A PIC profile typology of children and adolescents: I. Empirically derived alternative to traditional diagnosis.

Investigated the utility of a multidimensional instrument, the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC), to serve as the database for an empirically derived typology of child and adolescent psychopathology. A cluster-analytic technique was applied to T-score ranges of the 12 PIC full-length substantive profile scales for 2 independent samples of emotionally and behaviorally disturbed children and adolescents that included 6 criterion marker samples (hyperactive, psychotic, retarded, cerebral dysfunction, somatic, delinquent), for a total of 1,782 Ss. 11 profile clusters replicated across samples and classified 82% of these profiles. Further analyses indicated that these replicated clusters differed in age, sex, and criterion marker sample composition, as well as on 18 of the 19 ratings of pathology dimensions obtained from parents, teachers, and clinicians. Results support the conclusion that the PIC may be valuable in the development of an empirically based classification system. (58 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

External validation of the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC) profile and factor scales: Parent, teacher, and clinician ratings.

Attempted to expand the construct validity of the standard profile and the recently developed factor scales for the PIC by determining the relationship of these scales to empirically derived dimensions of problem behaviors in children and adolescents. Extensive behavioral ratings of 398 2–12 yr old children and 293 13–18 yr old adolescents were obtained on 3 criterion checklists completed by parents, teachers, and clinicians. Ratings on these 3 forms were submitted to iterative common factor analysis with varimax rotation and yielded 5, 7, and 7 problem-behavior dimensions, respectively. T scores on the 16 clinical profile and the 4 PIC factor scales were correlated with the problem behavior dimensions separately for male children, male adolescents, female children, and female adolescents. The resulting correlation matrices permitted identification of scale correlates and estimates of their generalizability across age and sex. Results provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for both broad-band factor and narrow-band profile scales. The increased utility of the PIC accruing from the availability of both broad- and narrow-band measures of psychopathology is discussed, and suggestions for clinical and research application are noted. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MMPI profile characteristics of psychiatric patients in an urban Canadian setting.

Studied the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of 363 inpatient and outpatient urban Canadian psychiatric patients (mean age = 31.5 yrs). The profiles as a group did not differ markedly from 2 recent American samples in their single most elevated clinical scales, in the most commonly occurring 2-point code types, or in classifiability according to the profile typology of P. A. Marks and W. Seeman (1963). With no rule violations, the Marks and Seeman typology classified only 20% of the sample; allowing 1 rule violation per profile increased the classification rate to only 41%. Further research into the applicability of American MMPI clinical lore to English-speaking Canadian populations is encouraged. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Faking good and faking bad on the Personality Inventory for Children—Revised, shortened format.

Examined the detection of faking good and faking bad on the Personality Inventory for Children—Revised (PIC—R) with a sample of 6–16 yr old outpatients in a mental health clinic. The PIC—R was administered twice to both Ss and their mothers, and faking instructions to fake good or bad were administered in the 2nd testing session. Results show that faking influenced all 12 clinical scales and the 4 broad-band scales. Detection of faking good is recommended by the use of the Lie scale and the Adjustment scale. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Use of the MMPI-2 in American Indians: I. Comparability of the MMPI-2 Between Two Tribes and With the MMPI-2 Normative Group.

The comparability of the MMPI-2 in American Indians with the MMPI-2 normative group was investigated in a sample of 535 Southwestern and 297 Plains American Indian tribal members with contrasting sociocultural and historical origins. Both American Indian tribal groups had clinically significant higher T scores (>5 T points) on 5 validity and clinical scales, 6 content scales, and 2 supplementary scales than did the MMPI-2 normative group. There were no significant differences between the 2 tribal groups on any of the MMPI-2 clinical, content, or supplementary scales. Matching members of both tribes with persons in the MMPI-2 normative group on the basis of age, gender, and education reduced the magnitude of the differences between the 2 groups on all of these scales, although the differences in T scores still exceeded 5 T points. It appears likely that the MMPI-2 differences of these 2 American Indian groups from the normative group may reflect their adverse historical, social, and economic conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Chinese MMPI profiles among neurotic patients.

The Chinese Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of 1,112 neurotic patients were scored with the Chinese norm, the original MMPI norm, and the MMPI—2 Uniform T scores. In comparison with the Chinese normative sample, the neurotic profiles were elevated on all the clinical scales except Scale 5 (Mf). The neurotic patients also scored higher than schizophrenic patients on Scales 1 (Hs), 2 (D), 3 (Hy), 7 (Pt), 8 (Sc), and 0 (Si). The Chinese normative profiles produced typical neurotic code types of 12/21, 13/31, 23/32, and 27/72. However, the overall T score elevations of the clinical scales were much lower than those found on the American norms. Profiles based on the 3 American norms bore the characteristic peaks on Scales 2 and 8 found among Chinese samples. The authors recommend using both the Chinese and the American norms in the interpretation of the Chinese MMPI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of the MMPI and the MMPI-2 for a sample of peace officers.

166 peace officers completed the MMPI and the MMPI-2 in one sitting. Results showed an overall concordance of 78% for the 2 tests when normal, high-point, and 2-point code types were grouped together and compared. A subset of well-defined profiles produced a concordance rate of 90%. Comparison of profile characteristics showed that half of the Ss produced the same high-point code type, one-third produced the same 2-point code type, 70% produced normal profiles on both tests, and all MMPI and MMPI-2 scales were highly correlated. These figures are highly similar to those found previously for 2 administrations of the MMPI. When the MMPI was compared to the MMPI-2 scored on original norms, 2 scales were found to differ significantly: Men and women both scored lower on Scale D (Depression) of the revised test; on Scale Mf (Masculinity-Femininity) of the MMPI-2, women scored higher and men scored lower. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychosocial functioning of learning-disabled children: Relations between WISC Verbal IQ Performance IQ discrepancies and personality subtypes.

A total of 132 children with learning disabilities (LD) between the ages of 6 and 12 years were divided equally into 3 groups on the basis of the difference between Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) VIQ-PIQ scores (viz., VIQ?>?PIQ, VIQ?=?PIQ, and VIQ??PIQ group showed pathological evaluations on some PIC scales. Group average linkage cluster analysis using 10 PIC scales revealed 6 psychosocial subtypes. Within these subtypes, children with VIQ?>?PIQ were found at lower than expected frequencies in normal and mildly disturbed subtypes, but at higher than expected frequencies in seriously disturbed subtypes. These results support the notion that patterns of cognitive performance are related to patterns of psychosocial functioning in children with LD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Refining adolescent MMPI interpretations: Moderating effects of gender in prediction of descriptions from parents.

Investigated external correlates of MMPI profile scales in a racially mixed urban sample of 247 adolescent psychiatric inpatients and outpatients. The correlates included consensually nominated items from the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC) completed by the patient's mother or surrogate mother. Correlates were calculated separately by sex. Validity and meaning of the adolescent's MMPI profile relative to the PIC correlates were examined. Results support the traditional adult-based interpretations of most single-scale elevations; however, Scales 4 and 0 were more strongly supported, and Scales 3, 5, and 6 were significantly less supported. Substantial discrepancies in MMPI scale correlates across gender were obtained for 7 out of 10 scales studied. These results contribute to the actuarial interpretative base of the profile scales in the new MMPI custom designed for adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Modal profiles for the WISC-III.

The present study presents a normative typology for classifying the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III) factor index profiles according to profile shape. Q-type principal components analysis of the WISC-III factor index scores identified 4 profile shapes that were replicated in independent samples with a total of 3,317 children. The typology provides good coverage with between 80–85% (depending on classification rule) of Ss with significant profile scatter being assigned to a profile type. An initial attempt to establish external validity indicated that the classified participants display dissimilar patterns of performance on independent variables. The current analyses indicate that overall profile level accounted for a majority of the variance in WISC-III index scores, but a considerable proportion of the variance was because of differences in profile shape. As a result, factor index profiles appear to present a viable level of analysis for research and clinical use. The present typology is compared with typologies developed with other clustering procedures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Speed of finger tapping and goal attainment after unilateral cerebral vascular accident

Forty children of 28 fathers who are Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Each of the fathers had at least one elevated clinical scale. Fathers averaged eight elevated clinical scales, and compared to more recent norms, fathers averaged seven elevated clinical scales. Seventy-eight percent of the children had at least one clinically elevated scale (averaging three elevated clinical scales). Compared to contemporary normal adolescents and adults, 65% of children had at least one clinically elevated scale (still averaging three elevated clinical scales). No consistent MMPI profile patterns emerged within or across the two groups. No gender differences were detected among child MMPI profiles. Forty percent of the children reported illegal drug use, and 35% reported behavior problems. Fifteen percent of children reported previous violent behavior. Eighty-three percent of the children reported elevated Cook-Medley hostility scores as compared to an age-matched national normative sample. Children with higher PK scores were also significantly more likely to report higher Cook-Medley hostility scores. Forty-five percent of children reported significant elevations on the PTSD/PK subscales.     

Identification of special education needs with the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC): A hierarchical classification model.

Psychologists who test children for possible special education placement are obliged to incorporate parental input into the assessment process. This investigation studied the utility of a multidimensional, parent-informant questionnaire, the PIC, as a screening measure for the need for special education services. PIC profiles from children in regular classrooms and classrooms for the learning disabled, emotionally impaired, and mentally impaired were used in discriminant function analyses to develop a set of hierarchical classification rules. Results of analyses within both a derivation and a replication sample indicated reasonable high correct classification rates for these rules. Also, results within a 3rd sample of African-American and White children mathced for IQ suggest absence of classification bias by race. Implications of these results for use of the PIC in school assessments are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

External validation of the cognitive triad of the Personality Inventory for Children: Cautions on interpretation.

This research assessed the validity of the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC) using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC—R) and the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) as criterion instruments. The cognitive triad of the PIC was minimally correlated with all IQ measures, which does not support the use of the PIC for predicting intellectual ability. In general, significant correlations for the Reading and Spelling scales, but not for the Arithmetic scale, were found between the WRAT and the PIC cognitive triad. Differential validity for the Intellectual Screening and Achievement scales of the PIC was not substantiated, nor was a previously found relation between the WISC—R Freedom From Distractibility factor and the PIC Somatic Concern scale. The validity of the PIC for academic or intellectual screening is questionable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some personality characteristics of soldiers exposed to extreme war stress.

Administered the MMPI to 24 Israeli and 433 American soldiers hospitalized for psychiatric reasons and to 12 Israeli and 48 American soldiers hospitalized for medical reasons. All Ss were under 26 yrs of age. The mean profiles of Israeli and American medical and psychiatric groups showed no scale overlap. 21 of 24 Ss in the Israeli psychiatric sample had 4 or more scales above a T score, whereas only 1 of the 12 medical Ss had 2 clinical scales above a T score of 70. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Identification of special education needs with the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC): A hierarchical classification model": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by R. B. Kline et al (Psychological Assessment, 1993[Sep], Vol 5[3], 307–316). A correction was made to the 1st classification rule in Figure 2. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1994-16019-001.) Psychologists who test children for possible special education placement are obliged to incorporate parental input into the assessment process. This investigation studied the utility of a multidimensional, parent-informant questionnaire, the PIC, as a screening measure for the need for special education services. PIC profiles from children in regular classrooms and classrooms for the learning disabled, emotionally impaired, and mentally impaired were used in discriminant function analyses to develop a set of hierarchical classification rules. Results of analyses within both a derivation and a replication sample indicated reasonable high correct classification rates for these rules. Also, results within a 3rd sample of African-American and White children matched for IQ suggest absence of classification bias by race. Implications of these results for use of the PIC in school assessments are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A comparison of three MMPI short forms: Limited clinical utility in classification.

A multivariate classification method was used to compare the Mini-Mult, Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI, and MMPI-168 with the standard MMPI profiles of 252 psychiatric inpatients (mean age 27.4 yrs). Profiles were classified as 1 of 3 previous identified superordinate types (neurotic, psychotic, and sociopathic), using the standard MMPI profile as a criterion. Overall classification was below clinical utility, with distortions of profile shape the most serious error. No form was judged to be adequate for most clinical purposes. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Impairment in early stages of visual information processing in nonpsychotic schizotypic individuals.

Investigated the perceptual functioning of individuals whose MMPI-168 profiles indicated schizophrenic tendencies but who did not exhibit marked thought disorder. The MMPI 2-7-8 code type was used to identify these 15 Ss from a pool of 909 college students. This group was compared on a backward visual masking task with 2 control groups: (a) 14 Ss whose profiles were inflation free and (b) 11 Ss whose profiles showed elevations on any 2 scales except the Sc. Critical interstimulus interval (ISI) was used as the dependent measure. The 2-7-8 group required significantly longer critical ISI to recognize target letters than did the inflation-free group. Regression analysis showed that for the group that showed inflations on any 2 scales except Sc, Sc was a significant predictor of critical ISI. It is concluded that a deficit exists at a very early stage in the visual information processing system of the 2-7-8 group. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)