用,并实现能效的联动优化,构建了一种基于CO₂热泵的产消型数据中心能源系统。  方法  将数据中心视为产消者,耗电的同时将制冷系统的余热回收,用于住宅供暖。产消型数据中心能源系统采用空气直接冷却、直膨式地埋管冷却和建筑供暖末端冷却三种方式实现数据中心全年的冷却,最大程度利用自然冷却,降低系统电耗。CO₂作为余热回收用热泵的工作介质,能够提高系统紧凑性与环境友好性。  结果  本系统可有效削减冷负荷,进而在平均占用率较低时,实现制冷电耗的降低。当平均占用率为0.6时,与常规房间级风冷空调机组相比,本系统可降低全年冷负荷108 MWh,节约电耗制冷电耗167 MWh,为建筑供热290 MWh,获得年收益4.23万元。  结论  本系统可实现数据中心余热回收用于建筑供暖,实现了数据中心非供暖期余热的有效利用。并通过地源热泵系统实现了数据中心余热与建筑热负荷的协调,为产消型数据中心的能效联动优化提供了借鉴。     

Thermodynamic and exergo-economic assessments of a new geothermally driven multigeneration plant

In this paper, a new geothermal-based multigeneration system is designed and investigated in both thermodynamic and economic analyses. The reason to select the geothermal source is that geothermal power is a renewable and sustainable power resource, and also it is not weather dependent. The proposed geothermal-based multigeneration plant is able to produce power, heating, cooling, swimming pool heating, and hydrogen. The main idea in this renewable-based multigeneration system is to create valuable products by using waste heat of subsystems. Then, by applying thermodynamic analyses, the energy and exergy performances of proposed multigeneration system are computed. Also, parametric work has been performed in order to see the impacts of the reference temperature, geothermal fluid temperature, and geothermal water mass flow rate. Finally, exergo-economic analysis based on exergy destruction or thermodynamic losses is done to gain more information about the system and to evaluate it better. According to the calculations, the overall plant's energy and exergy performances are 32.28% and 25.39%. Economic analysis indicates that hydrogen production cost can be dropped down to 1.06 $/kg H₂.     

Proposal and thermodynamic performance study of a novel LNG-fueled SOFC-HAT-CCHP system with near-zero CO2 emissions

The cold energy in many liquefied natural gas (LNG) satellite stations is directly carried away by air or seawater. This causes cold energy waste and environmental cold pollution. To solve this problem, a combined power, heating and cooling system (CCHP) driven by LNG is established based on solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and humid air turbine (HAT), namely SOFC-HAT-CCHP system, in which, not only can the waste cold energy cool compressor inlet air to decrease power consumption, but supply cold energy for the cold storage and CO₂ recovery. Based on FORTRAN and Aspen Plus, the thermodynamic performance calculation models and the simulation work of the new system are carried out, such as the exergy and energy analysis, as well as the effects of the selected important variables. The results indicate that total exergy efficiency and total power efficiency are 64.7% and 54.4%, and the total thermal efficiency is 79.1%. Besides, the capture rate and purity of the CO₂ are 98.7% and 98.9% respectively. The novel system is environmental protective, energy-saving and efficient, which may provide a new direction to reasonably utilize the waste cold energy in LNG satellite stations.     

Energy,exergy and thermoeconomic analysis of a combined cooling,heating and power (CCHP) system with gas turbine prime mover

In this paper energy, exergy and thermoeconomic analysis of a combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system has been performed. Applying the first and second laws of thermodynamics and economic analysis, simultaneously, has made a powerful tool for the analysis of energy systems such as CCHP systems. The system integrates air compressor, combustion chamber, gas turbine, dual pressure heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and absorption chiller to produce cooling, heating and power. In fact, the first and second laws of thermodynamics are combined with thermoeconomic approaches. Next, computational analysis is performed to investigate the effects of below items on the fuel consumption, values of cooling, heating and net power output, the first and second laws efficiencies, exergy destruction in each of the components and total cost of the system. These items include the following: air compressor pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature, pinch temperatures in dual pressure HRSG, pressure of steam that enters the generator of absorption chiller and process steam pressure. Decision makers may find the methodology explained in this paper very useful for comparison and selection of CCHP systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exergy analysis on combustion and energy conversion processes

When we consider exergy analysis on combustion and thermodynamic processes, we introduce another concept against energy analysis, which is supported by an evaluation of its temperature level. When a higher temperature energy than that an ambient level is taken into consideration, it can be put for some domestic or industrial purpose. A medium temperature energy of 30–60 °C is used for domestic heating, and a high temperature of 200 °C and above is suitable for power generation or process heating. Therefore, we study exergy concept supported by temperature level. When we discuss power generation, a high temperature energy of 1500 °C and above in combined cycle has a higher conversion efficiency than that of 500–600 °C in steam cycle. If we try to apply high temperature air combustion, a preheated air temperature of 1000 °C and above can be produced by exhaust heat recovery from stack gas, which has been developed as a new technology of energy conservation. In this study, the authors present an exergy analysis on combustion and energy conversion processes, which is based on the above-mentioned concept of exergy and energy supported by temperature level. When we discuss high temperature air combustion in furnace, this process shows a higher performance than that of the ambient air combustion. Furthermore, when we discuss the power generation and heat pump processes, the minimum ambient temperature would already be known for each season, and the conversion performance can be estimated by the maximum operating temperature in their cycles. So, the authors attempt to calculate the exergy and energy values for combustion, power generation and heat pump processes.     

电厂循环水吸收式热泵利用系统分析

热电厂的循环水所具有的热量一般是通过冷却塔释放给大气环境,为对这部分余热回收利用,进行了水源热泵能量系统的分析研究。将热泵系统供给的热量扣除消耗的驱动蒸汽热量,再考虑导致新增的驱动电耗,及以凝汽器真空下降引起发电的热耗增加作为修正,可确定最终节能量。通过对实际热电厂4台200 MW供热机组的循环水源吸收式热泵系统进行计算,可获知年节约标准煤9 985.7 t,该方案实现了比较理想的工程节能效果。     

A study of industrial steam process heating through exergy analysis

This study investigates using exergy analysis the technical factors that influence the feasibility of substituting steam supplied for other energy sources in industrial heating. Some alternative configurations for the steam‐supply system capable of broadening the range of industries able to use the steam for heating are proposed. When examining the feasibility of substituting steam for other energy currencies for providing process heat, exergy analysis quantitatively determines the increase in process efficiency when a lower value energy currency such as steam is used in place of a higher value energy currency such as electricity. Many industries can benefit from using steam for some or all of their heating requirements. An illustrative example for the Bruce Energy Center in Ontario, Canada is presented to demonstrate the importance of using exergy analysis to assess the feasibility of industrial steam process heating. Some alternate reconfigurations of the Center are considered to supply steam at a variety of thermodynamic states, and better match the steam‐state requirements of many industries. The results suggest that exergy analysis should be used as the central tool in process optimization when the use of large quantities of the steam in energy centers is contemplated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy,exergy, economic and environmental (4E) analysis of using city gate station (CGS) heater waste for power and hydrogen production: A comparative study

This paper deals with energy, exergy, economic, and environmental (4E) analysis of two new combined systems for simultaneous power and hydrogen production. The combined systems are integrated from a city gate station (CGS) system, a Rankine cycle (RC), an absorption power cycle (APC), and a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer. Since the pressure of natural gas (NG) in transmission pipeline is high, this pressure is reduced at CGS to a lower pressure. However, this NG has also ample potential to be recovered for multiple productions, too. In the proposed systems, the outlet energy of NG is used for power and hydrogen production by employing RC/APC and PEM electrolyzer. The power sub-cycles are driven by waste heat of CGS, while PEM electrolyzer is driven by this waste heat along with a portion of CGS-Turbine output power. A comprehensive thermodynamic modeling and parametric study of the proposed combined systems are conducted from the 4E analysis viewpoint. The results of two proposed systems are compared with each other, considering a fixed value of 1 MW for RC- and APC-Turbines power. Under the same external conditions and using steam as working fluid of RC, the thermal efficiency of the combined CGS/PEM-RC and -APC systems are obtained 32.9% and 33.6%, respectively. The overall exergy efficiency of the combined CGS/PEM-RC and -APC systems are also calculated by 47.9% and 48.9%, respectively. Moreover, the total sum unit cost of product (SUCP) and CO₂ emission penalty cost rate are obtained 36.9 $/GJ and 0.033 $/yr for the combined CGS/PEM-RC and 36 $/GJ and 0.211 $/yr for the combined CGS/PEM-APC systems, respectively. The results of exergy analysis also revealed that the vapor generator (in both systems) has the main contribution in the overall exergy destruction.     

船舶垃圾焚烧炉及柴油动力装置余热综合利用系统

从船舶节能角度出发,提出了一种综合利用船舶垃圾焚烧炉及柴油动力装置余热的回收系统。对系统各部件和工质参数进行计算,为设备设计和选型提供依据;对系统进行?平衡和热平衡计算,系统中锅炉的?损失最大为68.1%,冷凝器的?损失最小为3.17%;对系统进行经济性分析,结果表明系统能量利用率εE提高了3.54%,动力装置有效热效率ηe提高了3.11%,系统获得额外约1300（万元/年）的收益,投资回收期约为1.6年,对该余热回收系统进行投资是切实可行的。     

Comparison of energy and exergy analysis of fossil plant,ground and air source heat pump building heating system

The energy and exergy flow for a space heating systems of a typical residential building of natural ventilation system with different heat generation plants have been modeled and compared. The aim of this comparison is to demonstrate which system leads to an efficient conversion and supply of energy/exergy within a building system.The analysis of a fossil plant heating system has been done with a typical building simulation software IDA–ICE. A zone model of a building with natural ventilation is considered and heat is being supplied by condensing boiler. The same zone model is applied for other cases of building heating systems where power generation plants are considered as ground and air source heat pumps at different operating conditions. Since there is no inbuilt simulation model for heat pumps in IDA–ICE, different COP curves of the earlier studies of heat pumps are taken into account for the evaluation of the heat pump input and output energy.The outcome of the energy and exergy flow analysis revealed that the ground source heat pump heating system is better than air source heat pump or conventional heating system. The realistic and efficient system in this study “ground source heat pump with condenser inlet temperature 30 °C and varying evaporator inlet temperature” has roughly 25% less demand of absolute primary energy and exergy whereas about 50% high overall primary coefficient of performance and overall primary exergy efficiency than base case (conventional system). The consequence of low absolute energy and exergy demands and high efficiencies lead to a sustainable building heating system.     

Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of an integrated solar thermochemical hydrogen production system

In this study, thermodynamic analysis of solar-based hydrogen production via copper-chlorine (Cu–Cl) thermochemical water splitting cycle is presented. The integrated system utilizes air as the heat transfer fluid of a cavity-pressurized solar power tower to supply heat to the Cu–Cl cycle reactors and heat exchangers. To achieve continuous operation of the system, phase change material based on eutectic fluoride salt is used as the thermal energy storage medium. A heat recovery system is also proposed to use the potential waste heat of the Cu–Cl cycle to produce electricity and steam. The system components are investigated thoroughly and system hotspots, exergy destructions and overall system performance are evaluated. The effects of varying major input parameters on the overall system performance are also investigated. For the baseline, the integrated system produces 343.01 kg/h of hydrogen, 41.68 MW of electricity and 11.39 kg/s of steam. Overall system energy and exergy efficiencies are 45.07% and 49.04%, respectively. Using Genetic Algorithm (GA), an optimization is performed to evaluate the maximum amount of produced hydrogen. The optimization results show that by selecting appropriate input parameters, hydrogen production rate of 491.26 kg/h is achieved.