镍基单晶高温合金杂晶形成倾向性的研究

采用2种不同平台尺寸的模型试样,对镍基单晶高温合金定向凝固过程中的杂晶形成倾向性进行量化研究,对不同合金的杂晶形成倾向性及杂晶在平台内的形成机制进行探索.结果表明,平台长度越长、高度越小时,杂晶越容易在平台内形核并长大;在第一、二、三代镍基单晶高温合金SRR99,DD5和DD90中,第一代合金的杂晶形成倾向性最弱,第二代次之,第三代最强;凝固时平台尖角处的过冷度大于平台内部的过冷度,且随着平台长度增加和平台高度减小,平台尖角处的过冷度增大,当平台尖角处的过冷度达到临界形核过冷度时,杂晶在平台尖角处形核并快速长大进入平台内部.     

几种单晶高温合金的形核过冷度测量及相应凝固组织研究

采用悬垂小球法在工业条件下对DD5、DD6以及 WZ30三种镍基高温合金进行熔体过冷试验,测得这三种合金的临界形核过冷度△TN分别是33、36和42K。合金DD5和DD6试样凝固时由于过冷度相对较小,形成细枝状单晶组织。合金WZ30的临界形核过冷度相对较大,试样凝固时主要形成由晶向一致的树枝状单晶基体框架和晶向散乱的碎粒状杂晶组成的的混合体组织,其中大部分碎粒状杂晶的形态和尺寸特征像是从液体中直接形核长大的等轴晶粒团簇,而不是来源于枝晶臂的熔断。     

几种镍基高温合金的过冷能力和单晶可铸性的研究与比较

对6种镍基高温合金熔体在陶瓷型壳中的凝固行为进行了检测,得出了各种合金的液相线温度T_L、临界形核温度TN和临界形核过冷度ΔT_N=T_L-T_N,发现它们具有明显不同的过冷能力。在单晶叶片的铸造实验中,具有高过冷能力(高于40℃)的合金在宏观上抗杂晶能力最强,但容易形成枝晶碎臂微观缺陷。具有中等过冷能力(20～30℃)的合金,既能有效防止宏观杂晶缺陷的发生,又能避免微观碎晶的形成,显示出最佳的单晶可铸性。而具有很低过冷能力(低于10℃)的合金,抗杂晶能力非常弱,表现出很差的单晶可铸性。镍基高温合金具有相似的化学成分,却显示出明显不同的过冷能力和单晶可铸性,对其原因还需要做进一步的研究。     

深过冷Cu-20%Pb亚偏晶合金的再辉与形核分析

采用熔融玻璃净化与循环过热相结合的方法研究Cu-20%Pb亚偏晶合金的再辉行为,利用经典形核理论与瞬态形核理论计算讨论偏晶合金的两相竞争形核规律.结果表明,在过冷度0～238K范围内,凝固过程出现两次再辉.一次再辉由a(Cu)相的形核和生长引起,二次再辉由偏晶反应引起.过冷亚偏晶Cu-20%Pb合金凝固过程中,相恒先形核,即匀晶转变先于偏晶反应发生.     

深过冷凝固Co80Pd20合金中的枝晶生长

采用玻璃熔体净化与循环过热相结合的深过冷凝固技术实现了Co80Pd20合金的深过冷,获得了高达415 K的最大过冷度.采用OM观察了不同过冷度下凝固合金的微观组织,分析了枝晶形成的过冷度区间及过冷度对枝晶形貌的影响.运用BCT模型对深过冷凝固Co80Pd20中的枝晶生长进行了理论分析,获得了深过冷凝固过程中的枝晶生长速...     

过冷条件下 Cu-34.15%Pb偏晶合金凝固规律

采用熔融玻璃净化和循环过热相结合获得熔体深过冷的方法,使Cu-34.15％Pb（质量分数）偏晶合金获得了最大204K的大过冷度。研究了Cu-Pb偏晶合金凝固组织随过冷度的演化规律,探讨了深过冷下合金的凝固机制,发现合金在小过冷度（〈147K）情况下只有一次再辉,而在大过冷度下（≥147K）有两次再辉现象。研究表明：合金在小过冷度下a（Cu）相和厶液相基本同时形核,而在大过冷度下则是富Pb的厶液相先形核,随后在更大的过冷度下a（Cu）相形核并开始凝固。不同过冷度下合金的凝固组织均由a（Cu）相和Ph相组成。随过冷度增大,a（Cu）枝晶细化,Pb相尺寸变小。在97～161K过冷度区间内,试样中有热裂出现。在174～204K的过冷度区间内,组织出现明显分层。     

深过冷Cu-20%Pb亚偏晶合金凝固组织的细化机制

采用熔融玻璃净化与循环过热相结合的方法研究Cu-20%Pb亚偏晶合金的凝固组织,用BCT-LKT枝晶生长模型对深过冷凝固过程的热力学参数进行了计算,分析了过冷Cu-20%Pb亚偏晶合金的凝固机制.结果表明,在低过冷度下,Cu-20%Pb亚偏晶合金凝固组织由粗大的Cu枝晶和Pb相组成.随着过冷度的增大,Cu枝晶和Pb相细化,Pb相分布均匀.但在不同的过冷度范围,凝固组织细化机制不同.过冷度小于200 K时,快速凝固阶段结晶潜热集中释放造成的温度回升引起枝晶大量重熔是枝晶细化的主要因素;过冷度大于200 K时,枝晶高速生长导致枝晶各部位的不均匀收缩及枝晶骨架间液相的高速流动会使枝晶受力产生碎断,枝晶重熔和枝晶碎断共同作用使得枝晶发生细化.     

隔热挡板厚度对DD6单晶高温合金凝固组织的影响

单晶凝固过程中隔热挡板的控制对温度梯度及温度场均匀性有重要影响,进而会影响到单晶凝固组织,因此需要对隔热挡板进行研究。采用第二代单晶高温合金DD6,研究了不同厚度隔热挡板对DD6单晶高温合金凝固组织的影响。结果表明,随着隔热挡板厚度增加,单晶凝固过程中温度梯度降低,但晶体生长方向与[001]偏离度变小。此外,随着隔热挡板厚度增加,DD6单晶高温合金一次枝晶间距增大,γ-γ′共晶含量和尺寸增加,枝晶干与枝晶间的铸态γ′尺寸略有增加,合金主要元素偏析加大。     

深过冷合金再辉与凝固组织的研究

发现深过冷Ni_(68)B_(21)Si_(11)合金液形核过程中的多次再辉现象,揭示了二次和三次再辉的过冷条件,以及对凝固组织的影响。研究结果表明,深过冷Ni_(68)B_(21)Si_(11)合金液存在两种凝固机制:一是NilB,Nj‘si,B和Ni,B的三相共晶生长;另一个是以NilB为领先相的枝晶簇生长。当过冷度低于200K或超过310K时,合金液凝固仅伴生一次再辉,其晶体生长以第一种凝固方式进行。其他过冷范围内的合金液则发生多次再辉和枝晶簇凝固。     

高温合金DD483熔体的过冷能力研究

为了分析高温合金DD483铸造叶片单晶率很低的原因,对该合金凝固过程中的过冷能力进行了测量。为了保证温度测量的可靠性,采用两种测温系统和两种热电偶丝。通过测得大量合金熔点和形核温度数据,得出平均形核过冷度作为该合金的过冷能力。从测量结果看,不论用哪种热电偶丝(国产或国外产)和哪种测温系统(固定式或移动式)该合金的过冷能力都是大约9.3℃,远远低于其他高温合金。证明这种合金在所用的型壳中抗杂晶能力很弱,因而具有较差的单晶铸造性能。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。