无焰燃烧发展及研究现状

无焰燃烧是一种同时具备高效和低排放特点的燃烧技术,然而传统实现无焰燃烧所需的高温预热空气及高速射流两大重要条件,提高了整体工业设备实现无焰燃烧的复杂性,限制了该技术在更广阔领域的发展。本文综述了无焰燃烧燃烧机理与特性的研究发展,并提出了未来可能的发展趋势。分析发现：高温预热空气并不是实现无焰燃烧的必要条件,而通过高速射流提高炉内烟气循环率却必不可少;使用EDC模型结合GRI 3.0反应机理能在数值模拟中得到贴合实验数据的结果;气体、液体及固末燃料均可实现无焰燃烧,使用CH4/H2混合气体实现无焰燃烧可在提升燃烧稳定性的同时依旧保持低排放的特点;炉膛结构可很大程度上影响炉内流场进而影响无焰燃烧效果。因此,研究无需预热的无焰燃烧系统在降低工业成本的同时可增大燃料种类的选择性,通过设计合理的炉膛结构,营造良好的炉内流场在强化无焰燃烧效果的同时可一定程度降低对初始射流速度的要求,研究CH4/H2混合气体的燃烧机理具有十分重要的意义。     

燃气轮机无焰燃烧技术的研究进展

燃气轮机无焰燃烧具有分布式火焰、低压力波动、低污染排放等特性,总结了氧化剂温度、氧浓度和烟气循环率对无焰燃烧效果的影响,以及无焰燃烧的多燃料适应性,给出了适合无焰燃烧数值模拟的燃烧模型,归纳了产物的停留时间和燃烧室尺寸对污染物排放的影响;对国内外出现的燃气轮机无焰燃烧室进行了总结和可行性分析,指出了下一步的研究重点是液体燃料无焰燃烧的基础研究和应用研究。     

Study on nonpremixed methane/air combustion from flame structure and NOX emission aspect for different burner head structures

In the present study, the air turbulator, which is a part of a nonpremixed burner, is investigated numerically in terms of its effects on the diffusion methane flame structure and NO_X emissions. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code was used for the numerical analysis. At first, four experiments were conducted using natural gas fuel. In the experimental studies, the excess air ratio was taken constant as 1.2, while the fuel consumption rate was changed between 22 and 51 Nm³/h. After the experimental studies, the CFD studies were carried out. Pure methane was taken as fuel for the simulations. The nonpremixed combustion model with the steady laminar flamelet model (SFM) approach was used in the combustion analyses. Methane‐air extinction mechanism with 17 species and 58 reactions was used for the simulations. The results obtained from the CFD studies were confronted with the measurements of the flue gas emissions in the experimental studies. Then, a modified burner head was analysed numerically for the different air turbulator blade numbers and angles. The CFD results show that increasing the air turbulator blade number and angle causes the thermal NO emissions to be reduced in the flue gas by making the flame in the combustion chamber more uniform than the original case. This new flame structure provides better mixing of the fuel and combustion air. Thus, the diffusion flame structure in the combustion chamber takes the form of the partially premixed flame structure. The maximum reduction in the thermal NO emissions in the flue gas is achieved at 38% according to the original case.     

Modeling of combustion characteristics and NOx emission in highly preheated and diluted air combustion

The gas diffusion combustion in a regenerative furnace with highly preheated and diluted air has been numerically investigated in this paper. The highly preheated air combustion possesses high combustion intensity and high level temperature, but the NO_x emission also has an unwanted high level. Decreasing the oxygen concentration in the highly preheated air could decrease the NO_x emission and improve the uniformity of temperature distribution in the furnace. The combustion characteristics of highly preheated and diluted air combustion have been studied, including temperature distribution, soot formation, OH radical distribution, as well as NO_x emission. The influence of the preheated air temperature, the oxygen concentration, and the air diluent has also been investigated. The optimal combinations of the preheated air temperature and the oxygen concentration have been predicted in the case of flue gas recirculation, which could provide the highest possible temperature in the furnace while keeping the NO_x emission lower than the permitted value. © 1998 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新型常温空气无焰燃烧实现技术及特性分析

在介绍了无焰燃烧思想及其常规蓄热式高温空气实现技术的基础上,重点介绍了本课题组发展的常温空气无焰燃烧技术,并对其进行了效率、环保、经济性、安全性和应用范围等特性分析,该技术不但完全保留了高温空气无焰燃烧技术相对于传统燃烧的优点,并且不需要复杂的预热系统和换向机构,避免了燃烧过程的脉动,适用于低排烟温度或含灰量较大排烟的燃料的直接燃烧,具有一定的技术优势和更广泛的应用范围。     

常温空气非对称射流MILD燃烧特性实验研究

比较了不同的燃烧器结构后设计了非对称射流燃烧器,并通过实验研究了非对称射流燃烧器的射流速度、喷嘴角度对常温空气MILD燃烧的影响。结果表明:丙烷流量在0.4~0.8m3/h、空气流量在11~22m3/h都可以达到MILD燃烧状态;增大射流速度,减小喷嘴角度可以使温度峰值降低,温度分布更均匀,MILD燃烧更稳定,效果更好,NOx排放量大大减小,达到了"近零排放"。     

常温空气无焰燃烧中CO生成的研究

研究了常温空气无焰燃烧中CO的生成规律。常温空气无焰燃烧在整个炉膛内同时发生弥散燃烧反应,炉膛内燃烧气混合均匀,燃烧反应稳定。因而CO的生成量低。实验研究和计算分析表明：CO主要生成在离燃烧器喷口约600—3000mm、6400mm的柱状空间内,在柱状空间外的其它区域,燃烧充分,CO几乎为零。过量空气系数与容积热负荷时烟气中CO生成量的影响不大。与传统的有焰燃烧和近代的高温空气无焰燃烧相比,常温空气无焰燃烧中CO生成低,且排放稳定。     

The Experimental Study on Regenerative Heat Transfer in High Temperature Air Combustion

For the purpose of decomposing the processing gases CF4 from semiconductor manufacturers, ceramic honeycomb regenerative burner system is suggested by using the principle of HTAC. A simulated high temperature air combustion furnace has been used to determine the features of HTAC flames and the results of the decomposition of CF4. The preheat air temperature of it is above 900℃. The exhaust gas released into the atmosphere is lower than 150℃. Moreover, the efficiency of recovery of waste heat is higher than 80%, the NOx level in exhaust gas is less than 198 mg/m3 and the distribution of temperature in the furnace is nearly uniform. The factors influencing on heat transfer, temperature profile in chamber and NOX emission were discussed. Also some CF4 can be decomposed in this system.     

Flameless combustion for hydrogen containing fuels

In this paper, flameless combustion was promoted to suppress thermal-NO_x formation in the hydrogen-high-containing fuel combustion. The PSRN model was used to model the flameless combustion in the air for four fuels: H₂/CH₄ 60/40% (by volume), H₂/CH₄ 40/60%, H₂/CH₄ 20/80% and pure hydrogen. The results show that the NO_x emissions below 30 ppmv while CO emissions are under 50 ppmv, which are coincident with the experimental data in the “clean flameless combustion” regime for all the four fuels. The simulation also reveals that CO decreases from 48 ppmv to nearly zero when the hydrogen composition varies from 40% to 100%, but the NO_x emission is not sensitive to the hydrogen composition. In the highly diluted case, the NO_x and CO emissions do not depend on the entrainment ratio.     

常温空气无焰燃烧在燃煤锅炉煤改气中的应用

在燃煤锅炉的炉膛内安装常温空气无焰燃烧反应器,可将燃煤锅炉改造为燃气锅炉。计算表明与其它燃气锅炉以对流换热为主的热交换方式不同,该锅炉强化炉内换热,辐射换热量提高。实测结果锅炉热效率达到92.92%,比改造前提高30%以上,比现有同吨位的燃气锅炉高4%以上。由于锅炉实现了无焰燃烧,反应器温度分布均匀,尾气污染物排放远低于国家标准。     

Experimental study of fuel‐lean reburn system for NOX reduction and CO emission in oxygen‐enhanced combustion

A fuel‐lean reburn system is found here to be able to replace a conventional reburning technique in terms of increasing efficiency. In the fuel‐lean reburn system, the amount of injected reburn fuel into the reburning zone is low enough to maintain the overall fuel‐lean condition in the furnace, so that no additional air system is required, and CO emission can be maintained at almost zero level. In this study, an experimental study has been done to examine the reduction characteristics of NO_X in a lab scale combustor (15 kW) with various oxygen‐enhanced combustion conditions. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was used as a main fuel and reburn fuel. Finally, the current fuel‐lean reburn system, even with only an amount of reburn fuel of 13% of total heat input, was observed to achieve a maximum of 48% in NO_X reduction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

无焰燃烧NO_x生成的数值分析和实验研究

无焰燃烧具有降低氮氧化物(NO_x)排放的优点.采用耦合骨架化学反应机理的涡耗散概念(EDC)模型,对某常温进气无焰燃烧锅炉的NO_x生成过程进行了三维数值模拟,并进行了实验验证.分析表明,该模型模拟结果与实验测试结果符合较好;无焰燃烧可以实现超低NOx排放,其摩尔分数低于20×10~(-6);NO_x主要在射流下游周围一个较宽广的空间生成;由于反应区加宽,燃烧室最高温度低于1 700 K,热力型NO相对于有焰燃烧锐减;快速型NO极低;N_2O转化型NO成为主要的NO_x生成途径.     

高温蓄热换热的实验研究

建立了一套小型高温空气燃烧实验系统,探讨了换向周期对蓄热体传热性能的影响,得到了最佳换向时间,分析了燃烧室的温度分布情况,总结了NOx及CO浓度随操作参数的变化规律,对四氟化碳的高温分解进行了初步研究。     

Research of boiler combustion regulation for reducing NOx emission and its effect on boiler efficiency

The effect of boiler combustion regulation on NO_x emission of two 1025t/h boilers has been studied.The re-searches show that NOx emission is influenced by coal species,operation conditions,etc,and can be reduced byregulating the combustion conditions.The effect of combustion regulation on boiler efficiency has also beenchecked.     

Recent progress in electric-field assisted combustion: a brief review

The control of combustion is a hot and classical topic. Among the combustion technologies, electric-field assisted combustion is an advanced techno-logy that enjoys major advantages such as fast response and low power consumption compared with thermal power. However, its fundamental principle and impacts on the flames are complicated due to the coupling between physics, chemistry, and electromagnetics. In the last two decades, tremendous efforts have been made to understand electric-field assisted combustion. New observations have been reported based on different combustion systems and improved diagnostics. The main impacts, including flame stabilization, emission reduction, and flame propagation, have been revealed by both simulative and experimental studies. These findings significantly facilitate the application of electric-field assisted combustion. This brief review is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent progress of this combustion technology and further point out research opportunities worth investigation.     

Simulation of producer gas flameless combustion with fresh reactant diluted by hot flue gas

Flameless combustion is considered as a flexible and efficient combustion process for low heating value gas fuel. This paper presents numerical simulations of premixed flameless combustion using producer gas as a fuel. Different initial conditions of the premixed fresh reactant (air/fuel mixture) and dilution levels are taken into account for the investigation. The numerical simulations were investigated using a network of chemical reactor models with the detailed reaction mechanism of GRI‐Mech 3.0. A threshold dilution level for flameless combustion fuelled by producer gas was determined. The numerical results show that dilution of the fresh reactant with hot combustion products and initial fresh reactant temperature play important roles in flameless combustion formation and its auto‐ignition behaviour, rather than equivalence ratio of the fresh reactant. In the flameless combustion regime, temperature and chemical concentrations were reduced while chemical kinetics process was decelerated, resulting in delay of the auto‐ignition process.     

Effects of pyrolyzed semi-char blend ratio on coal combustion and pollution emission in a 0.35 MW pulverized coal-fired furnace

The effects of blend ratio on combustion and pollution emission characteristics for co-combustion of Shenmu pyrolyzed semi-char (SC), i.e., residuals of the coal pyrolysis chemical processing, and Shenhua bituminous coal (SB) were investigated in a 0.35 MW pilot-scale pulverized coal-fired furnace. The gas temperature and concentrations of gaseous species (O₂, CO, CO₂, NO_x and HCN) were measured in the primary combustion zone at different blend ratios. It is found that the standoff distance of ignition changes monotonically from 132 to 384 mm with the increase in pyrolyzed semi-char blend ratio. The effects on the combustion characteristics may be neglected when the blend ratio is less than 30%. Above the 30% blend ratio, the increase in blend ratio postpones ignition in the primary stage and lowers the burnout rate. With the blend ratio increasing, NO_x emission at the furnace exit is smallest for the 30% blend ratio and highest for the 100% SC. The NO_x concentration was 425 mg/m³ at 6% O₂ and char burnout was 76.23% for the 45% blend ratio. The above results indicate that the change of standoff distance and NO_x emission were not obvious when the blend ratio of semi-char is less than 45%, and carbon burnout changed a little at all blend ratios. The goal of this study is to achieve blending combustion with a large proportion of semi-char without great changes in combustion characteristics. So, an SC blend ratio of no more than 45% can be suitable for the burning of semi-char.     

预喷正时对柴油机燃烧与排放影响的试验研究

通过台架试验,分析对比柴油机各参数随预喷正时的变化,研究多次喷射预喷正时对柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响。试验表明,预喷正时决定缸内燃烧的放热始点和放热率,影响缸内的燃烧温度、爆发压力、NOx排放和碳烟的生成,预喷正时为20°时,爆发压力最大;预喷正时为35°时,热效率最高,油耗率和烟度最低;预喷正时为45°时,NOx排放最小。综合分析选择预喷正时40°作为折中优化方案,降低发动机油耗和NOx、碳烟排放,同时提高发动机的热效率。     

燃烧空气散布角对高温空气燃烧影响的数值研究

以高温空气燃烧技术为应用背景,对多股射流对炉内燃烧特性的影响进行了数值模拟,讨论了燃烧空气散布角对燃烧特性的影响。采用标准的-双方程模型计算流场,气相燃烧模型采用函数的PDF燃烧模型,采用离散坐标法模拟辐射换热过程,NOX模型为热力型NOX,燃烧室尺寸为800mm×800mm×1400mm,燃料喷口为圆形,直径为10mm,位于中心。空气喷口设计为5个等面积的圆形置于燃气喷口周围。计算结果表明,由于射流之间的相互作用,在炉膛内存在回流区。烟气的回流一方面加强了燃料和空气的混合,使温度分布更为均匀,同时改变了炉膛空间内的燃料和氧的分布,从而影响燃烧强度和NOX的局部生成。燃烧空气散布角越小,燃料、氧以及燃烧后的高温烟气等的混合越充分,燃烧越稳定,低氧区域扩大,温度分布均匀,局部高温受到抑制,局部NOX的生成减少。较大时,喷嘴布置接近于同轴射流,高温烟气的回流主要起到稳定燃烧的作用,而周向的低氧条件将不复存在,低氧燃烧将转化为强化燃烧。在15%的氧条件下,=120°时与=360°相比,NOX排放量可减少65%。研究结果对高温空气燃烧喷嘴结构设计及运行管理具有参考价值。