CIS和CIGS薄膜太阳电池的研究

采用蒸发硒化方法制备了P型CIS（铜铟硒）和CIGS（铜铟镓硒）薄膜,用蒸发法制备N型（硫化镉）,二者组成异质PN结太阳电池,经退火处理,CIX和CIGS薄膜太阳电池的效率分别达到8．83％和9．13％,对制膜过程中彻底的选择,背电极的制备,GIS各元素蒸发控制和镓的掺入等工艺技术问题进行了深入探讨,对电池的退火处理提出了自己的见解。     

转换效率9.6／%的大面积非晶硅太阳电池

日本三洋电机公司功能材料研究所的大西及桑野,最近研制出转换效率为9.6％的10cm正方形集成结构非晶硅太阳电池。这是目前世界上大面积非晶硅太阳电池达到的最高转换效率(他们曾在1cm正方形非晶硅太阳电池上达到11.7％的效率)。该电池结构示于图1,电池特性列于表1。为了提高电池效率,他们首先分析了电池能量的     

CIGS薄膜太阳电池(上)

详细介绍了CIGS薄膜太阳电池的结构和工作原理,系统叙述了不同制备方法的特点与工艺流程,以及最新技术进展与未来展望,并简单介绍了国内CIGS薄膜太阳电池的研究状况.     

薄膜太阳电池系列讲座(2) 减薄晶体硅太阳电池给薄膜太阳电池的启示(下)

二减薄电池的发展1厚度减薄问题的提出减薄材料厚度除成本优势外,还会带来什么好处以及相应难点?事实上减薄厚度有利于增强PN结电池内光生载流子的收集。美国RCA的DavidRedfield等[3,4]于1974年首先对晶硅太阳电池的厚度提出"疑议",明确提出减少晶硅太阳电池     

Cu（In,Al）Se2薄膜太阳电池

Cu(In,Al)Se2(CIAS)化合物薄膜太阳电池属于Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ2族化合物薄膜太阳电池,由同族的Al来替代CuInSe2(CIS)中的In,及Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS)中的Ga和In。具有黄铜矿结构的Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ2族化合物半导体材料可作为吸收层用于光伏电池。用渗入CIS中得到具有黄铜矿结构的CIGS,并且可根据Ga/(In+Ga)调节禁带宽度提高转化效率,但Ga的掺入调节禁带宽有限。以Al替代Ga,不仅可大幅降低成本,同时由于形成CuAlSe2相的能隙为2.7eV,因此调节Al/(In+Al)的比例可更宽泛地调节Cu(In,Al)Se2(CIAS)能禁带宽度。目前CIAS制备工艺以真空镀膜方法为主,包括真空蒸镀、磁控溅射、脉冲激光等。在非真空方法中,研究者们尝试了电沉积的方法成功制得单相的CIAS吸收层薄膜,而用如丝网印刷等低成本工艺CIAS薄膜尝试还少见报导。本文详细介绍了CIAS制备方法及工艺,并提出CIAS研究的一些建议。     

模拟非硅衬底上转换效率10%的多晶硅薄膜太阳电池

在重掺杂非活性单晶硅片上生长一定厚度的SiO2，开窗口后作为衬底，利用快速热化学气相沉积（RTCVD）及区熔再结晶（ZMR）方法制备多晶硅薄膜太阳电池。由于采用了区熔再结晶（ZMR）的方法，获得了取向一致的多晶硅薄膜,为薄膜电池的制备打下了良好的基础,转换效率达到10．21％。     

薄膜太阳电池系列讲座(1) 减薄晶体硅太阳电池给薄膜太阳电池的启示(上)

近年来世界光伏产业飞速发展,薄膜太阳电池作为太阳电池家族的重要成员也得到快速发展。为进一步推动薄膜太阳电池的发展与应用,科学普及非常必要。南开大学光电子薄膜器件与技术研究所、南开大学光电子薄膜器件与技术天津市重点实验室、光电信息技术科学教育部重点实验室是我国薄膜太阳电池领域知名的研究机构,本刊特邀在这些机构工作的张晓丹、熊绍珍、赵颖等专家就薄膜太阳电池进行系列科普讲座,在上半月刊的科普苑栏目刊登,以飨读者。     

钙钛矿型多晶薄膜太阳电池(2)

<正>2013年,瑞士联邦理工学院Graetzel M小组提出用溶液旋涂两步法,依次在纳米多孔Ti O2薄膜上沉积Pb I2和CH3NH3I,以合成钙钛矿CH3NH3Pb I3多晶薄膜,显著改善了薄膜的均匀性,使电池效率跃升到15.0%[5]。同年,英国牛津大学物理系Liu Mingzhen等[6]采用双源共蒸发技术制备CH3NH3Pb I3-xClx     

Cu(In,Ga)Se2太阳电池窗口层光学常数的测量与计算

采用多层薄膜反射率与透射率非相干叠加的方法,计算Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS)多晶薄膜太阳电池的窗口层(CdS薄膜和ZnO薄膜)的光学常数,并通过科希方程和塞尔迈耳方程对计算的折射率进行了拟合,给出了拟合公式,为CIGS多晶薄膜太阳电池结构的光学设计和优化奠定了基础.     

薄膜太阳电池系列讲座(14) 硅基薄膜太阳电池(六)

下面分别对a-SiC:H、a-SiO:H和a-SiGe:H三种合金材料进行介绍。(1)非晶硅碳(a-SiC:H)合金硅烷(SiH4)或乙硅烷(Si2H6)和甲烷(CH4)或乙烯(C2H4)等气源在等离子放电环境中,将发生化学反应生成非晶硅碳合金(a-SiC:H)。它主要通过掺杂获得p型的a-SiC:H,用作硅基薄膜叠层太阳电池的顶电池窗口层。根据使用气源性质的不同,在相同沉积条件下获得膜中的C含量与在气体中的含C气源流量比并不相同,反映了含C气源分解反应的     

Fabrication of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films solar cell by selenization process with Se vapor

CIGS films were prepared on Mo-coated glass by sputtering and selenization processes. The metallic precursors were selenized under higher pressure in selenium vapor instead of H₂Se. In order to improve the performance of CIGS thin film solar cells, the morphologies of CIGS thin films were studied carefully by various temperature profiles. The relationship between temperature decrease rate and fill factor (FF) of solar cells was investigated thoroughly. On the other hand the value of open circuit voltage (V_oc) was improved by increasing the gallium content near the surface of CIGS thin film. A glass/Mo/CIGS/CdS/ZnO cell was fabricated and the conversion efficiency of 9.4% was obtained without antireflective film.     

光热对薄膜CdS／Cu2S太阳电池物理参数的影响

研究了光、热和湿气对ＣｄＳ／Ｃｕ２Ｓ电池效率及电池成结、结电容、二极管特性和光谱响应特性的影响。结果表明，对未成结电池光加速成结作用，对成结电池光引起电池性能下降，这种衰降是不可逆过程。     

In situ monitoring of the growth of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films

Thin films of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ were grown by co-evaporation process in a conventional vacuum coating system at the base pressure of 10⁻⁵ mbar. The controllable of the two-stage growth process was developed. During the growth process, substrate temperature, graphite heater temperature, heating output power and temperature of the CIGS surface were monitored simultaneously. In this setup, we use the change in the thermal behavior of the substrate due to the variations in emissivity of CIGS film during the transition of Cu-rich to Cu-poor in the second stage corresponding to the change of power fed into the substrate heater as the control signal. By observing the variation of control signals, the desired final composition of the film can be obtained. Using our device fabrication, Al/ZnO(Al)/CdS/CIGS/Mo/SLG solar cells with efficiency over 14% (without AR) were achieved.     

CdTe多晶薄膜太阳电池的结构改进

采用共蒸发法制备了ZnTe：Cu和Cd1-xZnxTe多晶薄膜，研究了薄膜的结构和性能。获得了Cd1-xZnxTe多晶薄膜的光能隙与锌含量的关系，ZnTe：Cu多晶薄膜光能隙随着掺Cu浓度的增加，光能隙减小。分别用ZnTe／ZnTe：Cu和Cd1-xZnxTe／ZnTe：Cu复合层作为背接触层，既能修饰异质结界面，改善电池的能带结构，又能防止cu原子向电池内部扩散。获得了面积0．5cm^2，转换效率为13．38％的CdTe多晶薄膜太阳电池。     

快速汽相沉积法制备硅薄膜太阳电池

对在重掺杂抛光单晶硅衬底上用ＲＴＣＶＤ法形成硅薄膜太阳电池进行了研究。衬底为〈１００〉晶向ｐ＋ ＋ 型重掺硅片,电阻率为５×１０－ ３Ωｃｍ 。主要工艺过程为：在衬底上生长一层硅薄膜同时掺硼,膜厚３８μｍ ,扩磷制备ｐ－ｎ 结,背面蒸Ａｌ及Ｔｉ／Ｐｄ／Ａｇ 制背电极,正表面在扩散后生长一层ＳｉＯ２ ,前面用光刻剥离法制备Ｔｉ／Ｐｄ／Ａｇ 电极,制成的１ｃｍ ２ 太阳电池,开路电压ＶＯＣ＝ ６１２．８ｍ Ｖ,短路电流ＩＳＣ＝ ２９．３ｍ Ａ,填充因子ＦＦ＝ ０．７５７９,效率η＝ １３．６１。对一些影响电池特性的因素进行了研究,发现硅薄膜的掺杂浓度、发射层的掺杂浓度以及减反射层都对太阳电池的特性有较大影响。     

陶瓷衬底上薄膜电池的初步探索

采用快速热化学气相沉积方法在氧化铝和氮化铝陶瓷衬底上制备多晶硅薄膜及太阳电池。多晶硅薄膜的晶粒尺寸在经过区再结晶后增大且霍尔迁移率提高,但随后的薄膜生长发现薄膜出现裂纹,影响了电池的效率,在Al_2O_3衬底上得到196mV开路电压,1．93mA短路电流；在AIN衬底上得到310mV开路电压,5．31mA短路电流。     

High efficiency cadmium free Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells terminated by an electrodeposited front contact

The possibility to reach up to 14.7% efficiency with Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) solar cell, using a cadmium free buffer layer (indium sulphide:In₂S₃) and an electrodeposited front contact (chloride doped ZnO:ZnO:Cl) is demonstrated in this article. This is the first time that costly gas phase deposition processes for ZnO, by high vacuum sputtering, can be replaced by an efficient low cost atmospheric technology, representing an important breakthrough in further cost reduction for photovoltaic application. In addition, the compatibility with cadmium free buffer layers brings this new approach at the cutting edge of strategic evolution of the CIGS technology. In this study the influences of the In₂S₃ buffer layer thickness, the presence of an intrinsic ZnO layer and a soft annealing treatment are studied. It is shown that the growth behavior of the electrodeposited ZnO:Cl is controlled by nucleation phenomena on different surfaces, with a unique morphology on indium sulphide. Finally the best performances have been achieved with a cell annealed at 150 °C under atmospheric conditions containing a very thin In₂S₃ layer (15 nm) but without intrinsic ZnO (CIGS/In₂S₃/ZnO:Cl).     

12.6% efficient CdS/Cu(In,Ga)S2-based solar cell with an open circuit voltage of 879 mV prepared by a rapid thermal process

A Cu(In,Ga)S₂-based solar cell with a confirmed efficiency of 12.6% together with an open circuit voltage of 879 mV, prepared from sputtered metals subsequently sulfurized using rapid thermal processing in sulfur vapor, is reported. The performance of the new cell is superior to those obtained previously with multi-source evaporated absorbers. We show that by carefully adjusting the temperature profile, good absorber properties could be transferred from a long process to a rapid thermal process. The improved efficiency is due to an appropriate degree of gallium diffusion toward the surface, which could be achieved despite the short sulfurization time. Absorber and solar cell characteristics are presented.     

化学水浴沉积CIGS太阳电池缓冲层ZnS薄膜的研究

在含有ZnSO4、SC(NH2)2、NH4OH的水溶液中采用CBD法沉积ZnS薄膜,研究了沉积时间、水浴温度、搅拌等工艺条件对沉积薄膜的影响。薄膜的厚度与搅拌的强度有很大关系,表明扩散传质是薄膜生长的控制步骤。XRF和XRD测试表明沉积的薄膜中含有ZnS和Zn(OH)2,SEM测试表明薄膜颗粒大小相近,但不致密。随着沉积时间的增加,薄膜厚度增加,透过率减小。当前采用CBD-ZnS薄膜制备的无镉CIGS太阳电池转换效率达到8.54%。