天然气的全球市场和贮运发展趋势

概述全球天然气市场的发展情况,比较分析了LNG和CNG的生产、贮存和运输方式,分析世界LNG的贸易状况、方式以及发展趋势和意义,最后阐述中国当前LNG贮运设备的技术水平以及气体行业的应对措施。     

车用天然气气瓶使用安全分析

天然气作为一种清洁燃料,具有资源丰富、排放污染物低,且价格仅为汽油、柴油的50％-60％的特点。随着我国西气东输工程的推进,各大中城市都在大力发展天然气汽车,压缩天然气（CNG）储气瓶的应用．极大地缓解了环保压力,但同时也存在着很多安全隐患,一旦发生泄漏、燃烧、爆炸,易酿成重大事故,给人民的生命财产安全带来巨大威胁。本文从压缩天然气气瓶的使用安全性进行阐述,分析安全隐患的原因,并提出预防安全措施,以保证车载气瓶的安全运行。     

LNG加气机流量波动对重复性影响的研究

正一、液化天然气(LNG)的主要物理性质液化天然气是将气田开采出来的天然气压缩、膨胀、液化冷却至-162℃后形成的低温液体,压力约为0.1MPa,密度约为426kg/m3,为无色透明液体,外观如普通自来水,液化后其体积为气态天然气的1/625,体积能量密度约为汽油的72%。1kgLNG气化后约为1.4m3天然气,LNG常用的计量单位为kg或Nm3(国家规程预计单位为kg);LNG的存储是临时性的,温度、压力、状态随时在变化。二、计量标准的工作原理及其组成     

液化天然气生产储运中的蒸气回收

为提高天然气能量密度,通常将天然气液化后在其常压沸点约 112 K下存储。由于环保的要求,对液化天然气 (LNG)的需求量越来越大。对 LNG的生产及接收终端的储存及运输工程中的蒸发气 (BOG)的回收和利用是提高工厂经济效益的重要一环。讨论了压缩和再液化 BOG的回收方法。认为运用计算机模拟这一工程上新的工具,对提高 LNG工厂的安全性和经济效益,同时降低投资成本是很有帮助的。简介了这方面的一些事例,并提出了一些建议。     

压缩天然气加气机使用中存在的问题及对策

随着我国节能减排工作的逐步推进,国家提倡使用清洁能源代替传统能源,以减少污染和二氧化碳的排放,压缩天然气(CNG)作为清洁优质能源被广泛推广和使用,并逐步替代常规汽油或柴油作为汽车燃料。压缩天然气加气机(以下简称加气机)作为压缩天然气贸易结算的主要计量器具,国家依法纳入管理并列入强制检定目录。在加气机使用过程中,结算单位、气体温度、环境温度、发热量等因素容易引发一些社会问题和技术问题,有效解决这些问题,将进一步推动压缩天然气的使用。     

中国海油完成澳大利亚天然气项目增持权益交割

<正>中国海洋石油总公司(以下简称:中国海油)2013年11月12日宣布,该公司日前与英国天然气集团(BG集团)完成了增持澳大利亚昆士兰柯蒂斯液化天然气(LNG)项目的权益交割。同时,中国海油将向BG集团新增采购500万t/a、为期20年的液化天然气(LNG)资源。根据双方签署的系列协议,BG集团将从其全球LNG     

液化天然气近期的发展

<正>30年前的1964年,第一条液化天然气链正式启动,从阿尔及利亚到英国、法国,有三只槽船,每年运输Mf/y[折合气体为1.4×10~9(S)m~3/y)的液化天然气(LNG)。现在有73只槽船在12个液化装置与29个再汽化终端站之间航行,运输83×10~9(S)m~3/y](61Mf/y)的LNG,相当于西欧在1993年天然气消耗量的三分之一。这篇论文叙述了新能源运输手段发展的经济、政治条件,阐述了LNG链的典型特征和最近在液化、贮存和槽船运输方面的工艺发展,同时还试图从过去的发展来预示LNG今后市场的发展。     

液化天然气冷量在空气分离装置的应用

本文介绍空气分离装置,对冷量的需求,详细叙述液化天然气(LNG)的发展前景,中国天然气的发展及冷量分析,利用LNG冷量的空分装置工艺流程设计简述。     

液化天然气(LNG)的冷量利用

阐述了液化天然气冷量(火用)数学模型和冷量(火用)特性分析,介绍了液化天然气冷量利用的几个方面,包括发电、空气分离、制取干冰和冷库.我国液化天然气的冷量利用潜力巨大.在兴建LNG接收站时,应当重视采用该项技术,有效回收LNG的冷量,节省能源.     

液化天然气的贮存及相关技术

液化天然气(LNG)的接收贮存是天然气应用的关键技术,LNG接收贮存中心同时又是向天然气用户供气的供应部门。从LNG的贮存、汽化、供应到设备的维护,由于LNG的特性,有很多具体的实用技术需要进行具体的研究。本文就LNG的贮存和汽化及一些相关技术作一简要的介绍。图5参1。     

浅谈加气站车载气瓶充装安全双体系建设

安全生产风险分级管控和事故隐患排查治理双重预防体系(简称双体系)自2016年开始建设以来在化工、特种设备等行业得到了较快的应用与发展。特种设备作为对人类生命财产安全具有重大威胁的设备种类,其双体系的建立就显得尤为重要。加气站作为车载气瓶充装的经营单位,特种设备主要有LNG储罐、CNG储气瓶组和压力管道等。作为CNG和LNG的充装单位,储存有大量的CNG和LNG,并且时常进行CNG和LNG的车载气瓶充装,其危险程度不言而喻,所以建立特种设备双体系显得尤为重要。文章以车载气瓶充装为主体,对双体系的建设过程进行了介绍和分析,通过双体系的运行情况结合发现的问题进行了总结。通过双体系的建立和运行,切实减少了加气站在管理和使用过程中的安全隐患,对加气站的安全管理和安全保障具有重大意义。     

Variation Of Airflow Pattern Through Dissimilar Valve Lift In A Spark Ignition Engine

Abstract

Bi-fuel conversions are a common alternative fuelling option for mono-fuel gasoline SI vehicles because of the minor vehicle modifications required. In Malaysia, most bi-fuel vehicles are fuelled with compressed natural gas (CNG) and gasoline. However, CNG flame speed is lower than gasoline reducing the power and range of the vehicle when operating on CNG. This situation can be improved by increasing the flame speed via higher swirl generation. A Computational fluid dynamics model is used to analyse swirl generated by dissimilar valve lift (DVL) profiles on the intake valve. A three-dimensional engine simulation shows differences in swirl motion and turbulence between the original symmetric valve lift profile and the DVL. The higher swirl number reduces the turbulence kinetic energy level slightly. The best case profile is selected for further experimental testing.     

解读车用汽油新标准的修订

通过对车用汽油新标准的分析,了解了第Ⅳ与第Ⅴ阶段车用汽油技术指标的差异;新标准规定车用汽油中的硫含量为不大于10mg／kg、锰含量为不大于0．002mg／kg及烯烃含量为不大于24Vol%,对蒸气压质量指标范围和车用汽油的牌号进行了调整,增加了密度质量指标;第Ⅴ阶段车用汽油技术要求过渡期至2017年12月31日,即自2018年1月1日起,第Ⅳ阶段的技术要求废止;阐述了新标准颁布实施对提高我国车用汽油质量的意义及对炼油行业、广大消费者及检验工作带来的影响;新标准达到了国家第Ⅴ阶段对车用汽油排放标准的要求,主要项目的关键技术指标与欧Ⅴ要求相当。     

基于生命周期的天然气基汽车燃料的分析

以天然气生产压缩天然气、甲醇、二甲醚和柴油4种汽车代用燃料／汽车的生命周期系统为研究对象,通过与汽油／汽车基础链系统生命周期的总成本、能耗水平、排放指标等的对比分析,得出4种汽车代用燃料的排放指标均好于基础链系统,能耗水平均高于基础链系统,且压缩天然气系统以其生命周期内的能耗相对少、总成本相对最低、对生态环境更友好,成为富含天然气地区相当长一段时期内汽车代用燃料的优先选择的结论。本研究为富含天然气地区替代能源政策的制定提供了依据。     

The association between price of regular-grade gasoline and injury and mortality rates among occupants involved in motorcycle- and automobile-related motor vehicle collisions

Motorcyclists have been reported to be more likely to die in a motor vehicle collision (MVC) than automobile occupants. With the recent increase in the pump price of gasoline, it has been reported that people are switching to motorcycles as main modes of transportation. This study evaluated the association between motor vehicle collision-related injury and mortality rates and increases in gasoline prices for occupants of automobiles and riders of motorcycles.There were an estimated 1,270,512 motorcycle MVC and 238,390,853 automobile MVC involved occupants in the U.S. from 1992 to 2007. Higher gasoline prices were associated with increased motorcycle-related injuries and deaths; however, this association no longer remained after accounting for changes in the number of registered vehicles.The current study observed that, while the number of injuries and fatalities in motorcycle-related MVCs increase with increasing gasoline price, rates remained largely unchanged. This suggests that the observed increase in motorcycle-related injuries and fatalities with increasing gasoline price is more a factor of the number of motorcycles on the road rather than operator characteristics.     

天然气发动机电控喷射系统研制

天然气发动机具有低排放、使用经济性好等特点,在汽车上得到了广泛的应用,对天然气发动机电控喷射系统的研制也越来越受到重视。为将YF465Q汽油发动机改装成天然气单燃料发动机,对其电控喷射系统进行了深入研究。通过AMESim/Simulink建模仿真、硬件电路设计、软件编制,完成了电控喷射系统研制。硬件在环仿真试验结果显示,所设计的电控喷射系统能够满足应用的要求。     

A comparison of the emissions of gasoline–ethanol fuel and compressed natural gas fuel used in vehicles with spark ignition engine in Rio de Janeiro: Brazil

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - A comparison of the emissions of gasoline–ethanol fuel and compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel used in vehicles with spark ignition engine was...     

Risk analysis of CNG composite pressure vessel via computer-aided method and fractography

As environmental issues threaten the widespread use of fossil fuels, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) vehicles are explored as an alternative to the conventional gasoline powered vehicles. CNG vehicles have to be equipped with safe and reliable storage tanks, such as composite pressure vessels, since the failure of the CNG storage tank can lead to passenger fatalities and injuries. The most probable causes of failure of the CNG vehicles are fire and vessel fracture. In this research, the cause of vessel failure is investigated through formal inspection and engineering test procedures. Specifically, the failure mechanism will be identified by fractography, and the material properties of a reference part will be investigated through the instrumented indentation technique. Moreover, the composite pressure vessel design will be validated using the finite element method.     

Modeling the release, spreading, and burning of LNG, LPG, and gasoline on water

Current interest in the shipment of liquefied natural gas (LNG) has renewed the debate about the safety of shipping large volumes of flammable fuels. The size of a spreading pool following a release of LNG from an LNG tank ship has been the subject of numerous papers and studies dating back to the mid-1970s. Several papers have presented idealized views of how the LNG would be released and spread across a quiescent water surface. There is a considerable amount of publicly available material describing these idealized releases, but little discussion of how other flammable fuels would behave if released from similar sized ships. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the models currently available from the United States Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) can be used to simulate the release, spreading, vaporization, and pool fire impacts for materials other than LNG, and if so, identify which material-specific parameters are required.

The review of the basic equations and principles in FERC's LNG release, spreading, and burning models did not reveal a critical fault that would prevent their use in evaluating the consequences of other flammable fluid releases. With the correct physical data, the models can be used with the same level of confidence for materials such as LPG and gasoline as they are for LNG.